Research Article

Structural and optical properties of thermally evaporated Cu₃BiS₃ thin films prepared from hydrothermally synthesized nanocrystals

Number: Advanced Online Publication Early Pub Date: September 12, 2026
TR EN

Structural and optical properties of thermally evaporated Cu₃BiS₃ thin films prepared from hydrothermally synthesized nanocrystals

Abstract

Context—Ternary compound semiconductor Cu₃BiS₃ has attracted considerable attention as a promising absorber material due to its high optical absorption coefficient in the visible region, suitable band gap, low toxicity, and the abundance of its constituent elements.  However, studies on the fabrication of thin films via thermal evaporation using a single-source precursor remain very limited. Therefore, the development of reliable synthesis and deposition routes for high-quality Cu₃BiS₃ thin films remains essential for advancing their practical applications.

Objective—The aim of this study is to develop a simple and cost-effective approach for the fabrication of stoichiometric Cu₃BiS₃ thin films using a single-source precursor. For this purpose, Cu₃BiS₃ nanocrystals were first synthesized via a hydrothermal method and subsequently employed as the starting material for thermal evaporation. This approach enabled the successful deposition of Cu₃BiS₃ thin films with the desired stoichiometric composition.

Method—Cu₃BiS₃ nanocrystals were synthesized via the hydrothermal method, and their crystal structure and morphology were confirmed by XRD and SEM analyses. The synthesized nanopowders were subsequently loaded into a tungsten boat and thermally evaporated under a vacuum of 1 ×10⁻⁵ Torr to deposit 0.5 10⁻⁵ Torr to deposit 0.5 μm thick films onto glass substrates at a deposition rate of 10 Å/s. The structural and morphological properties of the as-deposited and annealed films were investigated by XRD and SEM analyses. In addition, optical absorption measurements were performed to evaluate the band structure and absorption coefficient of the films.

Results—EDS analysis revealed that the stoichiometry of the hydrothermally synthesized Cu₃BiS₃ nanocrystals was in close agreement with the expected composition. However, thin films deposited using these nanopowders as the source material exhibited deviations from the desired stoichiometry, while post-deposition annealing resulted in a significant improvement in stoichiometric composition. FESEM observations showed that the hydrothermally synthesized powders possessed a nanorod-like morphology, whereas the deposited films consisted of uniformly distributed spherical grains. Furthermore, annealing promoted grain growth, leading to an increase in the average grain size. XRD analysis confirmed that the nanopowders crystallized in the orthorhombic Cu₃BiS₃ (wittichenite) phase. The as-grown films exhibited incomplete crystallization with relatively low diffraction peak intensities, whereas annealing significantly improved the crystallinity of the films. Optical absorption measurements indicated that the band gaps of the as-grown and annealed films were 1.60 and 1.48 eV, respectively, while both samples exhibited high absorption coefficients on the order of 10⁵ cm⁻¹.

Conclusion—In this study, Cu₃BiS₃ thin films were successfully fabricated by thermal evaporation using hydrothermally synthesized Cu₃BiS₃ nanocrystals as the starting material. Considering the crystal structure, optical band gap in the visible region, and high absorption coefficient of both the as-deposited and annealed films, the proposed fabrication route demonstrates significant potential for producing Cu₃BiS₃ absorber layers for photovoltaic applications.

Keywords

Supporting Institution

This study was supported by the Scientific Research Projects (BAP) Unit of Pamukkale University (Project No: 2022FEBE054).

Project Number

PAU-BAP-2022FEBE054

Ethical Statement

Ethics committee approval is not required for this article.

References

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Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Semiconductors, Materials Science and Technologies

Journal Section

Research Article

Early Pub Date

September 12, 2026

Publication Date

-

Submission Date

June 11, 2026

Acceptance Date

August 13, 2026

Published in Issue

Year 2026 Number: Advanced Online Publication

APA
Şahin, A., & Karabulut, O. (2026). Structural and optical properties of thermally evaporated Cu₃BiS₃ thin films prepared from hydrothermally synthesized nanocrystals. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, Advanced Online Publication. https://doi.org/10.65206/pajes.1968884
AMA
1.Şahin A, Karabulut O. Structural and optical properties of thermally evaporated Cu₃BiS₃ thin films prepared from hydrothermally synthesized nanocrystals. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi. 2026;(Advanced Online Publication). doi:10.65206/pajes.1968884
Chicago
Şahin, Alirıza, and Orhan Karabulut. 2026. “Structural and Optical Properties of Thermally Evaporated Cu₃BiS₃ Thin Films Prepared from Hydrothermally Synthesized Nanocrystals”. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, no. Advanced Online Publication. https://doi.org/10.65206/pajes.1968884.
EndNote
Şahin A, Karabulut O (September 1, 2026) Structural and optical properties of thermally evaporated Cu₃BiS₃ thin films prepared from hydrothermally synthesized nanocrystals. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi Advanced Online Publication
IEEE
[1]A. Şahin and O. Karabulut, “Structural and optical properties of thermally evaporated Cu₃BiS₃ thin films prepared from hydrothermally synthesized nanocrystals”, Pamukkale Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, no. Advanced Online Publication, Sept. 2026, doi: 10.65206/pajes.1968884.
ISNAD
Şahin, Alirıza - Karabulut, Orhan. “Structural and Optical Properties of Thermally Evaporated Cu₃BiS₃ Thin Films Prepared from Hydrothermally Synthesized Nanocrystals”. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi. Advanced Online Publication (September 1, 2026). https://doi.org/10.65206/pajes.1968884.
JAMA
1.Şahin A, Karabulut O. Structural and optical properties of thermally evaporated Cu₃BiS₃ thin films prepared from hydrothermally synthesized nanocrystals. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi. 2026. doi:10.65206/pajes.1968884.
MLA
Şahin, Alirıza, and Orhan Karabulut. “Structural and Optical Properties of Thermally Evaporated Cu₃BiS₃ Thin Films Prepared from Hydrothermally Synthesized Nanocrystals”. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, no. Advanced Online Publication, Sept. 2026, doi:10.65206/pajes.1968884.
Vancouver
1.Alirıza Şahin, Orhan Karabulut. Structural and optical properties of thermally evaporated Cu₃BiS₃ thin films prepared from hydrothermally synthesized nanocrystals. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi. 2026 Sep. 1;(Advanced Online Publication). doi:10.65206/pajes.1968884