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A new approach based on reliability-based analyses for allocation of fault between responsible parties in geotechnical failures

Year 2024, Volume: 30 Issue: 4, 509 - 521, 30.08.2024

Abstract

A new discipline called "Forensic Geotechnical Engineering" was created in 2005 by the ISSMGE TC40 technical committee to investigate the failure of engineering facilities or structures due to soil interaction. Forensic Geotechnical Engineering (FGE), when analyzing a geotechnical hazard/failure, must examine the issue not only from a technical but also from a legal perspective. In the Turkish judicial system, most of the disputes arising from geotechnical-related failures are settled in the courts. Turkish law generally requires a forensic geotechnical engineer to identify those responsible for the case and allocate fault between the parties. However, this requirement places an enormous burden on forensic geotechnical engineers, who are widely accepted for this purpose. The current system lacks acceptable approaches for determining the liability-fault rate relationship, resulting in unfair outcomes. For this purpose, the study proposes an acceptable approach for the allocation of fault between the responsible parties. In the proposed method, geotechnical analyses are performed with reliability-based methods to determine the design risk, and the faults of the responsible parties within the framework of their job descriptions in the laws are taken into consideration. A case study is given as an example for a better understanding of the proposed approach. In the case study, legal details about the fault are given and geotechnical analyses are performed with reliability-based approaches. As a result of the evaluations, an objective apportionment of fault was made. Thanks to the determined fault ratios, the judge was able to determine an equitable compensation.

