Overview of internet of things: Concept, characteristics, challenges and opportunities

Year 2018, Volume: 24 Issue: 2, 311 - 326, 30.04.2018

Enan Ameen Khalil Suat Özdemir

Abstract

In the age of information, recent researches and
applications are brought several innovations to our daily lives in the fields
of Internet and communication technologies. Internet becomes an environment
that is connectable not only by people but also by things. Today, almost every
gadget in our daily life is able to connect to Internet. Such evolution of Internet
generated the Internet of Things (IoT) concept. Successful applications of IoT
have been demonstrated in many fields. However, IoT is still at its infancy
stage. IoT envisions a future in which digital and physical entities can be
linked, by means of appropriate information and communication technologies, to
enable a whole new class of applications and services. In this article, we
presented a survey of concept, characteristics, technologies, applications and
research challenges for IoT which have been developed and became popular in
recent years. We also analyzed and discussed the open research problems in IoT.

Keywords

Internet of Things, Smart objects, RFID tags, wireless sensor networks

Nesnelerin internetine genel bir bakış: Kavram, özellikler, zorluklar ve fırsatlar

Abstract

Bilgi çağı olarak adlandırılan günümüzde yapılan
bilimsel çalışmalar ve uygulamalar internet teknolojisi ve haberleşme alanında
birçok yeniliği günlük hayatımıza getirmiştir. Bu süreçte internet sadece
insanların değil cihazların/nesnelerin de bağlanabildiği bir ortam haline
gelmiştir. Günlük hayatımızda kullandığımız hemen her cihaz internete
bağlanabilmektedir ve bunun sonucunda Nesnelerin İnterneti (Nİ) kavramı ortaya
çıkmıştır. Nİ kavramı daha ilk adımlarında olmasına rağmen başarılı
uygulamaları pek çok alanda görülebilmektedir. Nİ, uygun bilgi ve iletişim
teknolojilerini kullanarak sanal ve fiziksel nesneleri bağlayarak yeni ve
yüksek sınıf uygulama ve hizmet alanları sunan bir gelecek vadetmektedir. Bu
çalışmada Nİ kavramı, bileşenleri, mimarisi, uygulama alanları, zorlukları ve
geleceği üzerinde durulmakta, ayrıca Nİ alanındaki henüz adreslememiş açık
araştırma problemleri analiz edilmiştir.

Keywords

Nesnelerin İnterneti, akıllı nesneler, RFID etiketleri, kablosuz algılayıcı ağlar

