Research Article
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A RESEARCH ON THE RELATION BETWEEN CULTURAL INTELLIGENCE LEVELS OF EXPATRIATES AND EXPATRIATE ADJUSTMENT

Year 2017, , 1019 - 1028, 30.06.2017
https://doi.org/10.17261/Pressacademia.2018.774

Abstract

Globalisation has been affecting people, countries and
organisations and reshaping them. Expatriation process is significant in order
to build close and effective relationships between MNEs headquarters and
subsidiaries. Hence expatriate is one of the most important resources that MNEs
need. Because of training, accommodation, transfer, schooling expenses,
expatiates may be seen as the most expensive and even valuable employees of
MNEs. Accordingly they may be named as the most costly employees of MNEs. This
research was designed and conducted to examine the relation between cultural
intelligence and expatiate adjustment. In order to analyse the hypotheses that
are gathered from the literature, a scale with 31 items was used. The data was
collected from 168 participants from different regions of the world via
questionnaires. In the model of this research, cultural intelligence is an
independent variable, expatriate adjustment is a dependent variable. The
hypotheses were tested using regression analysis. The analysis of the results
showed that cultural intelligence has positive effects on expatriate
adjustment. 

References

  • Adler, N.J. (2008). International Dimension of Organizational Behaviour. USA: Thomson South Western.
  • Alon, I., Higgins, J. M. (2005). Global leadership success through emotional and cultural intelligences. Business Horizons, 48 (6): 501-512.
  • Anderson, L. E. (1994). A new look at an old construct: Cross-cultural adaptation. International Journal o f Intercultural Relations, 18, 293328.
  • Ang, S., Van Dyne, L. & Koh, C. (2008). Development and Validation of the CQS, in Ang and Van Dyne. Ed. Handbook of Cultural Intelligence: Theory, Measurements, and Applications, London: M.E.Sharpe.
  • Aryee, S. & Stone, R. J. (1996). Work experiences, work adjustment and psychological well-being of expatriate employees in Hong Kong. The International Journal of Human Resource Management 7(1):150-164.
  • Aycan, Z., Kanungo, R.N. (1997). Current issues and future challenges in expatriate management. In Z. Aycan, Ed. Expatriate management: Theory and research. Greenwich, Connecticut: JAI Press. 245- 260.
  • Bandura, A. (2002). Social cognitive theory in cultural context. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 51, 269-290.
  • Barker, D.W. (2004). Organizational Commitment of Expatriate Manager in China. International Journal of Management & Organisational Behaviour, 3(2): 504-520.
  • Bhaskar-Shrinivas, P., Shaffer, M.A., & Harrıson, D.A. (2005). Input-based and Time-based Models of International Adjustment: Metaanalytic Evidence and Theoretical Extensions. Academy of Management Journal, 48, 257–281.
  • Black, J. S. (1998). Work Role Transitions: A Study Of American Expatriate Managers in Japan. Journal of International Business Studies, 19(2): 277-294.
  • Black, J. S., Mendenhall, M. (1990). Cross-cultural training effectiveness: a review and a theoretical framework for future research. Academy of Management Review, 15(1), 113-136.
  • Black, J. S., Mendenhall, M. (1991). The u-curve adjustment hypothesis revisited: A review and theoretical framework. Journal of International Business Studies, 22, 225–247.
  • Black, J. S., Stephens, G. K. (1989). The influence of the spouse on American expatriate adjustment and intent to stay in Pacific Rim overseas assignments. Journal of Management, 15, 529–544.
  • Caligiuri, P. (2006). Developing global leaders. Human Resource Management Review, 16, 219-228.
  • Caligiuri, P.M., & Lazarova, M. (2002). A Model for the Influence of Social Interaction and Social Support on Female Expatriates CrossCultural Adjustment. Int. J. Of Human Resources Management, 13:5 August 2002 761-772.
  • Deci, E.L., Ryan, R.M. (1985). Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in human behavior. New York: Plenum.
  • Gullick, C. J. M. R. (1990). Expatriate British executives and culture shock. Studies in Third World Societies, 42: 173-206.
  • Harvey, M., Wiese, D. (1998). The Dual-career Couple: Female Expatriates and Male Trailing Spouses. Thunderbird International Business Review, 40, 4, 359–378.
  • Haslberger, A., Brewster, C., & Hippler, T. (2014). Managing performance abroad: A new model for understanding expatriate adjustment. London: Routledge.
  • Hofstede, G. (1980). Culture’s consequences: International differences in work related values. Beverly Hills: Sage Publications.
  • Johnson, J. P., Lenartowıcz, T. & Apud, S. (2006). Cross-Cultural Competence in International Business: Toward a Definition and a Model. Journal of International Business Studies, Vol. 37, No. 4 (Jul., 2006), pp. 525-543.
  • Mansor, M. F. B., Hamid, N. B. A., Kamil, S. B., & Abu. N. H. (2014). Determinants of Expatriate Manager Failures in the International Assignment. Advances in Environmental Biology, 8(9), 584-592.
  • Offermann, L. R., Hellmann, P. S. (1997). Cultures consequences for leadership behavior: National values in action. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 28(3), 342-351.
  • Rothmann, M.V. (2006). Correlates of expatriates cross-cutural adjustment. Journal of Management Dynamic, 5(1): 543-566.
  • Sims, R. H., Schraeder, M. (2004). An examination of salient factors affecting expatriate culture shock. Journal of Business and Management, 70(1), 73- 87.
  • Shaffer, M. A., Harrison, D. A., & Gilley, K. M. (1999). Dimensions, determinants, and differences in the expatriate adjustment process. Journal of International Business Studies, 30, 557-582.
  • Solomon, C. M. (1994). Success abroad depends on more than job skills. Personnel Journal, 4, 51-59.
  • Triandis, H.C. (2006). Cultural intelligence in organizations. Group and Organization Management, 31, 20–26.
  • Tüzüner, V.L. (2013). Uluslararası İnsan Kaynakları Yönetimi. Uyargil, C., Adal, Z.,Ataay, İ. D., Acar, A.C., Özçelik, O., Sadullah, Ö. & Tüzüner, V.L. İnsan Kaynakları Yönetimi içinde, (3.Baskı), Beta Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • Yong, A.G., Pearce, S. (2013). A Beginner’s Guide to Factor Analysis: Focusing on Exploratory Factor Analysis. Tutorials in Quantitative Methods for Psychology, 9(2), 79-94.
Year 2017, , 1019 - 1028, 30.06.2017
https://doi.org/10.17261/Pressacademia.2018.774