References

  • [1] Deryal Y. Türk Hukukunda Bilirkişilik ve Bilirkişilik Raporu Örnekleri. Birinci baskı. İstanbul, Türkiye, Beta, 2001.
  • [2] Köroğlu H. Türk Mahkemelerinde Bilirkişilik ve Bilirkişi Kurumları. Birinci baskı. İstanbul, Türkiye, Seçkin, 2001.
  • [3] Barrow RS, Anthony RW, Beasley KJ, Verhulst SM. Guidelines for Failure Investigation. 2nd ed. Virginia, USA, ASCE, 2018.
  • [4] Kordon JB. Guidelines for Forensic Engineering Practice. 2nd ed. Virginia, USA, ASCE, 2018.
  • [5] Fenton GA, Naghibi F, Dundas D, Bathurst RJ, Griffiths DV. "Reliability-based geotechnical design in 2014 Canadian Highway Bridge Design Code". Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 53(2), 236-251, 2015.
  • [6] Leonards GA. “Investigation of failures”. Journal of the Geotechnical Engineering Division, ASCE GT2, 108, 187–246, 1982.
  • [7] Jessep RA, de Mello LG, Rao VVS. Technical Shortcomings Causing Geotechnical Failures: Report of Task Force 10 TC 302. Editors: Rao VVS, Sivakumar Babu GL. Forensic Geotechnical Engineering, 67-295, India, Springer, 2016
  • [8] Sowers G. "Human factors in civil and geotechnical engineering failures". Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 119 (2) 238–256, 1993.
  • [9] Day P. What Is Failure. Editor: Rao VVS. Forensic Geotechnical Engineering, 9-14, Karnataka, India, ISSMGE TC40, 2009.
  • [10] Basile CC, Saxena DS. “Forensic geotechnical engineering studies of detection and mitigation of karst sinkholes”. In Sinkholes and the Engineering and Environmental Impacts of Karst, Florida, USA, 22-26 September 2008.
  • [11] Noon RK. Forensic Engineering Investigation. 1st ed. Boca Raton, Florida, USA, CRC Press, 2000.
  • [12] Carper KL. Forensic Engineering-Learning from Failures. 1st ed. ASCE, Washington, USA, 1986.
  • [13] Lucia PC. “The practice of forensic engineering keynote lecture”. ACSE Geo-Institute Geo- Congress 2012. State of the Art and Practice in Geotechnical Engineering, vol 1. Oakland, CA, USA, 25-29 March 2012.
  • [14] Lacasse S. Forensic Geotechnical Engineering Theory and Practice. Editors: Rao VVS, Sivakumar Babu GL. Forensic Geotechnical Engineering, 17-35, India, Springer, 2016.
  • [15] Saxena DS. Technical, Ethical, and Legal Issues with Forensic Geotechnical Engineering-A Case History. Editors: Rao VVS, Sivakumar Babu GL. Forensic Geotechnical Engineering, 505-520, India, Springer, 2016.
  • [16] Kulhawy FH. “On evaluation of static soil properties”. Editors: Seed RB, Boulanger RW. Instability and Performance of Slopes and Embankments II (GSP 31). 95–115, ASCE, New York, USA, 1992.
  • [17] Lacasse S, Nadim F. “Model uncertainty in pile axial capacity calculations”. In offshore Technology Conference. Houston, USA, 6 May 1996.
  • [18] Baecher GB, Christian JT. Reliability and Statistics in Geotechnical Engineering. 1st ed. Chichester, UK, John Wiley & Sons, 2003.
  • [19] Ang AH, Tang, WH. Probability Concepts in Engineering (Emphasis on Applications to Civil and Environmental Engineering). 2nd ed. Hoboken, New Jersey, USA, JohnWiley & Sons, 2007
  • [20] Fenton GA, Griffiths DV. Risk Assessment in Geotechnical Engineering. 1st ed. Hoboken, New Jersey, USA, John Wiley & Sons, 2008.
  • [21] Haldar A, Mahadevan S. Probability, Reliability and Statistical Methods in Engineering Design. 1st ed. Hoboken, New Jersey, USA, JohnWiley & Sons, 2000.
  • [22] Singh PV, Jain KS, Tyagi A. Risk and Reliability Analysis. 1st ed. Virginia, USA, ASCE, 2007.
  • [23] Harr ME. Reliability-Based Design in Civil Engineering. 1st ed. Mineola, New York, USA, Dover Publications. 1996.
  • [24] Baecher GB. “Geotechnical risk Analysis: User’s Guide”. FHWA/RD-87-011, Federal Highway Administration, 110, 1987.
  • [25] Construction Industry Research and Information Association. “Rationalization of Safety and Serviceability Factors in Structural Codes”. London, UK, 63, 1997.
  • [26] USACE. “Risk-based analysis in Geotechnical Engineering for Support of Planning Studies, Engineering and Design”. US Army Corps of Engineers, Department of Army, Washington, DC, USA, 20314-100, 1997.
  • [27] The European Committee for Standardization. “Basis of structural design”. European Union, EN 1990:2002, 2002.
  • [28] Phoon KK, Kulhawy FH. “Characterization of Geotechnical Variability”. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 36(4), 612–624, 1999(a).
  • [29] Abramson LW, Lee TS, Sharma S, Boyce GM. Slope Stability and Stabilization Methods. 2nd ed. Hoboken, New Jersey, USA, John Wiley & Sons, 2002.
  • [30] Duncan JM. “Factors of safety and reliability in geotechnical engineering”. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 126(4), 307-316, 2000.
  • [31] Thomopoulos NT. Essentials of Monte Carlo Simulation: Statistical Methods for Building Simulation Models. 1st ed. New York, USA, Springer, 2013.
  • [32] Hasofer AM, Lind NC. “An exact and invariant first-order reliability format”. Journal of the Engineering Mechanics Division, 100(1), 111–121, 1974.
  • [33] Ditlevsen O. Uncertainty Modeling: with Applications to Multidimensional Civil Engineering Systems. 1st ed. McGraw-Hill, New York, USA, 1981.
  • [34] Nomer HN. Borçlar Hukuku: Genel Hükümler. 11 Baskı. İstanbul, Türkiye, Beta, 2012.
  • [35] Tahiroğlu B. “Kusursuz sorumluluk ve modern hukuklara etkisi”. Marmara Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Hukuk Araştırmaları Dergisi, 14, 157-170. 2008.
  • [36] Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi. “Borçlar Kanunu”. Ankara, Türkiye, 818, 1926.
  • [37] Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi. “Türk Borçlar Kanunu”. Ankara, Türkiye, 6098, 2011.
  • [38] Oğuz H. “Sorumluluk hukukunda kusur”. Türkiye Adalet Akademisi Dergisi, 7(28), 273-286, 2016,
  • [39] Okan B. “Yapı Denetim Kuruluşlarının Hukuki Sorumlulukları (1)”. İMO İzmir Şubesi Bülteni, 161, 48-52, 2012.
  • [40] Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi. “Yapı Denetimi Hakkında Kanun”. Ankara, Türkiye, 4708, 2001.
  • [41] Çevre ve Şehircilik Bakanlığı. “Yapı Denetimi Uygulama Yönetmeliği”. Ankara, Türkiye, 26778, 2008.
  • [42] Afet ve Acil Durum Yönetimi Başkanlığı. “Türkiye Bina Deprem Yönetmeliği”. Ankara, Türkiye, 30364, 2018.
  • [43] Çevre ve Şehircilik Bakanlığı. “Zemin ve Temel Etüdü Uygulama Esasları ve Rapor Formatına Dair Tebliğ”. Ankara, Türkiye, 30709, 2019.
  • [44] Çevre, Şehircilik ve İklim Değişikliği Bakanlığı. “Kazı Destek Yapıları Hakkında Yönetmelik”. Ankara, Türkiye, 32047, 2022
  • [45] WAHLS HE. “Tolerable settlement of buildings”. Journal of the Geotechnical Engineering Division, 107(11), 1489-1504, 1981.
  • [46] Bjerrum L. “Allowable settlement of structures”. In Proceedings of the Third European Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, Weisbaden, Germany, 2, 135–137, 1963.
  • [47] Brinkgreve RBJ, Kumarswamy S, Swolfs WM, Waterman, D, Chesaru A, Bonnier PG. “PLAXIS 2D-Reference Manual 2016”. Bentley Systems Inc., Delft, Netherlands, 2016.
  • [48] Myers RH, Montgomery DC, Anderson-Cook CM. Response surface methodology: process and product optimization using designed experiments. 4th ed. Hoboken, New Jersey, USA, John Wiley & Sons, 2016.
  • [49] Türk Standartları Enstitüsü. “Geoteknik araştırmalar ve deneyler-Numune alma metotları ve yeraltı suyu ölçümleri-Bölüm 1: Teknik uygulama esasları”. Ankara, Türkiye, 22475-1, 2007.

