Meteorolojik kuraklık analizi ve yeraltı suyu değişimleri üzerindeki etkileri, Marand Ovası (Iran) örneği

Abstract

Meteorolojik kuraklık, spesifik bir kuraklık türü olarak, bir bölgede yağışın uzun vadeli ortalamalardan daha az olması durumunda ortaya çıkmaktadır. Yeraltı sularında gözlemlenen bu olayın tehlikeli etkilerinden biri, kuraklıklara tepki olarak su seviyesinin düşmesidir. Bu çalışmada, iklimsel ve yeraltı suyu verileri, aralarındaki muhtemel ilişkiyi anlamak için son yıllarda kuzeybatı İran’da Marand ovasında yer alan eğilimlerini analiz etmek için kullanılmıştır. Buna göre, ilk olarak yeraltı suyu seviyesi verileri analiz edilmiş ve zamansal eğilimleri çıkarılmıştır. Daha sonra bölgenin iklimsel durumunu anlamak için Ombrotermik diyagramı kullanılmıştır. Son olarak kuraklık indeksi (SPI) ile kuraklık analizleri yapılmıştır. Çalışmadan elde edilen sonuçlara göre, yeraltı suyu seviyesinin hem aylık hem de yıllık değişimlerinde azalış eğilimi tespit edilmiştir. Ayrıca, bölgede Mayıs ve Ekim ayları arasındaki periyodun kurak geçtiği ve bölgenin kısmen kuru bir iklime sahip olduğu da tespit edilmiştir. SPI değerleri bölgenin 2001 ve 2002 yıllarında ve genel olarak Temmuz ve Haziran ayları arasında oldukça kurak dönemler geçirdiğini göstermiştir. Yeraltı suyu seviyesi ve SPI değerlerinin ortak analizi, kuraklığın etkilerinin yeraltı suyu seviyesi değişikliklerinde belirgin olduğunu ortaya çıkarmıştır. Buna göre, bölgenin yeraltı suyu değişimlerinin çoğunlukla aylık kuraklıklarla ilişkili olduğu ve su seviyesinin beklenen şekilde ıslak ve kurak aylara tepki verdiği tespit edilmiştir. Ancak, aynı zamanda, çalışma alanının yeraltı suyu seviyesindeki yıllık değişikliklerinin, kuraklık dönemleriyle doğrudan ilişkili olmadığı ve bu olguda diğer faktörlerin de etkili olabileceği ortaya koymuştur.

Keywords

• Yeraltısuyu değişimleri,CBS,Kuraklık,Marand ovası,İran

Analyses of meteorological drought and its impacts on groundwater fluctuations, a case study: Marand Plain (Iran)

Abstract

Meteorological drought is one specific type of drought that occurs when precipitation is less than the long-term averages in a particular area. One of the hazardous impacts of this phenomenon observed on subsurface waters is the decline of water level in response to droughts. In this study, the climatic and groundwater data were used to analyze their trends in Marand plain, NW Iran, over the past decades to understand the likely relationship between them. To this, groundwater level data were first analyzed and its temporal trends were extracted. Then, the climatic condition of the region studied using the Ombrothermic diagram. Finally, drought analyses were conducted through drought index (SPI). Based on the results of the study, a descending trend was detected in both monthly and annual fluctuations of the groundwater level. It's also found that the region had a partially dry climate with a period of dry months between May and October. The SPI values showed extremely dry periods in 2001 and 2002 and months of July and June during the study period. The joint analysis of groundwater level and SPI values revealed that the impacts of drought were evident on groundwater level changes. Accordingly, the region's groundwater fluctuations found to be mostly under the control of monthly droughts where water level responds to wet and dry months in an expected manner. However, it's also found that the yearly changes in the groundwater level of the study area were not directly correlated to drought periods, suggesting that other factors might be effective in this phenomenon.

Keywords

• Groundwater fluctuations,GIS,Drought,Marand plain,Iran

References

1. Mishra AK, Desai VR. “Spatial and temporal drought analysis in the Kansabati river basin, India”. International Journal of River Basin Management, 3(1), 31-41, 2005.
2. The German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ). “Groundwater and climate change: Challenges and possibilities”. https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.bgr.bund.de/EN/Themen/Wasser/Produkte/Downloads/groundwater_climate_change_pdf.pdf%3F__blob%3DpublicationFile%26v%3D3&ved=2ahUKEwin7syu6frlAhWKLVAKHW0MCJgQFjABegQICBAB&usg=AOvVaw1MUr_pO9gtP-FbkvtUIQ5e (20. 12.2018).
3. Peters E, Van Lanen HAJ, Torfs PJJF, Bier G. “Drought in groundwater-drought distribution and performance indicators”. Journal of Hydrology, 306(1), 302-317, 2005.
4. United States Geological Survey (USGS). “Drought and over-pumping and Groundwater Decline”. https://water.usgs.gov/edu/droughtandgw.html, (15.07.2018).
5. Gunduz, O, Simsek, C. The Link Between Precipitation And Groundwater Levels In Alluvial Systems. Editors: Gunduz O, Simsek C. Influence of Climate Change On Shallow Groundwater Resources. 225-233. Springer, Dordrecht, Germany, 2011.
6. Fistikoglu O, Gunduz O, Simsek C. “The Correlation between Statistically Downscaled Precipitation Data and Groundwater Level Records in North-Western Turkey”. Water Resources Management, 30, 5625-5635, 2016.
7. Chamanpira Gh, Zehtabian Gh, Ahmadi H, Malekian A. “Effect of drought on groundwater resources; A study to optimize utilization management (Case study: Alashtar plain)”. Bulletin of Environment, Pharmacology and Life Sciences, 3, 48-56, 2014.
8. Asefjah B, Fanian F, Feizi Z, AbolhasaniZarjo A, Paktinat H, TaghiNaghilou M, Salehi F. “Meteorological drought monitoring using several drought indices (case study: Salt Lake Basin in Iran)”. Desert, 19(2), 155-165, 2014.