Abstract

References

  • Adler, N.J. (2008). International Dimension of Organizational Behaviour. USA: Thomson South Western.
  • Alon, I., Higgins, J. M. (2005). Global leadership success through emotional and cultural intelligences. Business Horizons, 48 (6): 501-512.
  • Anderson, L. E. (1994). A new look at an old construct: Cross-cultural adaptation. International Journal o f Intercultural Relations, 18, 293328.
  • Ang, S., Van Dyne, L. & Koh, C. (2008). Development and Validation of the CQS, in Ang and Van Dyne. Ed. Handbook of Cultural Intelligence: Theory, Measurements, and Applications, London: M.E.Sharpe.
  • Aryee, S. & Stone, R. J. (1996). Work experiences, work adjustment and psychological well-being of expatriate employees in Hong Kong. The International Journal of Human Resource Management 7(1):150-164.
  • Aycan, Z., Kanungo, R.N. (1997). Current issues and future challenges in expatriate management. In Z. Aycan, Ed. Expatriate management: Theory and research. Greenwich, Connecticut: JAI Press. 245- 260.
  • Bandura, A. (2002). Social cognitive theory in cultural context. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 51, 269-290.
  • Barker, D.W. (2004). Organizational Commitment of Expatriate Manager in China. International Journal of Management & Organisational Behaviour, 3(2): 504-520.
  • Bhaskar-Shrinivas, P., Shaffer, M.A., & Harrıson, D.A. (2005). Input-based and Time-based Models of International Adjustment: Metaanalytic Evidence and Theoretical Extensions. Academy of Management Journal, 48, 257–281.
  • Black, J. S. (1998). Work Role Transitions: A Study Of American Expatriate Managers in Japan. Journal of International Business Studies, 19(2): 277-294.
  • Black, J. S., Mendenhall, M. (1990). Cross-cultural training effectiveness: a review and a theoretical framework for future research. Academy of Management Review, 15(1), 113-136.
  • Black, J. S., Mendenhall, M. (1991). The u-curve adjustment hypothesis revisited: A review and theoretical framework. Journal of International Business Studies, 22, 225–247.
  • Black, J. S., Stephens, G. K. (1989). The influence of the spouse on American expatriate adjustment and intent to stay in Pacific Rim overseas assignments. Journal of Management, 15, 529–544.
  • Caligiuri, P. (2006). Developing global leaders. Human Resource Management Review, 16, 219-228.
  • Caligiuri, P.M., & Lazarova, M. (2002). A Model for the Influence of Social Interaction and Social Support on Female Expatriates CrossCultural Adjustment. Int. J. Of Human Resources Management, 13:5 August 2002 761-772.
  • Deci, E.L., Ryan, R.M. (1985). Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in human behavior. New York: Plenum.
  • Gullick, C. J. M. R. (1990). Expatriate British executives and culture shock. Studies in Third World Societies, 42: 173-206.
  • Harvey, M., Wiese, D. (1998). The Dual-career Couple: Female Expatriates and Male Trailing Spouses. Thunderbird International Business Review, 40, 4, 359–378.
  • Haslberger, A., Brewster, C., & Hippler, T. (2014). Managing performance abroad: A new model for understanding expatriate adjustment. London: Routledge.
  • Hofstede, G. (1980). Culture’s consequences: International differences in work related values. Beverly Hills: Sage Publications.
  • Johnson, J. P., Lenartowıcz, T. & Apud, S. (2006). Cross-Cultural Competence in International Business: Toward a Definition and a Model. Journal of International Business Studies, Vol. 37, No. 4 (Jul., 2006), pp. 525-543.
  • Mansor, M. F. B., Hamid, N. B. A., Kamil, S. B., & Abu. N. H. (2014). Determinants of Expatriate Manager Failures in the International Assignment. Advances in Environmental Biology, 8(9), 584-592.
  • Offermann, L. R., Hellmann, P. S. (1997). Cultures consequences for leadership behavior: National values in action. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 28(3), 342-351.
  • Rothmann, M.V. (2006). Correlates of expatriates cross-cutural adjustment. Journal of Management Dynamic, 5(1): 543-566.
  • Sims, R. H., Schraeder, M. (2004). An examination of salient factors affecting expatriate culture shock. Journal of Business and Management, 70(1), 73- 87.
  • Shaffer, M. A., Harrison, D. A., & Gilley, K. M. (1999). Dimensions, determinants, and differences in the expatriate adjustment process. Journal of International Business Studies, 30, 557-582.
  • Solomon, C. M. (1994). Success abroad depends on more than job skills. Personnel Journal, 4, 51-59.
  • Triandis, H.C. (2006). Cultural intelligence in organizations. Group and Organization Management, 31, 20–26.
  • Tüzüner, V.L. (2013). Uluslararası İnsan Kaynakları Yönetimi. Uyargil, C., Adal, Z.,Ataay, İ. D., Acar, A.C., Özçelik, O., Sadullah, Ö. & Tüzüner, V.L. İnsan Kaynakları Yönetimi içinde, (3.Baskı), Beta Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • Yong, A.G., Pearce, S. (2013). A Beginner’s Guide to Factor Analysis: Focusing on Exploratory Factor Analysis. Tutorials in Quantitative Methods for Psychology, 9(2), 79-94.
There are 30 citations in total.