Geoteknik kökenli göçmelerde sorumlular arasında kusur paylaştırma için güvenilirlik tabanlı analizlere dayalı yeni bir yaklaşım

Year 2024, Volume: 30 Issue: 4, 509 - 521, 30.08.2024

Abstract

Uluslararası Zemin Mekaniği ve Geoteknik Mühendisliği Derneği (ISSMGE) TC-40 teknik komitesi tarafından 2005 yılında mühendislik tesislerinin veya yapılarının zemin etkileşiminden kaynaklanan göçmeleri araştırmak üzere "Adli Geoteknik Mühendisliği" adı verilen yeni bir disiplin oluşturulmuştur. Adli Geoteknik Mühendisliği (AGM), bir geoteknik tehlikeyi/göçmeyi analiz ederken, konuyu sadece teknik açıdan değil aynı zamanda hukuki açıdan da incelemektedir. Yargı sisteminde, geoteknikle ilgili göçmelerden kaynaklanan uyuşmazlıkların çoğu mahkemelerde çözülmektedir. Türk hukukunda genellikle bir adli geoteknik mühendisinin, olaydaki sorumluları tespit etmesi ve taraflar arasında kusur dağılımı belirlemesi gerektirmektedir. Ancak bu gereklilik adli geoteknik mühendislerine büyük bir yük getirmektedir. Mevcut sistem, sorumluluk-kusur oranı ilişkisini belirlemek için kabul edilebilir yaklaşımlardan yoksundur ve bu da adil olmayan sonuçlara yol açmaktadır. Bu amaçla çalışmada, kusurun sorumlu taraflar arasında paylaştırılması için kabul edilebilir bir yaklaşım önerilmektedir. Önerilen yöntemde, tasarım riskinin belirlenmesi için güvenilirlik esaslı yöntemlerle geoteknik analizler yapılmakta ve sorumlu tarafların kanunlardaki görev tanımları çerçevesinde kusurları dikkate alınmaktadır. Önerilen yaklaşımın daha iyi anlaşılabilmesi için bir vaka analizi örnek verilmiştir. Vaka analizinde, kusur ile ilgili hukuksal detaylar verilmiş ve geoteknik analizler güvenilirliğe dayalı yaklaşımlar ile yapılmıştır. Değerlendirmeler sonucunda objektif bir kusur paylaşımı yapılmıştır. Belirlenen kusur oranları sayesinde hakimin hakkaniyetli bir tazminat belirleyebilmesi sağlanmıştır.

