Elektronik tekstillerde iletken mürekkep uygulamaları

Öz

Bu araştırmanın amacı elektronik tekstil uygulamalarında kullanılan baskı yöntemlerinin incelenmesi ve bu baskı yöntemlerinde kullanılan farklı özelliklere sahip iletken mürekkeplerin işlem şartlarının, avantaj ve dezavantajlarının incelenmesidir. Araştırmada, iletken mürekkepler ile ilgili bir kavramsal çerçeve oluşturularak elektronik tekstiller alanında kullanımı ve önemi literatür açısından incelenmiştir. Çalışmada, gümüş içerikli iletken mürekkeplerin esnek malzemeler üzerine basılmasıyla, radyo frekansı tanımlama, elektromiyografi ve çeşitli sensör tasarımlarının yapıldığı görülmüştür. Serigrafi ve inkjet baskı teknikleri en çok kullanılan baskı teknikleri olarak değerlendirilmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Giyilebilir,Elektronik,Baskı,İletken mürekkep

Conductive ink applications on electronic textiles

Abstract

This study was conducted to investigate printing techniques used in electronic textile applications and to examine the application conditions, advantages and disadvantages of the conductive inks used in these printing processes. This research is a conceptual framework designed to examine conductive inks within the scope of electronic textiles and their importance. In the study, it is seen that by printing of silver doped conductive ink on flexible materials, radio frequency identification (RFID, electromyography (EMG) and variety of sensors are designed. It was evaluated that screen printing and inkjet printing techniques are most familiar printing applications.

Keywords

• Wearable,Electronic,Printing,Conductive ink

References

1. Cherenack KH, Kinkeldei T, Zysset C, Troster G. “Woven thin-film metal interconnects”. IEEE Electron Device Letter, 31(7), 740-742, 2010.
2. Bilir MZ, Gürcüm BH. “Ballistic wearable electronic vest design”. Journal of Indian Textile, 47(7), 1-22, 2017.
3. Zhu Z, Liu T, Li G, Li T, Inoue Y. “Wearable Sensor Systems for Infants”, Sensors, 15 (2), 3721-3749, 2015.
4. Vallozzi L, Vandendriessche W, Rogier H, Hertleer C, Scarpello ML. “Wearable textile GPS antenna for integration in protective garments”. Antennas Propag. (Eucap), 2010 Proc. 4th Europe Conference, Barcelona, Spain, 12-16 April 2010.
5. James DA. Sensors and wearable technologies in sport technologies. Trends and approaches for implementation. 1st ed. Singapore, Springer, 2016.
6. Simon C, Potter E, Mccabe M, Baggerman C. “Smart Fabrics Technology Development". National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Washington, DC, A Nasa Innovation Fund Project Final Raport, 2010.
7. Castano LM, Flatau AB. “Smart fabric sensors and e-textile technologies: a review”. Smart Material Structure, 23(5), 1-27, 2014.
8. Kim H, Kim Y, Kim B. Ve Yoo HJ. “A wearable fabric computer by planar-fashionable circuit board technique”. International Workshop on Wearable and Implantable Body Sensor Networks, Washington, DC, USA, 03-05 June 2009.