References

• Internet World Stats. “International Website for up to date world Internet Usage and Statistics”. http://www.internetworldstats.com/ (16.01.2017).
• Macaulay J, Buckalew L, Chung G. “Internet of Things in Logistics, A collaborative report by DHL and Cisco on implications and use cases for the logistics industry”. DHL Trend Research|Cisco Consulting Services, Troisdorf, Germany, 2015.
• Markets and Markets (M&M) Research Group. “Internet of Things (IoT) & Machine-To-Machine (M2M) communication market by Technologies & Platforms, M&M Connections & IoT Components worldwide Market forecasts (2014–2019)”. Researchandmarkets.com Publications, Dublin, Ireland, Technical Report, 2785177, 2014.
• Rose K, Eldridge S, Chapin L. “The Internet of Things (IoT): An Overview-Understanding the Issues and Challenges of a More Connected World”. Internet Society, Geneva, Switzerland, Technical Report, October 2015, 2015.
• Gubbi J, Buyya R, Marusic S, Palaniswami M. “Internet of Things (IoT): A vision, architectural elements, and future directions”. Future Generation Computer Systems, 29(7), 1645-1660, 2013.
• Tsai CW, Lai CF, Athanasios VV. “Future internet of things: open issues and challenges”. Wireless Networks, 20(8), 2201-2217, 2014.
• The International Telecommunication Union. “The Internet of Things”. ITU Internet Reports. 7th ed. Hammamet, Tunis, November 2005.
• Satyanarayanan M, Simoens P, Xiaoö Y, Pillai P, Chen Z, Ha K, Hu W, Amos B. “Edge analytics in the internet of things”. IEEE Pervasive Computing, 14(2), 24-31, 2015.
• Want R, Schilit BN, Jenson S. “Enabling the internet of things”. IEEE Computer, 48(1), 28-35, 2015.
• Al-Fuqaha A, Guizani M, Mohammadi M, Aledhari M, Ayyash M. “Internet of things: A survey on enabling technologies, protocols, and applications”. IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, 17(4), 2347-2376, 2015.
• Wang F, Hu L, Hu J, Zhou J, Zhao K. “Recent advances in the ınternet of things: multiple perspectives”. IETE Technical Review, 34(2), 122-132, 2017.
• Atzori L, Iera A, Morabito G. “The internet of things: A survey”. Computer Networks, 54(15), 2787-2805, 2010.
• Aggarwal CC, Ashish N, Sheth A. “The Internet of Things: A Survey from The Data-Centric Perspective”. Managing and mining sensor data, C.C. Aggarwal, Ed. Springer US, 383-428, 2013.
• Alam F, Mehmood R, Katib I, Albeshri A. “Analysis of eight data mining algorithms for smarter ınternet of things (IoT)”. Procedia Computer Science, 98, 437-442, 2016.
• Madakam S, Ramaswamy R, Tripathi S. “Internet of things (IoT): A literature review”. Journal of Computer and Communications, 3(5), 164-173, 2015.
• Magrassi P, Panarella A, Deighton N, Johnson G. “Computers to Acquire Control of the Physical World”. Stamford, USA, Gartner Research Report, T-14-0301, 2001.
• Li J, Wang Y, Sun T. “A Hybrid Genetic Algorithm For Task Scheduling In Internet Of Things”. ICIT 2013 The 6th International Conference on Information Technology, Amman, Jordan, 8 May, 2013.
• Giusto D, Iera A, Morabito G, Atzori L. The Internet of Things: 20th Tyrrhenian Workshop on Digital Communication. 1st ed. New York, USA, Springer-Verlag New York, 2010.
• Miorandi D, Sicari S, Pellegrini FD, Chlamtac I. “Internet of things: Vision, applications and research challenges”. Ad Hoc Networks, 10(7), 1497–1516, 2012.
• Shen G, Liu B. “The visions, technologies, applications and security issues of Internet of Things”. E -Business and E-Government (ICEE), 2011 International Conference on, Shanghai, China, 6-8 May 2011.
• Tan L, Wang N. “Future internet: The Internet of Things”. 2010 3rd International Conference on Advanced Computer Theory and Engineering(ICACTE), Chengdu, China, 20-22 August 2010.
• Akyildiz F, Su W, Sankarasubramaniam Y, Cayirci E. “Wireless sensor networks: a survey”. Computer Networks, 38(4), 393-422, 2002.
• Jain D, Krishna PV, Saritha V. “A Study on Internet of Things based Applications”. arXiv preprint, arXiv:1206.3891, 1-10, 2012.
• Ferro E, Potorti F. “Bluetooth and Wi-Fi wireless protocols: A survey and a comparison”. IEEE Wireless Communications, 12(1), 12-26, 2005.
• Al-Fuqaha A, Guizani M, Mohammadi M, Aledhari M and Ayyash M. “Internet of things: A survey on enabling technologies, protocols, and applications”. IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, 17(4), 2347-2376, 2015.
