Hasanoğlan (Ankara) petrol sisteminin organik hidrojeokimyasal kanıtları

Abstract

Bu makale, Hasanoğlan (Ankara) bölgesinin organik hidrojeokimyasal, iyot jeolojisi ve tektonik özellikleri incelenerek bölgenin petrol ve doğalgaz potansiyelinin değerlendirilmesine yönelik bir çalışmadır. Çalışma, üç aşamada yürütülmüştür. Birinci aşamada, bölgenin stratigrafik ve tektonik ilişkilerini konu alan öncel çalışmalar incelenmiştir. Böylece, organik hidrojeokimyasal ve jeofizik değerlendirmeler için gerekli olan veriler derlenmiştir. İkinci aşamada, manyetik ve bölgesel gravite haritaları hazırlanarak çalışma alanındaki tektonik yapıların özellikleri incelenmiş ve olası petrol kapanı belirlenmiştir. Son aşamada ise, elde edilen tüm veriler birlikte yorumlanarak Hasanoğlan bölgesinin petrol ve doğalgaz potansiyeli değerlendirilmiştir. Bölgedeki su kaynaklarından alınan su numunelerinde yapılan TPH (Toplam Petrol Hidrokarbonları) analizlerinde, n-alkan hidrokarbonlar tespit edilmiştir. Su numunelerindeki n-alkanların tamamı, ham petrol (petrojenik) hidrokarbonlarıdır. Olgun petrol hidrokarbonları içeren ve iyotça zengin suların varlığı nedeniyle, bölge yüksek petrol ve doğalgaz potansiyeline sahiptir.

Keywords

• Hasanoğlan,Karakaya karmaşığı,Petrol ve doğalgaz potansiyeli,TPH (Toplam Petrol Hidrokarbonları),Organik hidrojeokimya,İyot

Organic hydrogeochemical evidences of Hasanoğlan (Ankara) petroleum system

Abstract

This article is a study to evaluate the oil and gas potential of the region by investigating the organic hydrogeochemical, iodine geology and tectonic characteristics of Hasanoğlan (Ankara) region. The study was conducted in three steps. In the first step, preliminary studies on the stratigraphic and tectonic relations of the region have been examined. Thus, the data required for organic hydrogeochemical and geophysical evaluations are compiled. In the second step, aeromagnetic and regional gravity maps were prepared and the possible oil trap and characteristics of the tectonic structures in the study area were determined. In the last step, all data are evaluated and oil and gas potential of Hasanoğlan region is interpreted. TPH (Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons) analysis results of water samples showed n-alkane hydrocarbons. All n-alkanes in water samples are crude oil (petrogenic) hydrocarbons. Due to the presence of mature petroleum hydrocarbons and iodine-rich waters, the region has high oil and gas potential.

Keywords

• Hasanoğlan,Karakaya complex,Oil and gas potential,TPH (Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons),Organic hydrogeochemistry,Iodine

References

1. Sayit K. Geochemistry and Petrogenesis of the Oceanic Island and Subduction-Related Assemblages from The Palaeotethyan Karakaya Subduction/Accretion Complex, Central and Northwest Turkey. Ortadoğu Teknik Üniversitesi, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Ankara, Türkiye, 2010 (yayımlanmamış).
2. Bozkurt E. “Karakaya napı içinde yeni bir karbonifer ve permiyen bulgusu”. MTA Dergisi, 110, 181-188, 1990.
3. Koçyiğit A. “Hasanoğlan (Ankara) yöresinin tektonostratigrafisi: Karakaya orojenik kuşağının evrimi”. Yerbilimleri, 14, 269-293, 1987.
4. Okay A, Göncüoğlu C. “The Karakaya complex: a review of data and concepts”. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences, 13, 77-95. 2004.
5. Özdemir A. “Relationship between petroleum and iodine in southeast Anatolia basin”. Bulletin of Mineral Research and Exploration, 2018. (Baskıda).
6. Deutsch WJ. Groundwater Geochemistry, Fundamentals and Applications to Contamination. 1st ed. Florida, USA, CRC Press, 1997.
7. Sakroon SA, Effect of Oilfield Brine on Groundwater Quality in Marmul Area, Sultanate of Oman. MSc Thesis, United Arab Emirates University, Abu Dhabi, UAE, 2012.
8. ATSDR (Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry), “Toxicological Profile for Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons (TPH)”. GA: US Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Atlanta, Georgia, USA, 231, 1999.