9. Jeong KS, Yoo SK. Electro-Textile Interfaces : Textile-Based Sensors and Actuators. Editors: Cho G. Smart Clothing Technology and Application, 89-111, USA, CRC Press, 2009.
10. Secor EB, Lim S, Zhang H, Frisbie CD, Francis LF, Hersam MC. “Gravure printing of graphene for large-area flexible electronics”. Advance Materials, 26, 4533-4538, 2014.
11. Menon H, Aiswarya R, Surendran KP. “Screen printable mwcnt inks for printed electronics”. Research Advance, 7(70), 44076-44081, 2017.
12. Molina-Lopez F, Briand D, De Rooij NF. “All additive inkjet printed humidity sensors on plastic substrate”. Sensors Actuators, B Chemical, 166-167, 212-222, 2012.
13. Roberson DA, Wicker RB, Murr LE, Church K, Macdonald E. “Microstructural and process characterization of conductive traces printed from ag particulate inks”. Materials, 4, 963-979, 2011.
14. Ouyang S, Yingtao X, Dongping W, Dalong Z, Xin X, Tan T, Fong, HH. “Surface patterning of pedot: Pss by photolithography for organic electronic devices”. Journal of Nanomaterial, 2015-603148, 1-9, 2015.
15. Kong YC, Yu DP, Zhang B, Fang W, Feng SQ, “Ultraviolet-emitting ZnO nanowires synthesized by a physical vapor deposition approach”. Applied Physics Letters, 78(4), 407-409, 2001
16. Gao M, Li L, Song Y. “Inkjet printing wearable electronic devices”. Journal of Material Chemical, C, 5(12), 2971-2993, 2017.
17. Willfahrt A, Fischer T. “Improving the electrical performance and mechanical properties of conductive ink on thin compound substrate”. Journal of Print Media Technology Research, 5, 7-14, 2016.
18. Khirotdin RK, Cheng TS, Mokhtar KA. “Printing of conductive ink tracks on textiles using silkscreen printing”. ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Science, 11(10), 6619-6624, 2016.
19. Guerchouche K, Herth E, Calvet LE, Roland N, Loyez C. “Conductive polymer based antenna for wireless green sensors applications”. Microelectronic Engineering, 182, 46-52, 2017.
20. Zielke D, Gogolin R, Halbich MU, Marquardt C, Lövenich W, Sauer R, Schmidt J. “Large-Area PEDOT: PSS/C-Si heterojunction solar cells with screen-printed metal contacts”. Solar RRL, 2(3) 1-6, 2018.
21. Shin KH, Cho J, Jang J, Jang HS, Park ES, Song K, Kim SH. “Polypyrrole top-contact electrodes patterned by inkjet printing assisted vapor deposition polymerization in flexible organic thin-film transistors”. Organic Electronics, 13(5), 715-720, 2012.
22. Kale BB, “Ink-Jet printed conducting polyaniline based flexible humidity sensor”. 14th International Meeting on Chemical Sensors, Nurnberg, Germany, 20-23 May 2012.
23. Zhang W, Bi E, Li M, Gao L. “Synthesis of Ag/Rgo composite as effective conductive ink filler for flexible inkjet printing electronics”. Colloids Surfaces A Physicochemical Engineering Aspects, 490, 232-240, 2016.
24. Yao H, Fan Z, Cheng H, Guan X, Wang C, Sun K, Ouyang J. “Recent development of thermoelectric polymers and composites”. Macromolecular Rapid Communications 39(6), 1-22, 2018.
25. Borghetti M, Serpelloni M, Sardini E, Pandini S, “Mechanical behavior of strain sensors based on PEDOT: PSS and silver nanoparticles inks deposited on polymer substrate by inkjet printing”. Sensors and Actuators A: Physical, 243, 71-80, 2016.
26. Dearden AL, Smith PJ, Shin DY, Reis N, Derby B, O’brien P. “A low curing temperature silver ink for use in ink-jet printing and subsequent production of conductive tracks”. Macromolecular Rapid Communications, 26, 315-318, 2004.
27. Rickerby J, Simon A, Jeynes C, Morgan TJ, Steinke JHG. “1.1, 1.5, 5.5-Hexafluoroacetylacetonate copper (I) poly (Vinylsiloxane)S as precursors for copper direct-write”. Chemical Material, 18(10), 2489-2498, 2006.
28. Cheng C. Li j, Shi T, Yu X, Fan J, Liao G, Li X, Cheng S, Zhoung Y, Tang Z. “A novel method of synthesizing antioxidative copper nanoparticles for high performance conductive ink”. Journal of Material Science Materials in Electronics, 28(18), 13556-13564, 2017.