• IEEE Standards Association. “IEEE Standard for Local and Metropolitan Area Networks- Part 15.4: Low-Rate Wireless Personal Area Networks (LR-WPANs)”. New York, USA, IEEE Standard 802.15. 4-2011, 2011.
• Ghosh A, Ratasuk R, Mondal B, Mangalvedhe N, Thomas T. “LTE-Advanced: Next-generation wireless broadband technology”. IEEE Wireless Communications, 17(3), 10–22, 2010.
• Crosby GV, Vafa F. “Wireless sensor networks and LTE-A network convergence”. 38th Annual IEEE Conference on Local Computer Networks , Sydney, Australia, 21-24 Oct. 2013.
• Xiong X, Zheng K, Xu R, Xiang W, Chatzimisios P. “Low power wide area machine-to-machine networks: Key techniques and prototype”. IEEE Communications Magazine, 53(9), 64-71, 2015.
• Sigfox. “Fransız araştırma ve geliştirme kuruluşu“. http://www.sigfox.com/ (22.03.2017).
• Sornin N, Luis M, Eirich T, Kramp T, Hersent O. “Lorawan specification”. Beaverton, USA, LoRa Alliance, Technical Report, V1.0, 2015.
• Ingenu. “Amerikan araştırma ve geliştirme kuruluşu”. https://www.ingenu.com/ (22.03.2017).
• Telensa. “Kablosuz akıllı şehir kontrol sistemlerini yapan uluslararası bir kuruluş”. http://www.telensa.com/ (22.03.2017).
• Sanchez-Iborra R, Cano MD. “State of the art in LP-Wan solutions for industrial IoT services”. Sensors, 16(5), 708-722, 2016.
• Raza U, Kulkarni P, Sooriyabandara M. “Low power wide area networks: An overview”. IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, 19(2), 855-873, 2017.
• Want R. “An introduction to RFID technology”. IEEE Pervasive Computing, 5(1), 25-33, 2006.
• Mulligan G. “The 6LoWPAN architecture”. 4th Workshop on Embedded Networked Sensors, Cork, Ireland, 25-26 June, 2007.
• Shelby Z, Bormann C. 6LoWPAN: The Wireless Embedded Internet. 1st ed. Wiltshire, UK, John Wiley & Sons, 2009.
• Want R. “Near field communication”. IEEE Pervasive Computing, 10(3), 4-7, 2011.
• Kshetrimayum RS. “An introduction to UWB communication systems”. IEEE Potentials, 28(2), 9-13, 2009.
• Thakare S, Patil A, Siddiqui A. “ The ınternet of things – emerging technologies, challenges and applications”. International Journal of Computer Applications, 149(10), 21-25, 2016.
• Pilkington, K. “Revolv teams up with Home Depot to keep your house connected”. Centre National d’Etudes des Telecommunications (CNET), 2014. https://www.cnet.com/news/revolv-teams-up-with-home-depot-to-keep-your-house-connected/ (16.01.2017).
• Doukas C. Building Internet of Things with the ARDUINO. Dougherty, GA, USA, CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 2012.
• De Sousa M. Internet of Things with Intel Galileo. 1st ed. Birmingham, UK, Packt Publishing Ltd, 2015.
• Intel Galileo Board. “Intel: Amerikan çok uluslu teknoloji şirketi”. http://ark.intel.com/products/78919/Intel-Galileo-Board (16.01.2017).
• Raspberry PI. “A UK-based charity that works to put the power of digital making into the hands of people all over the world”. https://www.raspberrypi.org/ (16.01.2017).
• Maksimović M, Vujović V, Davidović N, Milošević V, Perišić B. “Raspberry Pi as Internet of things hardware: performances and constraints”. 1st International Conference on Electrical, Electronic and Computing Engineering, Vrnjačka Banja, Serbia, 2-5 June 2014.
• Hodges S, Taylor S, Villar N, Scott J, Bial D, Fischer PT. “Prototyping connected devices for the ınternet of things”. Computer, 46(2), 26-34, 2013.
• Beagleboard. “Community supported open hardware computers for making.”. https://beagleboard.org/ (16.01.2017).
• Principi E, Colagiacomo V, Squartini S, Piazza F. “Low power high-performance computing on the beagleboard platform”. 5th European DSP Education and Research Conference (EDERC), Amsterdam, Netherlands, 13-14 September 2012.
• Kruger CP, Hancke GP. “Benchmarking Internet of things devices”. 12th IEEE International Conference on Industrial Informatics (INDIN), Porto Alegre, Brazil, 27-30 July 2014.
• Cubieboard. “Chinese company develops a series of open source hardware”. http://cubieboard.org/ (16.01.2017).
• UDOO. “unique open-source project bringing Mini PC with Android, Linux and Arduino together in functional all-in-one embedded system”. http://www.udoo.org/ (15.01.2017).
• Zolertia. “Spanish company offers hardware solutions for creating Internet of things applications”. http://zolertia.io (16.01.2017).
• Eistec. “Mulle: Mulle wireless sensor platform”. http://www.eistec.se/mulle/ (16.01.2017).