9. Doğanay E. AB Su Çerçeve Direktifine Göre Ülkemiz Sularının Fizikokimyasal ve Kimyasal Parametreler Açısından İzlenebilmesi için Kullanılabilecek Analiz Metotlarının Değerlendirilmesi. Uzmanlık Tezi, Orman ve Su İşleri Bakanlığı, Ankara, Türkiye, 2014.
10. Didyk BM, Simoneit BRT, Brassel SC, Englington G. “Organic geochemical indicators of paleoenvironmental conditions of sedimentation”. Nature, 272, 216-222, 1978.
11. Tissot BP, Welte DH, Petroleum Formation and Occurrence. 2nd ed. Berlin, Germany, Springer-Verlag, 1984.
12. Bray EE, Evans ED. “Distribution of n-paraffins as a clue to recognition of source rocks”. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 22(1), 2-15, 1961.
13. Hakimi MH, Al-Matary AM, Ahmed A. “Bulk geochemical characteristics and carbon isotope composition of oils from the Sayhut sub-basin in the Gulf of Aden with emphasis on organic matter input, age and maturity”. Egyptian Journal of Petroleum, 27(3), 361-370, 2018.
14. Onojake MC, Osuji LC, Oforka NC. “Preliminary hydrocarbon analysis of crude oils from umutu/bomu fields, south west Niger Delta Nigeria”. Egyptian Journal of Petroleum, 22(2), 217-224, 2013.
15. Song J, Littke R, Weniger P, Ostertag-Henning, C. Nelskamp S. “Shale oil potential and thermal maturity of the Lower Toarcian Posidonia Shale in NW Europe”. International Journal of Coal Geology, 150-151, 127-153, 2015.
16. Adewuyi GO, Olowu RA. “Assessment of oil and grease, total petroleum hydrocarbons and some heavy metals in surface and groundwater within the vicinity of NNPC oil depot in Apata, Ibadan Metropolis, Nigeria”. IJRRAS, 13(1), 166-174, 2012.
17. Ayotamuno MJ, Kogbara RB, Ogaji SOT, Probert SD. “Petroleum contaminated ground-water: Remediation using activated carbon”. Applied Energy, 83(11), 1258-1264, 2006.
18. Yang ZH, Lien PJ, Huang WS, Surampalli RY, Kao CM. “Development of the risk assessment and management strategies for TPH-contaminated sites using TPH fraction methods”. Journal of Hazardous, Toxic, and Radioactive Waste, 21(1), 1-10, 2015.
19. Riccardia C, Di Filippoa D, Pomataa D, Incoronatoa F, Di Basilioa M, Papinib MP, Spicaglia S. “Characterization and distribution of petroleum hydrocarbons and heavy metals in groundwater from three Italian tank farm”. Science of the Total Environment, 393(1), 50-63, 2008.
20. Zemo DA, Foote, GR. “The technical case eliminating the use of the TPH analysis in assessing and regulating dissolved petroleum hydrocarbons in groundwater”. Ground Water Monitoring & Remediation, 23(3), 95-104, 2003.
21. Fan W, Yang YS, Du XQ, Lu Y, Yang MX. “Finger-Printing Biodegradation of Petroleum Contamination in Shallow Groundwater and Soil System Using Hydro-bio-geochemical Markers and Modelling Support”. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, 220(1-4), 253-263, 2011.
22. Su X, Lv H, Zhang W, Zhang Y, Jiao X. “Evaluation of petroleum hydrocarbon biodegradation in shallow groundwater by hydrogeochemical indicators and C, S-isotopes”. Environmental Earth Sciences, 69(6), 2091-2101, 2013.
23. Teng Y, Feng D, Song L, Wang J, Li J. “Total petroleum hydrocarbon distribution in soils and groundwater in Songyuan oilfield, Northeast China”. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 185(11), 9559-9569, 2013.