29. Kumar J, Basu B, Talukdar FA, Nandi A. “Graphene-Based wideband antenna for aeronautical radio-navigation applications”. Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and Applications, 5071(11), 1-9, 2017.
30. Kela L., Auvinen A, Tapper U, Hokkinen J. "Metallic nanoparticles for conductive inks". Congreso Internacional De Metalurgia Y Materiales Sam-Conamet/Iberomat/Materia, Santa Fe, Argentina, 21-24 October 2014.
31. Yu D, Wang Z, Wang W, Jiang Z. “Low temperature sintering nano-silver conductive ink printed on cotton fabric as printed electronics”. Progress in Organic Coatings, 101, 604-611, 2016.
32. Lee JW, Han J, Lee DS, Bae S, Lee SH, Lee SK, Moon BJ, Choi CJ, Wang G, Kim TW. “2d single-crystalline copper nanoplates as a conductive filler for electronic ink applications”. Small, 14(8), 1-7, 2018.
33. Ye S, Stewart IE, Chen Z, Li B, Rathmell AR, Wiley BJ. “How copper nanowires grow and how to control their properties”. Accounts of Chemical Research, 49(3), 442-451, 2016.
34. Wei C, Liu Q. “Shape-, Size-, and density-tunable synthesis and optical properties of copper nanoparticles”. Crystengcomm, 19(24), 3254-3262, 2017.
35. Kuroda K, Nakako H, Inada M, Noudou T, Kumashiro Y. “Development of copper materials and processing for printed electronics”. The Japan Institute of Electronics Packaging, 5(1), 20-25, 2012.
36. Patil SA, Ryu CH, Kim H.S. “Synthesis and characterization of copper nanoparticles (Cu-Nps) using rongalite as reducing agent and photonic sintering of Cu-Nps ink for printed electronics”. International Journal of Precision Engineering and Manufacturing, 5(2) 239-245, 2018.
37. Khan Y, Pavinatto FJ, Liln MC, Liao A, Swisher SL, Mann K, Subramanian K, Maharbiz MM, Arias AC. “Inkjet-Printed flexible gold electrode arrays for bioelectronic interfaces”. Advance Functional Material, 26(7), 1004-1013, 2016.
38. Phillips C, Al-Ahmadi A, Potts SJ, Claypole T, Deganello D, “The effect of graphite and carbon black ratios on conductive ink performance”. Journal of Material Science, 52(16), 9520-9530, 2017.
39. Yang L, Orecchin G, Shaker G, Lee H, Tentzeris MM. “Battery-Free rfid-enabled wireless sensors”. MTT-S International Microwave Symposium, Anaheim, CA, USA, 23-28 May 2010.
40. Conts-De E, Li J, Cabrera, CR. Latest Advances in Modified/Functionalized Carbon Nanotube-Based Gas Sensors. Editors: Suzuki S, Syntheses and Applications of Carbon Nanotubes and Their Composites, 337-366, Intech Open, 2013.
41. Anoshkin IV, Nasibulin AG, Mudimela PR, He M, Ermolov V, Kauppinen EI. “Single-Walled carbon nanotube networks for ethanol vapor sensing applications”. Nano Research, 6(2),77-86, 2013.
42. Lorwongtragool P, Sowade E, Kerdcharoen T, Baumann RR. “All inkjet-printed chemical gas sensors based on cnt/polymer nanocomposites: comparison between double printed layers and blended single layer”. 9th International Conference on Electrical Engineering/Electronics, Computer, Telecommunications and Information Technology, Thailand, 16-18 May 2012.
43. Tortorich R, Choi JW. “Inkjet printing of carbon nanotubes”. Nanomaterials, 3(3), 453-468, 2013.
44. Methode Electronics, “Digital printable nano-ink technology inks formulated for critical electronic applications”. USA Chicago, material raport, 2017.
45. Jang H, Park YJ, Chen X, Das T, Kim MS, Ahn JH. “Graphene-based flexible and stretchable electronics”. Advanced Material, 28(22), 4184-4202, 2016.
46. Fan Z, Wei T, Luo G, Wei F. “Fabrication and characterization of multi-walled carbon nanotubes-based ink”. Journal of Materials Science, 40(18), 5075-5077, 2005.
47. Yang ZG, Wang DY, Chang Y, Lu QS. “Nano-Organic silver composite conductive ink for flexible printed circuit”. Materials Technology: Advanced Performance Materials, 30 (1), 54-59, 2015.