References

  • [1] Deryal Y. Türk Hukukunda Bilirkişilik ve Bilirkişilik Raporu Örnekleri. Birinci baskı. İstanbul, Türkiye, Beta, 2001.
  • [2] Köroğlu H. Türk Mahkemelerinde Bilirkişilik ve Bilirkişi Kurumları. Birinci baskı. İstanbul, Türkiye, Seçkin, 2001.
  • [3] Barrow RS, Anthony RW, Beasley KJ, Verhulst SM. Guidelines for Failure Investigation. 2nd ed. Virginia, USA, ASCE, 2018.
  • [4] Kordon JB. Guidelines for Forensic Engineering Practice. 2nd ed. Virginia, USA, ASCE, 2018.
  • [5] Fenton GA, Naghibi F, Dundas D, Bathurst RJ, Griffiths DV. "Reliability-based geotechnical design in 2014 Canadian Highway Bridge Design Code". Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 53(2), 236-251, 2015.
  • [6] Leonards GA. “Investigation of failures”. Journal of the Geotechnical Engineering Division, ASCE GT2, 108, 187–246, 1982.
  • [7] Jessep RA, de Mello LG, Rao VVS. Technical Shortcomings Causing Geotechnical Failures: Report of Task Force 10 TC 302. Editors: Rao VVS, Sivakumar Babu GL. Forensic Geotechnical Engineering, 67-295, India, Springer, 2016
  • [8] Sowers G. "Human factors in civil and geotechnical engineering failures". Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 119 (2) 238–256, 1993.
  • [9] Day P. What Is Failure. Editor: Rao VVS. Forensic Geotechnical Engineering, 9-14, Karnataka, India, ISSMGE TC40, 2009.
  • [10] Basile CC, Saxena DS. “Forensic geotechnical engineering studies of detection and mitigation of karst sinkholes”. In Sinkholes and the Engineering and Environmental Impacts of Karst, Florida, USA, 22-26 September 2008.
  • [11] Noon RK. Forensic Engineering Investigation. 1st ed. Boca Raton, Florida, USA, CRC Press, 2000.
  • [12] Carper KL. Forensic Engineering-Learning from Failures. 1st ed. ASCE, Washington, USA, 1986.
  • [13] Lucia PC. “The practice of forensic engineering keynote lecture”. ACSE Geo-Institute Geo- Congress 2012. State of the Art and Practice in Geotechnical Engineering, vol 1. Oakland, CA, USA, 25-29 March 2012.
  • [14] Lacasse S. Forensic Geotechnical Engineering Theory and Practice. Editors: Rao VVS, Sivakumar Babu GL. Forensic Geotechnical Engineering, 17-35, India, Springer, 2016.
  • [15] Saxena DS. Technical, Ethical, and Legal Issues with Forensic Geotechnical Engineering-A Case History. Editors: Rao VVS, Sivakumar Babu GL. Forensic Geotechnical Engineering, 505-520, India, Springer, 2016.
  • [16] Kulhawy FH. “On evaluation of static soil properties”. Editors: Seed RB, Boulanger RW. Instability and Performance of Slopes and Embankments II (GSP 31). 95–115, ASCE, New York, USA, 1992.
  • [17] Lacasse S, Nadim F. “Model uncertainty in pile axial capacity calculations”. In offshore Technology Conference. Houston, USA, 6 May 1996.
  • [18] Baecher GB, Christian JT. Reliability and Statistics in Geotechnical Engineering. 1st ed. Chichester, UK, John Wiley & Sons, 2003.
  • [19] Ang AH, Tang, WH. Probability Concepts in Engineering (Emphasis on Applications to Civil and Environmental Engineering). 2nd ed. Hoboken, New Jersey, USA, JohnWiley & Sons, 2007
  • [20] Fenton GA, Griffiths DV. Risk Assessment in Geotechnical Engineering. 1st ed. Hoboken, New Jersey, USA, John Wiley & Sons, 2008.
  • [21] Haldar A, Mahadevan S. Probability, Reliability and Statistical Methods in Engineering Design. 1st ed. Hoboken, New Jersey, USA, JohnWiley & Sons, 2000.
  • [22] Singh PV, Jain KS, Tyagi A. Risk and Reliability Analysis. 1st ed. Virginia, USA, ASCE, 2007.
  • [23] Harr ME. Reliability-Based Design in Civil Engineering. 1st ed. Mineola, New York, USA, Dover Publications. 1996.
  • [24] Baecher GB. “Geotechnical risk Analysis: User’s Guide”. FHWA/RD-87-011, Federal Highway Administration, 110, 1987.