24. Dow WG, “Petroleum source beds on continental slope and rises”. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, 62(9), 1584-1606, 1978.
25. El Nemr A, Moneer AA, Ragab S, Sikaily AE. “Distribution and sources of n-alkanes and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in shellfish of the Egyptian Red Sea coast”. Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Research, 42(2), 121-131, 2016.
26. Adeniji AO, Okoh OO, Okoh AI. “Petroleum hydrocarbon profiles of water and sediment of Algoa Bay, Eastern Cape, South Africa”. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 14(10), 1263, 2017.
27. Beyer J, Jonsson, G, Porte C, Krahn MM, Ariese F. “Analytical methods for determining metabolites of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) pollutants in fish bile: a review”. Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology, 30(3), 224-244, 2010.
28. Mille G, Asia L, Guiliano M, Malleret L, Doumenq P, “Hydrocarbons in coastal sediments from the Mediterranean Sea (Gulf of Fos area, France)”. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 54, 566-575, 2007.
29. Waples DW, Geochemistry in Petroleum Exploration. Dordrecht, Holland, D. Reidel Publishing Company, 1985.
30. Peters KE, Moldowan JM. The Biomarker Guide: Interpreting Molecular Fossils in Petroleum and Ancient Sediments. Englewood Cliffs, Jersey, USA, Prentice Hall, 1993.
31. Volkman JK, Maxwell JR. Acyclic isoprenoids as biological markers. In: Biological Markers in the Sedimentary Record. R.B. Johns, ed. New York, USA, Elsevier, 1986.
32. Hunt JM, Petroleum Geochemistry and Geology. 2nd ed. San Francisco, USA, W.H. Freeman and Company, 1995.
33. Özdemir A, “Güneydoğu Anadolu ve Trakya Havzası TPAO Petrol ve Doğalgaz Üretim Sahaları Formasyon Sularının İyot Analiz ve Yorumlama Çalışmaları”. 70 s. 2017. (yayımlanmamış),
34. Chen J, Liu D, Peng P, Ning C, Xiaolin H, Baoshou Z. “Iodine-129 chronological study of brines from an Ordovician paleokarst reservoir in the Lunnan oilfield, Tarim Basin”. Applied Geochemistry, 65, 14-21, 2016.
35. Kendrick MA, Phillips D, Wallace M, Miller JMcL. “Halogens and noble gases in sedimentary formation waters and Zn-Pb deposits: A case study from the Lennard Shelf, Australia”. Applied Geochemistry, 26(12), 2089-2100, 2011.
36. Engle MA, Reyes FR, Varonka MS, Orem WH, Ma L, Ianno AJ, Schell TM, Xu P, Carroll KC. “Geochemistry of formation waters from the Wolfcamp and “Cline” shales: Insights into brine origin, reservoir connectivity, and fluid flow in the Permian Basin, USA”. Chemical Geology, 425, 76-92, 2016.
37. Worden RH. “Controls on halogen concentrations in sedimentary formation waters”. Mineralogical Magazine, 60(399), 259-274, 1996.
38. Means JL, Hubbard NJ. “Short-chain aliphatic acid anions in deep subsurface brines: A review of their origin, occurrence, properties, and importance and new data on their distribution and geochemical implications in the Palo Duro Basin, Texas”. Organic Geochemistry, 11(3), 177-191, 1987.
39. Geochemical Reference Model (GERM). “Chemical Characterization of the Earth, its Major Reservoirs and the Fluxes between them”. http://earthref.Org/GERM/ (26.05.2018).
40. Zherebtsova IK, Volkova NN. “Experimental study of behavior of trace elements in the process of natural solar evaporation of Black Sea water and Sasyk-Sivash brine”. Geochemistry International, 3, 656-670, 1966.