48. Chen GX, Chen YY, Cui YY, Chen QF, Chen T, Yang Y. “Morphology-Controlled fabrication of nano Ag/Poly (Vinyl Pyrrolidone) composites and their effect on electric conductive properties of Uv Ink”. Material Technology, 31(1), 1-6, 2017.
49. Calvert P, Duggal D, Patra P, Agrawal A, Sawhney A. “Conducting polymer and conducting composite strain sensors on textiles”. Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals, 484(1), 291-302, 2008.
50. Chuang MC, Windmiller JR, Santhosh P, Ramirez GV, Galik M, Chou TY, Wang J. “Textile-Based electrochemical sensing: effect of fabric substrate and detection of nitroaromatic explosives”. Electroanalysis, 22(21), 2511-2518, 2010.
51. Yang Y. L, Chuang MC, Lou SL, Wang J. “Thick-Film textile-based amperometric sensors and biosensors”. Analyst, 135(6), 1230-1234, 2010.
52. Ataman C, Kinkeldei T, Vasquez-Quintero A, Molina-Lopez F, Courbat J, Cherenack K, Briand D, Tröster G, de Rooij NF. “Humidity and temperature sensors on plastic foil for textile integration”. Procedia Engineering, 25, 136-139, 2011.
53. Reddy ASG, Narakathu BB, Atashbar MZ, Rebros M, Rebrosova E, Joyce MK. “Fully printed flexible humidity sensor”. Procedia Engineering, 25, 120-123, 2011.
54. Weremczuk J, Tarapata G, Jachowicz R. “Humidity sensor printed on textile with use of ink-jet technology”. Procedia Engineering, 47, 1366-1369, 2012.
55. Mattana G, Kinkeldei T, Leuenberger D, Ataman C, Ruan JJ, Molina-Lopez F, Quintero AV, Nisato G, Tröster G, Briand D, de Rooij NF. “Woven temperature and humidity sensors on flexible plastic substrates for e-textile applications”. IEEE Sensors Journal, 13(10), 3901-3909, 2013.
56. Furtak NT, Skrzetuska E, Krucińska I. “Development of screen-printed breathing rate sensors”. Fibres and Textile in Eastern Europe, 21(6), 84-88, 2013.
57. Wei Y, Torah R, Yang K, Beeby S, Tudor J. “Screen printing of a capacitive cantilever-based motion sensor on fabric using a novel sacrificial layer process for smart fabric applications”. Measurement Science and Technology, 24(7), 1-12, 2013.
58. Kutzner C, Lucklum R, Torah R, Beeby S, Tudor J. “Novel screen printed humidity sensor on textiles for smart textile applications”. 17th International Conference on Solid-State Sensors, Actuators Microsystems (Transducers Eurosensors), USA, 16-20 June 2013.
59. Hayat A, Marty JL. “Disposable screen printed electrochemical sensors: tools for environmental monitoring”. Sensors (Switzerland), 14(6), 10432-10453, 2014.
60. Skrzetuska E, Puchalski M, Krucińska I. “Chemically driven printed textile sensors based on graphene and carbon nanotubes”. Sensors (Switzerland), 14(9), 16816-16828, 2014.
61. Stoppa M. Chiolerio A. “Wearable electronics and smart textiles: a critical review”. Sensors (Switzerland), 14(7), 11957-11992, 2014.
62. Whittow WG, Chauraya A, Vardaxoglou JC, Li Y, Torah R, Yang K, Beeby S, Tudor J. “Inkjet-Printed microstrip patch antennas realized on textile for wearable applications”. IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, 13, 71-74, 2014.
63. Rangel J, Del-Real A, Castano V. “Smart conductive inks”. Chemical and Chemical Technolgy, 2(4), 2-5, 2008.
64. Filipowska B, Wiśniewski B, Zawadzka Michalak L. “Creation of electro-conductive paths and patterns by screen printing on textile bases”. Textile Research Journal, 88(3), 261-274, 2018.
65. Kazani I, Hertleer C, De Mey G, Schwarz A, Guxho G, Van Langenhove L. “Electrical conductive textiles obtained by screen printing”. Fibres and Textile Eastern Europen, 90(1), 57-63, 2012.
66. Jin H, Matsuhisa N, Lee S, Abbas M, Yokota T, Someya T. “Enhancing the performance of stretchable conductors for e-textiles by controlled ink permeation”. Advance Material, 29(21), 1-8, 2017.
67. Paul G, Torah R, Beeby S, Tudor J. “The development of screen printed conductive networks on textiles for biopotential monitoring applications”. Sensors Actuators, A Physics, 206, 35-41, 2014.
