Investigation of cantilever retaining walls constructed in Turkey highways

Year 2024, Volume: 30 Issue: 3, 374 - 385, 29.06.2024

Şule Acarca İbrahim Kelek Burak Evirgen Ahmet Tuncan

Abstract

In this study, cantilever retaining walls constructed near the highways were investigated according to real project values. Twenty-eight retaining wall projects applied in the site at different regions of Turkey such as Central Anatolia, Marmara and Black Sea were considered. The value of surcharge load, depth of foundation, ground water level, surface slope of soil and wall height were chosen as variable parameters, although properties of base soil, granular backfill and natural soil were considered as constant parameters. Theoretical calculations of factor of safeties were completed against overturning, sliding and bearing capacity according to each case as well as two-dimensional finite element models were solved in Plaxis software to find the maximum horizontal deformations. Rankine active and passive earth pressure theories were used to make static analysis of cantilever walls. If the surcharge load, surface slope of soil, height of wall and ground water level increases, the stability conditions depending on factor of safeties decreases due to results. In addition, a deeper depth of foundation increases the factor of safeties against sliding and bearing capacity, while it does not affect the overturning behavior. The location of ground water stands out as a dominant parameter rather than other external factors. Therefore, the design height of reinforced concrete cantilever retaining wall is not proposed in which taller than 15m due to unsecure and uneconomical conditions, even if other criteria are met.

Keywords

Cantilever retaining wall, Sliding, Overturning, Bearing capacity, Slope stability, Plaxis

Türkiye karayollarında inşa edilen konsol istinat duvarlarının incelenmesi

Abstract

Bu çalışmada, karayolları kenarlarında inşa edilen konsol istinat duvarlarının gerçek proje değerlerine göre incelenmiştir. İç Anadolu, Marmara ve Karadeniz gibi Türkiye'nin farklı bölgelerinde arazide uygulanan 28 adet istinat duvarı projesi değerlendirilmiştir. Sürşarj yükü değeri, don derinliği, yeraltı su seviyesi, zeminin yüzey eğimi ve duvar yüksekliği değişken parametreler olarak seçilirken; temel zemini, granüler dolgu ve doğal zemin özellikleri sabit parametreler olarak kabul edilmiştir. Her bir duruma göre devrilme, kayma ve taşıma kapasitesine karşı güvenlik sayısının teorik hesaplamalarının tamamlanmasının yanı sıra maksimum yatay yer değiştirme değerlerini bulmak için Plaxis yazılımında iki boyutlu sonlu eleman modelleri çözülmüştür. Konsol duvarların statik analizlerinde Rankine aktif ve pasif toprak basıncı teorileri kullanılmıştır. Sonuçlara göre sürşarj yükü, zeminin yüzey eğimi, duvar yüksekliği ve yeraltı suyu seviyesi artarsa, güvenlik faktörüne bağlı stabilite durumları azalmaktadır. Buna ek olarak, daha derindeki temel seviyesi, devrilme davranışını etkilemezken kayma ve taşıma kapasitesine karşı güvenlik faktörünü arttırmaktadır. Diğer dış etkenlerden ziyade yeraltı suyunun konumu baskın parametre olarak öne çıkmaktadır. Dolayısıyla, diğer kriterler karşılansa dahi, güvensiz ve ekonomik olmayan koşullar nedeniyle 15 m'den daha yüksek betonarme konsol istinat duvarı tasarım yüksekliği önerilmemektedir.