• Dunkels A, Gronvall B, Voigt T. “Contiki-A lightweight and flexible operating system for tiny networked sensors”. 29th Annual IEEE International Conference on Local Computer Networks (LCN’04), Tampa, FL, USA, 16-18 Nov. 2004.
• Cao Q, Abdelzaher T, Stankovic J, He T. “The LiteOS operating system: Towards Unix-like abstractions for wireless sensor networks”. In Information Processing in Sensor Networks, 2008. IPSN'08. International Conference, IEEE, 233–244, St. Louis, MO, USA, USA, 22-24 April 2008.
• Levis P, Madden S, Polastre J, Szewczyk R, Whitehouse K, Woo A, Gay D, Hill J, Welsh M, Brewer E, Culler D. Tinyos: An operating system for sensor networks. 1st ed. Heidelberg, Berlin, Springer,2005.
• Baccelli E, Hahm O, Gunes M, Wahlisch M, Schmidt TC. “RIOT OS: Towards an OS for the Internet of Things”. In Computer Communications Workshops (INFOCOM WKSHPS), 2013 IEEE Conference on, Turin, Italy, 14-19 April 2013.
• Open Auto Alliance. “A global alliance of technology and auto industry leaders committed to bringing the Android platform to cars since 2015”. http://www.openautoalliance.net/ (16.01.2017).
• Android. “Mobile operating system developed by Google”. https://www.android.com/ (16.01.2017).
• Koshizuka N, Sakamura K. “Ubiquitous ID: Standards for ubiquitous computing and the Internet of Things”. IEEE Pervasive Computing, 9(4), 98–101, 2010.
• Kushalnagar N, Montenegro G, Schumacher C. IPv6 over low-power wireless personal area networks (6LoWPANs): overview, assumptions, problem statement, and goals. 1st ed. Fremont, USA, Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), No. RFC 4919, 2007.
• Barnaghi P, Wang W, Henson C, Taylor K. “Semantics for the Internet of Things: Early progress and back to the future”. International Journal on Semantic Web and Information Systems (IJSWIS), 8(1), 1-21, 2012.
• Schneider J, Kamiya T, Peintner D, Kyusakov R. Efficient XML Interchange (EXI) Format 1.0. 2nd ed. Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA, World Wide Web Consortium, Recommend. REC-Exi-20110310, 2014.
• Gigli M, Koo S. “Internet of Things: Services and applications categorization”. Advances in Internet of Things, 1(2), 27-31, 2011.
• Xiaojiang X, Jianli W, Mingdong L. “Services and key technologies of the Internet of Things”. ZTE Communications, 8(2), 26–29, 2010.
• Desai P, Sheth A, Anantharam P. “Semantic gateway as a service architecture for IoT interoperability”. 2015 IEEE International Conference on Mobile Services, New York, NY, 27 June-2 July 2015.
• Ning H, Hu S. “Technology classification, industry, and education for future internet of things”. International Journal of Communication Systems, 25(9), 1230-1241, 2012.
• Yun M, Yuxin B. “Research on the architecture and key technology of internet of things (IoT) applied on smart grid”. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Advances in, Energy Engineering, Beijing, China, 19-20 June 2010.
• Romero CDG, Barriga JKD, Molano JIR. “Big data meaning in the architecture of IoT for smart cities”. Data Mining and Big Data: First International Conference, DMBD 2016, Bali, Indonesia, 25-30 June, 2016.
• Bandyopadhyay D, Sen J. “Internet of things: Applications and challenges in technology and standardization”. Wireless Personal Communications, 58(1), 49-69, 2011.
• Khan R, Khan SU, Zaheer R, Khan S. “Future Internet: The Internet of Things architecture, possible applications and key challenges”. 10th International Conference on Frontiers of Information Technology, Islamabad, India, 17-19 December 2012.
• Yang Z, Yue Y, Yang Y, Peng Y, Wang X, Liu W. “Study and application on the architecture and key technologies for IOT”. 2011 International Conference on Multimedia Technology, Hangzhou, China, 26-28 July 2011.
• Wu M, Lu TJ, Ling FY, Sun J, Du HY “Research on the architecture of Internet of things”. 3rd International Conference on Advanced Computer Theory and Engineering (ICACTE), Chengdu, China, 20-22 August 2010.
• Balamuralidhara P, Misra P, Pal A. “Software platforms for internet of things and M2M”. Journal of the Indian Institute of Science, 93(3), 487-498, 2013.
• Dayarathna M. “Comparing 11 IoT Development Platforms”. https://dzone.com/articles/iot-software-platform-comparison (25.03.2017).
• Perera S. “IoT Analytics: Using Big Data to Architect IoT Solutions”. http://wso2.com/whitepapers/iot-analytics-using-big-data-to-architect-iot-solutions/ (25.03.2017).