  • [25] Construction Industry Research and Information Association. “Rationalization of Safety and Serviceability Factors in Structural Codes”. London, UK, 63, 1997.
  • [26] USACE. “Risk-based analysis in Geotechnical Engineering for Support of Planning Studies, Engineering and Design”. US Army Corps of Engineers, Department of Army, Washington, DC, USA, 20314-100, 1997.
  • [27] The European Committee for Standardization. “Basis of structural design”. European Union, EN 1990:2002, 2002.
  • [28] Phoon KK, Kulhawy FH. “Characterization of Geotechnical Variability”. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 36(4), 612–624, 1999(a).
  • [29] Abramson LW, Lee TS, Sharma S, Boyce GM. Slope Stability and Stabilization Methods. 2nd ed. Hoboken, New Jersey, USA, John Wiley & Sons, 2002.
  • [30] Duncan JM. “Factors of safety and reliability in geotechnical engineering”. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 126(4), 307-316, 2000.
  • [31] Thomopoulos NT. Essentials of Monte Carlo Simulation: Statistical Methods for Building Simulation Models. 1st ed. New York, USA, Springer, 2013.
  • [32] Hasofer AM, Lind NC. “An exact and invariant first-order reliability format”. Journal of the Engineering Mechanics Division, 100(1), 111–121, 1974.
  • [33] Ditlevsen O. Uncertainty Modeling: with Applications to Multidimensional Civil Engineering Systems. 1st ed. McGraw-Hill, New York, USA, 1981.
  • [34] Nomer HN. Borçlar Hukuku: Genel Hükümler. 11 Baskı. İstanbul, Türkiye, Beta, 2012.
  • [35] Tahiroğlu B. “Kusursuz sorumluluk ve modern hukuklara etkisi”. Marmara Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Hukuk Araştırmaları Dergisi, 14, 157-170. 2008.
  • [36] Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi. “Borçlar Kanunu”. Ankara, Türkiye, 818, 1926.
  • [37] Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi. “Türk Borçlar Kanunu”. Ankara, Türkiye, 6098, 2011.
  • [38] Oğuz H. “Sorumluluk hukukunda kusur”. Türkiye Adalet Akademisi Dergisi, 7(28), 273-286, 2016,
  • [39] Okan B. “Yapı Denetim Kuruluşlarının Hukuki Sorumlulukları (1)”. İMO İzmir Şubesi Bülteni, 161, 48-52, 2012.
  • [40] Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi. “Yapı Denetimi Hakkında Kanun”. Ankara, Türkiye, 4708, 2001.
  • [41] Çevre ve Şehircilik Bakanlığı. “Yapı Denetimi Uygulama Yönetmeliği”. Ankara, Türkiye, 26778, 2008.
  • [42] Afet ve Acil Durum Yönetimi Başkanlığı. “Türkiye Bina Deprem Yönetmeliği”. Ankara, Türkiye, 30364, 2018.
  • [43] Çevre ve Şehircilik Bakanlığı. “Zemin ve Temel Etüdü Uygulama Esasları ve Rapor Formatına Dair Tebliğ”. Ankara, Türkiye, 30709, 2019.
  • [44] Çevre, Şehircilik ve İklim Değişikliği Bakanlığı. “Kazı Destek Yapıları Hakkında Yönetmelik”. Ankara, Türkiye, 32047, 2022
  • [45] WAHLS HE. “Tolerable settlement of buildings”. Journal of the Geotechnical Engineering Division, 107(11), 1489-1504, 1981.
  • [46] Bjerrum L. “Allowable settlement of structures”. In Proceedings of the Third European Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, Weisbaden, Germany, 2, 135–137, 1963.
  • [47] Brinkgreve RBJ, Kumarswamy S, Swolfs WM, Waterman, D, Chesaru A, Bonnier PG. “PLAXIS 2D-Reference Manual 2016”. Bentley Systems Inc., Delft, Netherlands, 2016.
  • [48] Myers RH, Montgomery DC, Anderson-Cook CM. Response surface methodology: process and product optimization using designed experiments. 4th ed. Hoboken, New Jersey, USA, John Wiley & Sons, 2016.
  • [49] Türk Standartları Enstitüsü. “Geoteknik araştırmalar ve deneyler-Numune alma metotları ve yeraltı suyu ölçümleri-Bölüm 1: Teknik uygulama esasları”. Ankara, Türkiye, 22475-1, 2007.
There are 49 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Civil Engineering (Other)
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Gökhan İmançli This is me

