Jeomorfik indisler kullanılarak honaz fayı’nın (GB Türkiye) göreceli tektonik aktivitesinin belirlenmesi

Yıl 2018, Cilt: 24 Sayı: 6, 1200 - 1208, 18.12.2018

Savaş Topal Mehmet Özkul

Öz

Bu çalışmada, Honaz fayının göreceli tektonik
aktivitesinin belirlenmesi için, dağ önü sinüslülük oranı (Smf), üçgen yüzler,
vadi taban genişliğinin vadi yüksekliğine oranı (Vf), drenaj havzası asimetrisi
(AF), hipsometrik integral (HI) ve drenaj havzası şekli (Bs) gibi jeomorfik
indisler hesaplanmıştır. İndis analizlerinin sonuçları değerlendirilmiş ve daha
sonra göreceli tektonik aktivite indisi (Iat) olarak tekrar değerlendirme
yapılmıştır. Farklı Iat değerlerine dayanarak, sonuçları nispeten en düşükten
en yüksek tektonik aktiviteye kadar dört sınıfa bölünmüştür. Honaz Fayı ile
Honaz Dağı arasındaki drenaj havzası alanı, göreceli tektonik aktiviteyi test
etmek için ideal bir yerdir. Honaz Dağı'nın kuzey sınır fayı olan Honaz fayı
morfolojik olarak Karateke ve Honaz segmentlerine ayrılmıştır. Bu iki segmentte
hesaplanan indis değerleri, Smf (1.12-1.41), üçgen yüzeyler (Lf/Ls: 0.3-0.46),
Vf (0.08-0.7), AF (32-77), HI (0.1-0.6) ve Bs (1.53-5.06)’dır. Bu çalışmanın
sonuçları Honaz Fayının özellikle orta kesimlerinde çok yüksek ve yüksek
tektonik aktivitenin varlığını ortaya koymaktadır. Araştırmanın sonucu, Honaz
Dağı’nın bu bölümünün jeomorfik evriminde neotektonizmanın önemli bir rol
oynadığını göstermektedir. Elde edilen sonuçların yanı sıra bölgedeki sismik
aktivite, sıcak su kaynaklarına bağlı traverten oluşumları ve fay hatlarının
önündeki alüvyon yelpazelerinin varlığı bölgedeki yüksek tektonik aktiviteyi
desteklemektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Honaz fayı, Tektonik jeomorfoloji, Göreceli tektonik aktivite, Jeomorfik indis, Güneybatı Anadolu

Determination of relative tectonic activity of the Honaz fault (SW Turkey) using geomorphic indices

Öz

In this study, in order to determine relative
tectonic activity of the Honaz Fault, geomorphic indices such as triangular
facets, drainage basin asymmetry (AF), hypsometric integral (HI), drainage
basin shape (Bs), ratio of valley-floor width to valley height (Vf), and mountain
front sinuosity (Smf) have been calculated. The results of the indice analysis
were evaluated and then index of the relative tectonic activity (Iat) were
re-evaluated. Base on the different Iat values, the results were divided into four
classes that range from the relatively highest to the relatively lowest
tectonic activity. The drainage basin area between Honaz Fault and Mount Honaz
is an ideal place to test relative tectonic activity. The Honaz fault that is
the north boundary fault of the Honaz Mountain has been divided into the
Karateke segment and Honaz segment. The indice values calculated from these
segments are triangular facets (Lf / Ls: 0.3-0.46), AF (32-77), HI (0.1-0.6), Vf (0.08-0.7), Bs (1.53-5.06)
and Smf (1.12-1.41). The results of this study exhibit the presence of high to
very high tectonic activity especially in the central part of the Honaz Fault.
Based the results, the neotectonics played an important role in geomorphic
evolution of this part of the Honaz Mountain. In addition to the results
obtained, evidence of seismic activity, travertine occurrences due to thermal
springs and alluvial fans in front of fault zones support high tectonic
activity in the region.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Honaz fault, Tectonic geomorphology, Relative tectonic activity, Geomorphic indices, Western Anatolian