• Abdmeziem R, Tandjaoui D. “Internet of Things: Concept, Building blocks, Applications and Challenges”.arXiv preprint, arXiv:1401.6877, 2014.
• Yongjun Z, Xueli Z, Shuxian Z. “Intelligent transportation system based on Internet of things”. In World Automation Congress (WAC), Puerto Vallarta, Mexico, Mexico, 24-28 June 2012.
• Jara AJ, Zamora, MA, Skarmeta AFG. An Ambient Assisted Living System for Telemedicine with Detection of Symptoms. Editors: Mira J, Ferrández JM, Álvarez JR, de la Paz F, Toledo FJ. Bioinspired Applications in Artificial and Natural Computation Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 75-84, Heidelberg, Berlin, Germany, Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 2009.
• Resch, A, Blecker T. Smart Logistics–a Literature Review. Editors: Blecker T, Kersten W, Ringle CM. Pioneering Supply Chain Design: A Comprehensive Insight Into Emerging Trends, Technologies and Applications, 91-102, Germany, Josef Eul Verlag Gmbh, 2012.
• Hipp C, Sellner T, Bierkandt J, Holtewert P. “Smart factory: System logic of the project epic”. 1st International Conference on Smart Systems, Devices and Technologies, Stuttgart, Germany, 27 May-1 June 2012.
• TongKe F. “Smart Agriculture based on cloud computing and IOT”. Journal of Convergence Information Technology, 8(2), 210-216, 2013.
• Jayaraman PP, Yavari A, Georgakopoulos D, Morshed A, Zaslavsky A. “Internet of things platform for smart farming: experiences and lessons learnt”. Sensors, 16(11), 1884, 2016.
• Mukhopadhyay SC. Internet of Things: Challenges and Opportunities. Cham, Switzerland, Springer Publishing Company, 2014.
• Mattern F, Floerkemeier C. From the Internet of Computers to the Internet of Things. Editors: Sachs K, Petrov I. From Active Data Management to Event-Based Systems and More, 242–259, Berlin, Germany, Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 2010.
• Li S, Xu LD, Wang X. “Compressed sensing signal and data acquisition in wireless sensor networks and ınternet of things”. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, 9(4), 2177-2186, 2013.
• Vlajic N, Xia D. “Wireless sensor networks: to cluster or not to cluster?”. International Symposium on on World of Wireless, Mobile and Multimedia Networks, Buffalo, New York, USA, 26-29 June 2006.
• Postel J. “Internet official protocol standards”. The Internet Society, Technical report, United States, RFC 1800, 1998.
• Goth G. “The End of IPv4 is Nearly Here — Really”. IEEE Internet Computing, 16(2), 7-11, 2012.
• Weber S, Cheng L. “A survey of anycast in ipv6 networks”. IEEE Communications Magazine, 42(1), 127–132, 2004.
• Edwards WK. “Discovery systems in ubiquitous computing”. IEEE Pervasive Computing, 5(2), 70–77, 2006.
• Zhang ZK, Cho MCY, Wang CW, Hsu CW, Chen CK, Shieh S. “IoT security: ongoing challenges and research opportunities”. 7th International Conference on Service-Oriented Computing and Applications, Matsue, Japan, 17-19 November 2014.
• Borgia E. “The ınternet of things vision: key features, applications and open issues”. Computer Communications, 54, 1-31, 2014.
• Chen YK. “Challenges and opportunities of internet of things”. 17th Asia and South Pacific Design Automation Conference, Sydney, NSW, Australia, 30 January-2 February 2012.
• Blackford J, Digdon PM, Aptean. “CPE WAN Management Protocol”. Broadband Forum, Fremont, USA, Technical Report, TR-069, 2013.
• Harrington D, Presuhn R, Wijnen B. “An Architecture for Describing Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) Management Frameworks”. https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3411.html (28.03.2017).
• Enns R, Bjorklund M, Schoenwaelder J, Bierman A. “Network Configuration Protocol (NETCONF)”. https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6241 (29.03.2017).
• Kaur S. “On-chip networks!”. IETE Technical Review, 30(3), 168-72, 2013.
• National Intelligence Council. “Disruptive Civil Technologies: Six Technologies with Potential Impacts on US Interests Out to 2025”. United States, Conference Report CR 2008-07, 2008.
• Cisco. “The Zettabyte Era: Trends and Analysis”. https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/solutions/collateral/service-provider/visual-networking-index-vni/vni-hyperconnectivity-wp.html (10.05.2017).
• Sun W, Liu J, Zhang H. “When smart wearables meet ıntelligent vehicles: Challenges and future directions ”. IEEE Wireless Communications, 24(3), 58-65, 2017.