41. Fuge R, Johnson CC. “The geochemistry of iodine: a review”. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 8(2), 31-54, 1986.
42. Hummel S. The Use of Iodine to Characterize Formation Waters in Oil and Gas Fields. MSc Thesis, Syracuse University, New York, USA, 2011.
43. Flores EMM, Mesko MF, Moraes DP, Pereira JSF, Mello PA, Barin JS, Knapp G. “Determination of halogens in coal after digestion using the microwave-induced combustion technique”. Analytical Chemistry, 80(6), 1865-1870, 2008.
44. Biester H, Keppler F, Putschew A, Martinez-Cortizas A, Petri M. “Halogen retention, organohalogens, and the role of organic matter decomposition on halogen enrichment in two Chilean peat bogs”. Environmental Science & Technology, 38(7), 1984-1991, 2004.
45. Lu Z, Hummel ST, Lautz LK, Hoke GD, Zhou X, Leone J, Siegel DI. “Iodine as a sensitive tracer for detecting influence of organic-rich shale in shallow groundwater”. Applied Geochemistry, 60, 29-36, 2015.
46. Lemay TG, Konhauser KO. “Water Chemistry of Coalbed Methane Reservoirs”. Alberta Geological Survey, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, Special Report, 081, 2006.
47. Harkness JS, Dwyer GS, Warner NR, Parker KM, William A, Mitch WA, Vengosh A. “Iodide, bromide and ammonium in hydraulic fracturing and oil and gas wastewaters: Environmental implications”. Environmental Science & Technology, 49(3), 1955-1963, 2015.
48. Reichter BC, Kreitler CW. Geochemical Techniques for Identifying Sources of Groundwater Salinitization. 1st ed. Florida, USA, CRC Press, 1993.
49. Whittemore DO, Basel CL, Galle OK, Waugh TC. “Geochemical Identification of Saltwater Sources in the Smoky Hill River Valley, McPherson, Saline, and Dickson Countries, Kansas”. Kansas Geological Survey, Kansas, USA, Open-file Report, 81-6, 1981.
50. Fabryka-Martin JT. Natural iodine-129 as environmental tracer. MSc Thesis, University of Arizona, Arizona, USA, 1984.
51. Kartsev AA, Tabasaranskii SA, Subbota MI, Mogilevsky GA. Geochemical methods of prospecting and exploration for petroleum and natural gas. Witherspoon PA and Romey WD eds., English translation, Berkeley and Los Angeles, University of California Press; London, Cambridge University Press, 1959.
52. Dean GA, “The iodine content of some New Zealand drinking waters with a note on the contribution from sea spray to the iodine in rain”. New Zealand Journal of Science, 6, 208-214, 1963.
53. Fehn U. “Tracing crustal fluids: Applications of natural 129I and 36Cl”. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 40, 45-67, 2012.
54. United States Geological Survey National Produced Waters Geochemical Database v2.2. https://eerscmap.usgs.gov/pwapp/ (26.04.2018).
55. Rebary B, Raichura M, Mangukia SR, Patidar R. “Mapping of iodine, lithium and strontium in oilfield water of Cambay basin, Gujarat”. Journal of the Geological Society of India, 83(6), 669-675, 2014.
56. Moran JE, Fehn U, Hanor JS, “Determination of source ages and migration of brines from the U.S. Gulf Coast basin using 129I”. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 59(24), 5055-5069, 1995.
57. Fabryka-Martin JT, Davis SN, Elmore D. “Applications of 129I and 36Cl in hydrogeology”. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms, 29(1-2), 361-371, 1987.