Keywords

Konsol istinat duvarı, Kayma, Devrilme, Taşıma kapasitesi, Şev stabilitesi, Plaxis

References

• [1] Yoo NJ, Lee MW, Kim YG, Lee JH. “Effects of base shape of cantilever retaining wall in soil foundation on the sliding behavior”. Journal of Industrial Technology, 19, 135-145, 1999.
• [2] Binici H, Temiz H, Kayadelen C, Kaplan H, Durgun MY. “Retaining wall failure due to poor construction and design aspects”. Electronic Journal of Construction Technologies, 6, 46-61, 2010.
• [3] Mandal T, Jadhav R, Tank J, Bhagat B, Deshmukh VB. “Behavior of retaining wall under static and dynamic active earth pressure”. International Journal of Earth Sciences and Engineering, 4, 107-112, 2011.
• [4] Salman FA, Fattah MY, Sabre DK. “Long term behavior of a retaining wall resting on clayey soil”. International Journal of the Physical Sciences, 6, 730-745, 2011.
• [5] Liu LB, Zhang M, Peng N, Chen JG. “The additional parameters identification in cantilever retaining wall system based on finite element optimization”. Electronic Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 18, 4281-4291, 2013.
• [6] Kamiloğlu HA, Şadoğlu, E. “Experimental examination of active and passive wedge in backfill soil of model cantilever retaining wall”. International Journal of Structural Analysis & Design, 1, 96-100, 2014.
• [7] Singhal S, Chourasia A, Panigrahi SK, Kajale Y. “Seismic response of precast reinforced concrete wall subjected to cyclic in-plane and constant out-of-plane loading”, Frontiers of Structural and Civil Engineering, 15, 1128-1143, 2021.
• [8] Konal S, Sengupta A, Deb K. “Seismic behavior of cantilever wall embedded in dry and saturated sand”. Frontiers of Structural and Civil Engineering, 14, 690-705, 2020.
• [9] Han J, Jiang Y, Xu C. “Recent advances in geosynthetic-reinforced retaining walls for highway applications”. Frontiers of Structural and Civil Engineering, 12, 239-247, 2018.
• [10] Zhang F, Zhu Y, Chen Y, Yang S. “Seismic effects on reinforcement load and lateral deformation of geosynthetic-reinforced soil walls”. Frontiers of Structural and Civil Engineering, 15, 1001-1015, 2021.
• [11] Kayhan AH, Demir A. “Optimum design of RC cantilever retaining walls subjected to static and dynamic loadings by differential evolution algorithm”. Pamukkale University Journal of Engineering Sciences, 24, 403-412, 2018.
• [12] Temür R, Bekdaş G. “Optimum design of reinforced concrete cantilever retaining walls”. Pamukkale University Journal of Engineering Sciences, 24, 1043-1050, 2018.
• [13] Abood T, Eldawi HEY, Abdulrahim FRE. “Design of cantilever retaining wall with 4m height”. International Journal of Civil and Structural Engineering Research, 3, 318-326, 2015.
• [14] Chaliawala YP, Lokhandwala S. “Comparative study of cantilever and counter fort retaining wall”. International Journal of Advanced Engineering and Research Development, 2, 221-224, 2015.
• [15] Lahande SR. “Analytical study of cantilever retaining wall including the effect of soil-structure interaction”. International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology, 3, 1579-1585, 2016.
• [16] Tiwari A, Dindorker N, Patil A. “Comparative analysis of lateral earth pressures from surface line load”. International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology, 4, 153-156, 2017.
• [17] Kalateh-Ahani M, Sarani A. “Performance-based optimal design of cantilever retaining walls”. Periodica Polytechnica Civil Engineering, 63, 660-673, 2019.
• [18] Alias R, Matlan SJ, Kasa A. “Finite element performance with different mesh size of retaining walls”. International Journal of Advanced Research in Engineering and Technology, 11, 381-389, 2020.
• [19] Binici E, Öztürk Ş. “Konsol istinat duvar tasarımı üzerine parametrik bir çalışma”. Iğdır Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 9, 203-210, 2019.
• [20] Xu P, Hatami K. “Sliding stability and lateral displacement analysis of reinforced soil retaining walls”. Geotextiles and Geomembranes, 47, 483-492, 2019.