Details

Journal Section Articles
Authors

Ece Kuzulu Kanaslan This is me

Publication Date June 30, 2017
Published in Issue Year 2017

Cite

APA Kuzulu Kanaslan, E. (2017). A RESEARCH ON THE RELATION BETWEEN CULTURAL INTELLIGENCE LEVELS OF EXPATRIATES AND EXPATRIATE ADJUSTMENT. PressAcademia Procedia, 3(1), 1019-1028. https://doi.org/10.17261/Pressacademia.2018.774
AMA Kuzulu Kanaslan E. A RESEARCH ON THE RELATION BETWEEN CULTURAL INTELLIGENCE LEVELS OF EXPATRIATES AND EXPATRIATE ADJUSTMENT. PAP. June 2017;3(1):1019-1028. doi:10.17261/Pressacademia.2018.774
Chicago Kuzulu Kanaslan, Ece. “A RESEARCH ON THE RELATION BETWEEN CULTURAL INTELLIGENCE LEVELS OF EXPATRIATES AND EXPATRIATE ADJUSTMENT”. PressAcademia Procedia 3, no. 1 (June 2017): 1019-28. https://doi.org/10.17261/Pressacademia.2018.774.
EndNote Kuzulu Kanaslan E (June 1, 2017) A RESEARCH ON THE RELATION BETWEEN CULTURAL INTELLIGENCE LEVELS OF EXPATRIATES AND EXPATRIATE ADJUSTMENT. PressAcademia Procedia 3 1 1019–1028.
IEEE E. Kuzulu Kanaslan, “A RESEARCH ON THE RELATION BETWEEN CULTURAL INTELLIGENCE LEVELS OF EXPATRIATES AND EXPATRIATE ADJUSTMENT”, PAP, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 1019–1028, 2017, doi: 10.17261/Pressacademia.2018.774.
ISNAD Kuzulu Kanaslan, Ece. “A RESEARCH ON THE RELATION BETWEEN CULTURAL INTELLIGENCE LEVELS OF EXPATRIATES AND EXPATRIATE ADJUSTMENT”. PressAcademia Procedia 3/1 (June 2017), 1019-1028. https://doi.org/10.17261/Pressacademia.2018.774.
JAMA Kuzulu Kanaslan E. A RESEARCH ON THE RELATION BETWEEN CULTURAL INTELLIGENCE LEVELS OF EXPATRIATES AND EXPATRIATE ADJUSTMENT. PAP. 2017;3:1019–1028.
MLA Kuzulu Kanaslan, Ece. “A RESEARCH ON THE RELATION BETWEEN CULTURAL INTELLIGENCE LEVELS OF EXPATRIATES AND EXPATRIATE ADJUSTMENT”. PressAcademia Procedia, vol. 3, no. 1, 2017, pp. 1019-28, doi:10.17261/Pressacademia.2018.774.
Vancouver Kuzulu Kanaslan E. A RESEARCH ON THE RELATION BETWEEN CULTURAL INTELLIGENCE LEVELS OF EXPATRIATES AND EXPATRIATE ADJUSTMENT. PAP. 2017;3(1):1019-28.

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