58. Land LS, “Evidence for vertical movement of fluids, Gulf Coast Sedimentary Basin”. Geophysical Research Letters, 18(5), 919-922, 1991.
59. Stueber AM, Walter LM, Huston TJ, Pushkar P. “Formation waters from Mississippian-Pennsylvanian reservoirs, Illinois basin, USA: Chemical and isotopic constraints on evolution and migration”. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 57(4), 763-784, 1993.
60. Potter II RW, Harrington PA, Silliman AH, Viellenave JH. “Significance of Geochemical Anomalies in Hydrocarbon Exploration”. Editors: Schumacher, D, Abrams MA. Hydrocarbon Migration and its Near-surface Expression, 431-439, AAPG Memoir 66, 1996.
61. Tedesco SA. Surface Geochemistry in Petroleum Exploration. USA, Chapman and Hall, 1995.
62. Griffin WR, “Residual gravity in theoryand practice”. Geophysics, 14(1), 39-58, 1949.
63. Lyatsky HV. Thurston JB, Brown RJ, Lyatsky VB. “Hydrocarbon exploration applications of potential field horizontal gradient vector maps”. Canadian Society of Exploration Geophysicists Recorder, 17(9), 10-15. 1992.
64. Aydın A. Gravite Verilerinin Normalize Edilmiş Tam Gradyan, Varyasyon ve İstatistik Yöntemleri ile Hidrokarbon Açısından Değerlendirilmesi, Model Çalışmalar ve Hasankale-Horasan (Erzurum) Havzasına Uygulanması. Doktora Tezi, Karadeniz Teknik Üniversitesi, Trabzon, Türkiye, 1997.
65. Aydın A. “Gravite anomalilerinin doğrudan yorum yöntemleri ile değerlendirilmesi: Hasankale-Horasan bölgesinden bir uygulama”. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, 11(1), 95-102, 2004.
66. Geist EL, Childs JR, Scholl DW. “Evolution and petroleum geology of Amlia and Amukta intra-arc summit basins, Aleutian Ridge”. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 4(4), 334-352, 1987.
67. Satyana AH. “Subvolcanic hydrocarbon prospectivity of Java: opportunities and challenges”. Indonesian Petroleum Association, Thirty-Ninth Annual Convention & Exhibition, Jakarta, Indonesia, 20-22 May 2015.
68. Koçyiğit A. “First remarks on the geology of the Karakaya basin: Karakaya orogen and pre-Jurassic nappes in eastern Pontides, Turkey”. Geologica Romana, 27, 3-11, 1991.
69. Hatipoğlu TÖ. Hasanoğlan (KD Ankara) Bölgesinin Jura-Kretase Yaşlı Çökellerinin Sedimantolojisi. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Selçuk Üniversitesi, Konya, 2015.
70. Tüysüz O, Dellaloğlu AA. “Çankırı havzasının tektonik birlikleri ve jeolojik evrimi”. Türkiye 9. Petrol Kongresi, Çankırı, Türkiye, 17-21 Şubat 1992.
71. Sorkhabi R. “Why So Much Oil in the Middle East?”. Geoexpro, 7(1), 2010.
72. Klemme HD, Ulmishek GF. “Effective petroleum source rocks of the World: stratigraphic distribution and controlling depositional factors”. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, 75(12), 1809-1851, 1991.
73. Kerr AC. “Oceanic LIPs: The kiss of death”. Elements, 1(5), 289-292, 2005.
74. Sayit K, Göncüoğlu MC, Furman T. “Petrological reconstruction of Triassic seamounts/oceanic islands within the Palaeotethys: Geochemical implications from the Karakaya subduction/accretion Complex, Northern Turkey”. Lithos, 119(3-4), 501-511, 2010.
75. Mattinen PR, Bennent GH. “The Green Mountain massive sulphide deposit. Besshi-style mineralization within the California Fooothills Copper-Zinc Belt”. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 25(1-2),185-200, 1986.