Gürkan Özden

Publication Date August 30, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 30 Issue: 4

Cite

APA İmançli, G., & Özden, G. (2024). A new approach based on reliability-based analyses for allocation of fault between responsible parties in geotechnical failures. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, 30(4), 509-521.
AMA İmançli G, Özden G. A new approach based on reliability-based analyses for allocation of fault between responsible parties in geotechnical failures. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi. August 2024;30(4):509-521.
Chicago İmançli, Gökhan, and Gürkan Özden. “A New Approach Based on Reliability-Based Analyses for Allocation of Fault Between Responsible Parties in Geotechnical Failures”. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi 30, no. 4 (August 2024): 509-21.
EndNote İmançli G, Özden G (August 1, 2024) A new approach based on reliability-based analyses for allocation of fault between responsible parties in geotechnical failures. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi 30 4 509–521.
IEEE G. İmançli and G. Özden, “A new approach based on reliability-based analyses for allocation of fault between responsible parties in geotechnical failures”, Pamukkale Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, vol. 30, no. 4, pp. 509–521, 2024.
ISNAD İmançli, Gökhan - Özden, Gürkan. “A New Approach Based on Reliability-Based Analyses for Allocation of Fault Between Responsible Parties in Geotechnical Failures”. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi 30/4 (August 2024), 509-521.
JAMA İmançli G, Özden G. A new approach based on reliability-based analyses for allocation of fault between responsible parties in geotechnical failures. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi. 2024;30:509–521.
MLA İmançli, Gökhan and Gürkan Özden. “A New Approach Based on Reliability-Based Analyses for Allocation of Fault Between Responsible Parties in Geotechnical Failures”. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, vol. 30, no. 4, 2024, pp. 509-21.
Vancouver İmançli G, Özden G. A new approach based on reliability-based analyses for allocation of fault between responsible parties in geotechnical failures. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi. 2024;30(4):509-21.

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