• [21] Dalyan I, Akin MS, Arama ZA. “The evaluation of the effective parameters on the geotechnical design of reinforced concrete retaining walls according to the Turkish Building Earthquake Code 2018”. Turkish Journal of Earthquake Research, 2, 176-192, 2020.
• [22] Uray E, Çarbaş S, Erkan İH, Olgun M. “Investigation of optimal designs for concrete cantilever retaining walls in different soils”. Challenge Journal of Concrete Research Letters, 11, 39-45, 2020.
• [23] Uzundurukan S, Saplioglu K. “Evaluation of the effect of soil bearing capacity on optimum design of retaining wall”. Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 15(296), 1-10, 2022.
• [24] Pour MT, Kalantari B. “Parametric analysis of back-to-back reinforced earth retaining walls”. Pamukkale University Journal of Engineering Sciences, 25, 247-256, 2019.
• [25] Sengupta A. “Numerical study of a failure of a reinforced earth retaining wall”. Geotechnical and Geological Engineering, 30, 1025-1034, 2012.
• [26] Muhammad IS, Muhammed AS, Alkali AM. “Analysis and design of ecological cantilever retaining wall: A case study of high-steep slopes behind New G.R.A Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria”. IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering, 20, 28-36, 2023.
• [27] Mekdash H, Jaber L, Temsah Y, Sadek M. “Comparative analysis of anchored and pre-stressed pile walls: A case study of a waterfront project in Beirut, Lebanon”. Materials Today: Proceedings, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2023.03.565.
• [28] Avar BB, Haliburton MI, Smith SM, Indoe JPE. Improving the climate resilience of railway earthworks: Case studies from Southeast England”. Geo-Resilience 2023 Conference, Wales, United Kingdom, 28-29 March 2023.
• [29] Kelek İ. Investigation of Retaining Walls and Retaining Earth Walls Constructed in Highway Projects. MSc Thesis, Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University, Bilecik, Turkey,2021.
• [30] Acarca S. Investigation of the Cantilever Retaining Walls Constructed within Highway Projects”. MSc Dissertation, Eskişehir Technical University, Eskişehir, Turkey, 2021.
• [31] Evirgen B, Kelek İ, Acarca Ş, Tuncan A. “Investigation of the steel strip reinforced soils constructed within highway projects”. Eskisehir Technical University Journal of Science and Technology B-Theoretical Sciences, 7, 211-221, 2019.
• [32] Helwany S. Applied Soil Mechanics with Abaqus Applications. 1st ed. New Jersey, USA, John Wiley and Sons Inc, 2007.
• [33] Das MB. Principles of Foundation Engineering. 7th ed. United States, Cengage Learning, 2011.
• [34] Berilgen MM. Ankrajlı Perdelerde Zemin Yapı Etkileşiminin İncelenmesi. Doktora Tezi, Yıldız Teknik Üniversitesi, İstanbul, Türkiye, 1996.
• [35] Brinkgreve RBJ, Kumarswamy S, Swolfs WM. Plaxis 2D Version 2016 Manual. 1st ed. Netherlands, Bentley, Delft University of Technology, 2016.
• [36] Turkish Standards Institute. “Requirements for design and construction of reinforced concrete structures”. Ankara, Turkey, 500, 2000.
• [37] Babu GL, Basha BM. “Optimum design of cantilever retaining walls using target reliability approach”. International Journal of Geomechanics, 8, 240-252, 2008.
• [38] Zheng G, He X, Zhou H. “A prediction model for the deformation of an embedded cantilever retaining wall in sand”. International Journal of Geomechanics, 23, 1-5, 2023.
• [39] Nandi R, Choudhury D. “Analytical method for determining displacement and bending moment of embedded cantilever retaining walls subjected to pseudo-static earthquake accelerations”. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 164, 1-17, 2023.
• [40] Navfac. “Foundations & Earth Structures Design Manual”. Naval Facilities Engineering Commands, Virginia, USA, Scientific Report, 7.02, 1986.
• [41] Ngg. “Nordic Guidelines for Reinforced Soils and Fills”. Nordic Geosynthetic Group, Denmark, Scientific Report, 2004.