Kaynakça

• Keller EA, Pinter N. Active tectonics. Earthquakes, Uplift, and Landscape. 2nd ed. New Jersey, USA, Prentice Hall, 2002.
• Bull WB. “Geomorphic Tectonic Activity Classes of the South Front of the San Gabriel Mountains”. California, U.S. Geological Survey Contract Report, 14, 08-001-G-394, 1978.
• Burbank DW, Anderson RS. Tectonic Geomorphology. Blackwell Science, Oxford, 2001.
• Bull WB, McFadden LD. “Tectonic Geomorphology North and South of the Garlock Fault, California. In: Geomorphology in Arid Regions”. Editors: Doehring DO. Proceedings of Eighth Annual Geomorphology Symposium, State University of New York, Binghamton, USA, 115-138, 1977.
• Rockwell TK, Keller EA, Johnson DL. “Tectonic geomorphology of alluvial fans and mountain fronts near Ventura, California”. Editors: Morisawa M. Proceedings of the 15th Annual Geomorphology Symposium. Allen and Unwin Publishers, Boston, USA, 183-207, 1985.
• Silva PG, Goy JL, Zazo C, Bardajm T. “Fault generated mountain fronts in Southeast Spain: Geomorphologic assessment of tectonic and earthquake activity”. Gemorphology, 250(1-3), 203-226, 2003.
• El-Hamdouni R, Irigaray C, Fernandez T, Chacón J, Keller EA. “Assessment of relative active tectonics, southwest border of Sierra Nevada (Southern Spain)”. Geomorphology, 96(1-2), 150-173, 2008.
• Gawthorpe RL, Hurst JM. “Transfer zones in extensional basins-their structural style and influence on drainage development and stratigraphy”. Geological Society of London, 150(6), 1137-1152, 1993.
• Jackson J, Mckenzie D. “A hectare of fresh striations on the Arkitsa Fault, central Greece”. Journal of Structural Geology, 21(1), 1-6, 1999.
• Gürbüz A, Gürer ÖF. “Tectonic geomorphology of the North Anatolian fault zone in the Lake Sapanca Basin (Eastern Marmara Region, Turkey)”. Geosciences Journal, 12(3), 215-225, 2008.
• Topal S. “Quantitative analysis of relative tectonic activity in the Acıgöl fault, SW Turkey”. Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 11, 198, 2018.
• Erdağ DŞ, Tüysüz O, Akyüz S. “Ecemiş fay zonu’nun morfotektonik özellikleri ve morfometrik analizi”. İTÜ Dergisi, 8(5), 67-79, 2009.
• Özkaymak Ç, Sözbilir H. “Tectonic geomorphology of the Spildağı High Ranges, western Anatolia”. Geomorphology, 173-174, 128-140, 2012.
• Özkaymak Ç. “Tectonic analysis of the Honaz Fault (western Anatolia) using geomorphic indices and the regional implications”. Geodinamica Acta, 27, 2-3. 2015.
• Topal S, Keller EA, Bufe A, Koçyiğit A. “Tectonic geomorphology of a large normal fault: Akşehir fault, SW Turkey”. Geomorphology, 259, 55-69, 2016.
• Koçyiğit A. “Güneybatı Türkiye ve yakın dolayında levha içi yeni tektonik gelişim”. Türkiye Jeoloji Kurumu Bülteni, 27, 1-16, 1984.
• Altunel E, Karacabak V. “Determination of horizontal extension from fissureridge travertines: a case study from the Denizli Basin, Southwestern Turkey”. Geodinamica Acta, 18, 333-342, 2005.
• Kaymakçı N. “Kinematic development and paleostress analysis of the Denizli Basin (Western Turkey): implications of spatial variation of relative paleostress magnitudes and orientations”. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 27, 207-222, 2006.
• Özkul M, Kele S, Gökgöz A, Shen CC, Jones B, Baykara MO, Fόrizs I, Nemeth T, Chang YW, Alçiçek MC. “Comparison of the quaternary travertine sites in the Denizli extensional basin based on their depositional and geochemical data”. Sedimentary Geology, 294, 179-204, 2013.
• Van Noten K, Soete J, Claes H, Foubert A, Özkul M, Swennen R. “Fracture networks and strike-slip deformation along reactivated normal faults in Quaternary travertine deposits, Denizli Basin, Western Turkey”. Tectonophysics, 588, 154-170, 2013.
• Okay Aİ. “Denizli`nin güneyinde Menderes masifi ve Likya naplarının jeolojisi”. Maden Tetkik ve Arama Dergisi, 109, 45-58, 1989.
• Topal S. Denizli Havzasındaki Fayların Tektonik Jeomorfolojisi. Doktora Tezi, Pamukkale Üniversitesi, Denizli, Türkiye, 2012.
• Alçiçek H, Özkul M, Varol B. “Elementary sulphur formation in Kızılyer evaporates and fissure fill gypsum (Denizli, SW Anatolia)”. 14th International Petroleum and Natural Gas Congress and Exhibition of Turkey, Ankara, Turkey, 12-14 May 2003.
• Gündoğan İ, Helvacı C, Sözbilir H. “Gypsiferous carbonates at Honaz Dağı (Denizli): First documentation of Triassic gypsum in western Turkey and its tectonic significance”. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 32, 49-65, 2008.