9. Edossa DC, Babel MS, Gupta AD. “Drought analysis in the Awash river basin, Ethiopia”. Water Resources Management, 24(7), 1441-1460, 2010.
10. Legesse G, Suryabhagavan KV. “Remote sensing and GIS based agricultural drought assessment in East Shewa Zone, Ethiopia”. Tropical Ecology, 55(3), 349-363, 2014.
11. Fatehi A, Semiromi MT. “Forecasting groundwater table and water budget under different drought scenarios using MODFLOW model (Case study: Garbaygan plain, Fars Province, Iran)”. Journal of Water Sciences Research, 5(1), 41-54, 2013.
12. Naderianfar M, Ansari H, Ziaei AN, Davari K. “Evaluating the groundwater level fluctuations under different climatic conditions in the basin Neyshabour”. Journal of Water Engineering & Irrigation, 3(1), 22-37, 2010.
13. Seif M, Mohamadzadeh H, Mosaedi A. “Impact assessment of drought on groundwater resources applying SPI, SECI and GRI parameters in Fasa Plain”. Journal of Water Resources Management, 13(5), 59-45, 2012.
14. Chitsazan M, Mirzaei Y, Mohammadi H, Shaban M, Ghaffari H, Mousavi F. “Drought impacts on groundwater quality and level (Case study: Khis Plain, North of Khozestan, Iran”. 2nd Conference on Drought Impacts and its Managerial Strategies, Isfahan, Iran, 20 May 2009.
15. Najib AM. Marand Plain Hydrogeology and Effect of Water Level Changes in Quality of Groundwater. MSc. Dissertation, University of Sistan and Baluchestan. Zahedan, Iran, 2002.
16. Khaleghi F, Shahverdizadeh G. "Hydrogeochemical characteristics and evaluation of the drinking and irrigation water quality in Marand Plain, East Azerbaijan, NW Iran”. British Journal of Applied Science & Technology, 17(4), 2458-2467, 2014.
17. Khorrami B, Kamran KV, Roostaei S. “Assessment of groundwater-level susceptibility to degradation based on analytical network process (ANP)”. International Journal of Environment and Geoinformatics, 5(3), 314-324, 2018.
18. Fakhri M, Asghari Moghaddam A, Najib M, Barzagar R. “Investigation of nitrate concentrations in groundwater resources of Marand plain and groundwater vulnerability assessment using AVI and GODS methods”. Journal of Environmental Studies, 41(1), 49-66, 2015.
19. Kumar M, Murthy CS, Sesha Sai MVR, Roy PS. “On the use of Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) for drought intensity assessment”. Meteorological applications, 16(3), 381-389, 2009.
20. Huisman O, De By, R. Principles of Geographic Information Systems. 4. ed. Enschede, The Netherlands, ITC, 2009.
21. Linsley RK, Kohler MA, Paulhus JLH. Hydrology for Engineers. 3rd ed, New York, USA, McGraw-Hill Higher Education, 1988.
22. Alizadeh A, Kamali Gh.A, Mousavi F, Mousavi M. Weather, and Climate. 9th ed, Mashahd, Iran, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad Publication, 2006.
23. Ibtissem B, Noury B, Djamal B. “Some aspects of anthropogenic florístico-order in both steppe regions (El-Gor and El-Bouihi) in Western Algeria”. Open Journal of Ecology, 5(5), 213-226, 2015.
24. Ghasemi H, Gholami A.A, Hadarbadi Gh, Malekian A. “Drought monitoring using climatic indices and geostatistic technique (Case Study: Hossein Abad plain, Sarbisheh, Iran”. Journal of Water Sciences Research, 3(1), 37-43, 2011.
25. McKee TB, Doesken NJ, Kleist J. “The relationship of drought frequency and duration to time scale”. In Proceedings of the Eighth Conference on Applied Climatology, Anaheim, California, 17-22 January 1993.
26. Zeinali B, Faridpour M, Asghari SS. “Investigation of the effects of meteorological and hydrological drought on groundwater quantity and quality (Case study: Marand plain)”. Journal of watershed management, 7(14), 177-187, 2017.