Türkiye’de tarım kaynaklı pestisit kirliliğinin durumu ve alternatif kontrol tedbirlerinin incelenmesi

Öz

Pestisitler, yeterli miktarda ve kalitede tarımsal üretim gerçekleştirmek için modern tarımının vazgeçilmezi olmuşlardır. Kontrolsüz ve aşırı pestisit kullanımı, doğal kaynaklar, insanlar ve diğer canlılar için tehlike oluşturmaktadır. Özellikle su kaynaklarındaki pestisit kirliliğinin kontrolü için, pestisit kullanım ve satışına dair verilerin sağlıklı tutulması, pestisit uygulaması birlikte pestisitlerin taşınım ve dönüşüm mekanizmalarının bilinmesi, izleme çalışmaları ile pestisit varlığının tespit edilmesi gerekmektedir. Matematiksel modeller vasıtası ile de  pestisit kirliğinin yönetiminde zaman ve ekonomik açıdan tasarruf sağlanabilecektir. Ayrıca En İyi Yönetim Uygulamaları (EİYU) gibi doğal arıtım yöntemlerinin ve alternatif kontrol tedbirlerinin havzada uygulanabilirliği araştıralabilecektir. Bazı çalışmalarda EİYU kapsamında uygulanan bitkilendirilmiş filtre şeritler ile su kaynaklarında %40 üzerinde pestisit giderimi sağlandığı görülmüştür. EİYU’ların verimliliğini araştırmak için karar destek sistemleri (KDS) önemli bir araç olup,  pestisit türlerine ve havza yapısına göre giderim oranları değişmektedir. Bir metre uzunluğundaki bir bitkilendirilmiş şerit uygulamasının etkinliğini KDS ile ölçen bir çalışmada Kaliforniya’daki domates tarlalarında %40-60 oranında pestisit giderimi sağlanırken aynı uygulama Oregon’daki buğday tarlalarında %15-20 oranında giderim sağlamaktadır. Bu tarz çalışmaların ulusal düzeyde artması ile yoğun pestisit kullanımı olan tarımsal havzalarda pestisit kirliliğinin kontrolü kolaylaşacak, alınabilecek tedbirler kolayca belirlenebilecektir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Pestisitler,EİYU,Su kaynakları,Modelleme,Kirlilik yönetimi,Tarım havzaları

Current status of agricultural pesticide pollution in Turkey and evaluation of alternative control methods

Abstract

Pesticide use is essential for sufficient quality and quantity production in modern agriculture. Uncontrolled and excessive pesticide use poses serious danger for human health, other living things and natural resources. It is necessary to keep track of pesticide sale and consumption data, to determine pesticide fate and transport mechanisms in the environment after application and monitoring pesticides in water sources for sustain efficient pesticide pollution control. Mathematical models are useful for the pesticide pollution control by time and money saving. It will also possible to investigate the applicability of natural treatment and alternative control methods in the basins such as Best Management Practices (BMP). As mentioned in this study, vegetated filter strip application as BMP reduces pesticide load over 40% in water sources. Decision Support Systems (DSS) are promising tool for assess the efficiency of BMPs. DSS are able to predict pesticide concentrations in the watershed that depends on pesticide types and watershed properties. In a DSS study, 1 meter vegetated filter strip application in tomato fields removes 40-60% pesticide concentration in receiving water bodies while reduces 15-20% pesticide pollution in the wheat fields in Oregon. With the increase of such studies at the national level, the control of pesticide pollution in agricultural basins with intensive pesticide use will be easier.

Keywords

• Pesticides,BMP,Water sources,Modelling,Pollution control,Agricultural watersheds

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