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Effect of external load on osmotic compression in clay soils

Year 2026, Volume: 32 Issue: 3

Uğur Eren Yurtcan , Selim Altun

https://doi.org/10.5505/pajes.2025.22379

Abstract

Clay soils that have not been exposed to saltwater can come into contact with brine due to saltwater flooding, sewage intrusion, or similar events. Additional settlements can occur in clays that subsequently interact with brine, driven by the osmotic effect. To investigate this, a series of odometer experiments were conducted on two natural clay samples: one with low plasticity (CL) and one with high plasticity (CH). The lowplasticity samples predominantly contained minerals from the kaolin group, while the high-plasticity samples were rich in minerals from the smectite group. The samples, prepared with distilled water, were exposed to brine solutions of varying concentrations (0.1M, 0.25M, 1M, and 2M NaCl and CaCl2) under specific consolidation pressures (12.5 kPa, 50 kPa, and 200 kPa), simulating osmotically compressed soils. Structural and fabric alterations were examined using SEM images and EDX data collected from the tested samples. It was observed that mechanical forces were the primary factor in the compression of lowplasticity clay, which exhibited minimal fabric changes under the influence of salt. Consequently, osmotic-induced compression and fabric alterations were negligible. For the high-plasticity samples (with high smectite content), the highest osmotic compression was recorded at 50 kPa. These findings highlight the importance of balancing structural stress caused by external loads with osmotic forces.

Keywords

Clay–chemical interaction time-dependent deformation osmotic compression physicochemical effect SEM microstructure

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Kil zeminlerde harici yükün ozmotik sikişmaya etkisi

Year 2026, Volume: 32 Issue: 3

Uğur Eren Yurtcan , Selim Altun

https://doi.org/10.5505/pajes.2025.22379

Abstract

Kil türü zeminler, tuzlu su taşkınları, kanalizasyon sızıntısı vb. nedeniyle tuzlu su ile temas edebilir. Daha sonra tuzlu su ile etkileşime giren killerde ozmotik etkiyle ilave oturmalar meydana gelebilir. Bu amaçla biri düşük plastisiteli (CL) ve diğeri yüksek plastisiteli (CH) olmak üzere iki doğal kil numunesi üzerinde bir dizi ödometre deneyi yapıldı. Düşük plastisiteli numuneler yüksek kaolin grubu mineral içeriğine sahipken, yüksek plastisiteli numuneler yüksek smektit grubu mineral içeriğine sahiptir. Saf su ile hazırlanan ve belirli konsolidasyon basınçlarına kadar (12.5kPa, 50kPa ve 200kPa) yüklenen numuneler tuzlu su çözeltilerine (0.1M, 0.25M, 1M ve 2M NaCl ve CaCl2 çözeltileri) maruz bırakılmış ve yük altında ozmotik sıkışma davranışları incelenmiştir. Deneyler tamamlanan numunelerden elde edilen SEM görüntüleri ve EDX verileri kullanılarak yapısal ve dokusal değişiklikler incelenmeye çalışılmıştır. Dokusu tuzun etkisiyle değişikliğe uğramayan düşük plastisiteli kilin sıkıştırılmasında mekanik kuvvetlerin baskın olduğu gözlemlenmiştir. Bu nedenle ozmotik kaynaklı sıkışma ve doku değişiklikleri ihmal edilebilecek seviyelerde gözlenmiştir. Yüksek plastisiteli numunede (yüksek smektit içeriği) en yüksek ozmotik sıkışmanın 50 kPa'da meydana geldiği gözlenmiştir. Bu nedenle dış yüklerin ve ozmotik kuvvetlerin neden olduğu yapısal yük dengesinin önemli olduğunu ortaya konmuştur.

Keywords

Kil-kimyasal etkileşimi zamana bağlı deformasyon osmotik sıkışma fizikokimyasal etki SEM mikro-yapı.

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There are 54 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Civil Geotechnical Engineering
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Uğur Eren Yurtcan

Selim Altun

Early Pub Date November 2, 2025
Publication Date November 20, 2025
Submission Date July 18, 2024
Acceptance Date August 19, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2026 Volume: 32 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Yurtcan, U. E., & Altun, S. (2025). Effect of external load on osmotic compression in clay soils. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, 32(3). https://doi.org/10.5505/pajes.2025.22379
AMA Yurtcan UE, Altun S. Effect of external load on osmotic compression in clay soils. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi. November 2025;32(3). doi:10.5505/pajes.2025.22379
Chicago Yurtcan, Uğur Eren, and Selim Altun. “Effect of External Load on Osmotic Compression in Clay Soils”. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi 32, no. 3 (November 2025). https://doi.org/10.5505/pajes.2025.22379.
EndNote Yurtcan UE, Altun S (November 1, 2025) Effect of external load on osmotic compression in clay soils. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi 32 3
IEEE U. E. Yurtcan and S. Altun, “Effect of external load on osmotic compression in clay soils”, Pamukkale Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, vol. 32, no. 3, 2025, doi: 10.5505/pajes.2025.22379.
ISNAD Yurtcan, Uğur Eren - Altun, Selim. “Effect of External Load on Osmotic Compression in Clay Soils”. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi 32/3 (November2025). https://doi.org/10.5505/pajes.2025.22379.
JAMA Yurtcan UE, Altun S. Effect of external load on osmotic compression in clay soils. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi. 2025;32. doi:10.5505/pajes.2025.22379.
MLA Yurtcan, Uğur Eren and Selim Altun. “Effect of External Load on Osmotic Compression in Clay Soils”. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, vol. 32, no. 3, 2025, doi:10.5505/pajes.2025.22379.
Vancouver Yurtcan UE, Altun S. Effect of external load on osmotic compression in clay soils. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi. 2025;32(3).

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