68. Paul G, Torah R, Beeby S, Tudor J. “Novel active electrodes for ecg monitoring on woven textiles fabricated by screen and stencil printing”. Sensors Actuators, A Physics, 221, 60-66, 2015.
69. De Vos M, Torah R, Beeby S, Tudor J. “Functional electronic screen-printing-electroluminescent lamps on fabric”. Procedia Engineering, 87, 1513-1516, 2014.
70. Almusallam A, Yang K, Zhu D, Torah R, Komolafe A, Tudor J, Beeby SP. “Clamping effect on the piezoelectric responses of screen-printed low temperature pzt/polymer films on flexible substrates”. Smart Material Structure, 24(11), 1-8, 2015.
71. Wang Z, Wang W, Jiang Z, Yu D. “A novel and simple method of printing flexible conductive circuits on pet fabrics”. Applied Surface Science, 396, 208-213, 2017.
72. Chauraya A, Whittow WG, Vardaxoglou JC, Li Y, Torah R, Yang K, Beeby S, Tudor J. “Inkjet printed dipole antennas on textiles for wearable communications”. Iet Microwaves, Antennas Propagation, 7(9), 760-767, 2013.
73. Khaleel HR, Al-Rizzo HM, Abbosh AI. Design, Fabrication, and Testing of Flexible Antennas. Editors: Kishk A. Advancement in Microstrip Antennas with Recent Applications, Intech Open, 2013.
74. Li Y, Torah R, Beeby S, Tudor J. “An all-inkjet printed flexible capacitor on a textile using a new poly (4-Vinylphenol) dielectric ink for wearable applications”. IEEE Sensors Proceeding, Taiwan, 28-31 October 2012.
75. Bidoki SM, Nouri J, Heidari AA. “Inkjet deposited circuit components”. Journal of Micromechanics Microengineering, 20(5), 1-7, 2010.
76. Hu B, Li D, Manandharm P, Fan Q, Kasilingam D, Calvert P. “Cnt/Conducting polymer composite conductors impart high flexibility to textile electroluminescent devices”. Journal of Material Chemical, 22(4), 1598-1605, 2012.
77. He H, Akbari M, Sydänheimo L, Ukkonen L, Virkki J. “3d-Printed graphene antennas and interconnections for textile rfid tags: Fabrication and reliability towards humidity”. International Journal of Antennas and Propagation, 2017(1), 1-5, 2017.
78. Mohtaram F, Mottaghitalab V, Baghersalimi G. “Development and characterization of flexible antenna based on conductive metal pattern on polyester fabric”. Journal of Textile Institute, 108(11), 1888-1898, 2017.
79. Stempien Z, Rybicki E, Rybicki T, Lesnikowski J. “Inkjet-printing deposition of silver electro-conductive layers on textile substrates at low sintering temperature by using an aqueous silver ions-containing ink for textronic applications”. Sensors Actuators, B Chemical, 224, 714-725, 2015.
80. Walker SB, Lewis JA. “Reactive silver inks for patterning high-conductivity features at mild temperatures”. Journal of American Chemical Society, 134(3), 1419-1421, 2012.
81. Wu Y, Li Y, Ong BS. “A simple and efficient approach to a printable silver conductor for printed electronics”. Journal of American Chemical Society, 129(7), 1862-1863, 2007.
82. Ahn BY, Lewis JA. “Amphiphilic silver particles for conductive inks with controlled wetting behavior”. Materials Chemistry and Physics, 148(3), 686-691, 2014.
83. Vaseem M, Lee KM, Hong AR, Hahn YB. “Inkjet printed fractal-connected electrodes with silver nanoparticle ink”. ACS Applied Materials and Interfaces, 4(6), 3300-3307, 2012.
84. Bidoki SM, Lewis DM, Clark M, Vakorov A, Millner PA, Mcgorman D. “Ink-Jet fabrication of electronic components”. Journal of Micromechanics Microengineering, 17(5), 967-974, 2007.
85. Stempien Z, Rybicki T, Rybicki E, Kozanecki M, Szynkowska MI. “In-Situ deposition of polyaniline and polypyrrole electroconductive layers on textile surfaces by the reactive ink-jet printing technique”. Synthetic Metals, 202, 49-62, 2015.
86. Krykpayev B, Farooqui MF, Bilal RM, Vaseem M, Shamim A. “A wearable tracking device inkjet-printed on textile”. Microelectronics Journal, 65(1), 40-48, 2017.
87. Ghahremani M, Babaei M, Latifi M. “Evaluating silver tracks conductivity on flexible surfaces”. Journal of Industrial Textiles, 46(2), 530-548, 2016.