• Çağlayan MA, Öztürk EM, Öztürk Z, Sav H, Akat U. “Menderes Masifi güneyine ait bulgular ve yapısal yorum”. Jeoloji Mühendisliği Dergisi, 9-17, 1980.
• Bozkuş C, Kumsar H, Özkul M, Hançer M. “Seismicity of Active Honaz Fault under an extensional tectonic regime”. International Earth Sciences Colloquium on the Aegean Region, 7-16, 2001.
• Alçiçek H, Varol B, Özkul M. “Sedimentary facies, depositional environments and palaeogeographic evolution of the Neogene Denizli Basin of SW Anatolia, Turkey”. Sedimentary Geology, 202, 596-637, 2007.
• Altunel E. “(Lattivita sismica a Hierapolis e nelle zone limitrofe) Hierapolis ve yakın çevresinde tarihsel deprem aktivitesi”. Ricerche Archeologiche Turche Nella Valle Del Lykos (Lykos Vadisi Türk Arkeoloji Araştırmaları), 229-325, 2000.
• Koçyiğit A. “The Denizli graben-horst system and the eastern limit of western Anatolian continental extension: basin-fill, structure, deformational mode, throw amount and episodic evolutionary history, SW Turkey”. Geodinamica Acta, 18(3/4), 167-208, 2005.
• Horvatinčić N, Özkul M, Gökgöz A, Barešić J. “Isotopic and geochemical investigation of tufa in Denizli province, Turkey”. Editors: Özkul M, Yağız S, Jones B. Proceedings of International Symposium on Travertine, sedimentology session, 21-25 September 2005, Denizli, Turkey, 162-170, 2005.
• Hancock PL, Chalmers RML, Altunel E, Çakır Z. “Travitonics: using travertines in active fault studies”. Journal of Structural Geology, 21, 903-916, 1999.
• Altunel E, Barka A. “Hierapolis'teki arkeosismik hasarların değerlendirilmesi (Evaluation of archaeoseismic damages at Hierapolis)”. Geology Bulletin of Turkey, 39, 65-74, 1996.
• Piccardi L. “The AD 60 Denizli basin earthquake and the apparition of Archangel Michael at Colossae (Aegean Turkey)”. Geological Society of London, 273, 95-105, 2007.
• Irmak TS. “Focal mechanisms of small-moderate earthquakes in Denizli Graben (SW Turkey)”. Earth Planets Space, 65, 943-955, 2013.
• Kaypak B, Gökkaya G. “3-D imaging of the upper crust beneath the Denizli geothermal region by local earthquake tomography, western Turkey”. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 211-212, 47-60, 2012.
• Tan O, Tapırdamaz MC, Yörük A. “The Earthquake Catalogues for Turkey”. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences, 17(2), 405-418, 2008.
• Ramirez-Herrera MT. “Geomorphic assessment of active tectonics in the Acambay graben, Mexican volcanic belt”. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 23, 317-332, 1998.
• Keller EA. “Investigation of active tectonics: use of surficial earth processes. In: Active Tectonics”. Studies in Geophysics, Editors: Wallace RE. National Academy Press: Washington DC. 136-147, 1986.
• Pérez-Peña JV, Azor A, Azañón JM, Keller EA. “Active tectonics in the Sierra Nevada (Betic Cordillera, SE Spain): insights from geomorphic indexes and drainage pattern analysis”. Geomorphology, 119, 74-87, 2010.
• Wells SG, Bullard TF, Menges CM, Drake PG, Karas PA, Kelson KI, Wesling JR. “Regional variations in tectonic geomorphology along a segmented convergent plate boundary pacific coast of Costa Rica”. Geomorphology, 1, 239-265, 1988.
• Petit C, Meyer B, Gunnell Y, Jolivet M, Sanikov V, Strak V, Gonga-Saholiariliv N. “Height of faceted spurs, a proxy for determining long-term throw rates on normal faults: Evidence from the North Baikal rift system, Siberia”. Tectonics, 28, 6010, 2009.
• Cox RT. “Analysis of drainage-basin symmetry as a rapid technique to identify areas of possible Quaternary tilt-block tectonics: an example from the Mississippi Embayment”. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 106, 571-581, 1994.
• Hare PW, Gardner, TW. Geomorphic Indicators of Vertical Neotectonism Along Converging Plate Margins, Nicoya Peninsula, Costa Rica”. Editors: Morisawa M, Hack JT. Tectonic Geomorphology: Proceedings of the 15th Annual Bighamton Geomorphology Symposium. Boston, USA, 75-104, 1985.
• Dehbozorgi M, Porkermani M, Arian M, Matkan AA, Motamedi H, Hosseiniasl A. “Quantitative analysis of relative tectonic activity in the Sarvestan area, central Zagros, Iran”. Geomorphology, 121(3-4), 329-341, 2010.
• Mahmood SA, Gloaguen R. “Appraisal of active tectonics in Hindu Kush: Insights from DEM derived geomorphic indices and drainage analysis”. Geoscience Frontiers, 3-4, 407-428, 2012.
• Faghih A, Samani B, Kusky TM, Khabazi S, Roshanak R. “Geomorphologic assessment of relative tectonic activity in the Maharlou Lake Basin, Zagros Mountains of Iran”. Geological Journal, 47, 30-40, 2012.