BLACKOUT AND BLACKSTART ON POWER SYSTEMS

Year 2017, Volume: 5 Issue: 1, 190 - 197, 30.06.2017

Cihan Ayhanci Beyazit Yasar Yoldas Bedri Kekezoglu

https://doi.org/10.17261/Pressacademia.2017.589

Abstract

Power systems are complex
structures that energy production, transmission and consumption units. There
are various reasons for energy interruptions on these systems. Power outage on
the power system can lead to partial or complete loss of the network. Energy
interruptions in large regions cause significant economic losses and
precautions must be taken in this regard. In this study, Blackout situations in
power systems were analyzed. Within the scope of the study, important Blackout
situations encountered around the world 
have been examined. Blackout causes are listed and interpreted in power
systems in the light of experienced events. Precautions have been put forward
in order to avoid blackout situations. In addition, the effects of
blackstart-equipped power plants on the recovery of the network have been
examined. 

Keywords

Power system analysis, blackout, blackstart, power system restoration, power grid

References

• Pakize C., 2011, “Examination of the Blackouts Occured in Interconnected Networks”, Graduate Theses, Marmara University, İstanbul.
• Zeng B., Ouyang S., Zhang J., Shi H., Wu G., Zeng M., February 2015, “An analysis of previous blackouts in the world: Lessons for China's power industry”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Volume 42, Pages 1151-1163.
• Olga P. V., Francisco S., September 2016, “Analysis of major blackouts from 2003 to 2015: Classification of incidents and review of main causes”, The Electricity Journal, Volume 29, Issue 7, Pages 42-49.
• Ji-Jen W., Ching-Tzong S., Chi-Shuan L., Chung-Liang C., October 2007, “Study on the 729 blackout in the Taiwan power system”, International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, Volume 29, Issue 8, , Pages 589-599
• TEİAŞ, ENTSOE Project Group Turkey, September 2015 “Report on Blackout in Turkey on 31st March 2015”
• UCTE, April 2004, “Final Report of the Investigation Committee on the 28 September 2003 Blackout in Italy”
• UCTE, 2006, “Final Report System Disturbance on 4 November 2006 in Europe”
• Yvon B., Mircea E., Nikolai V., 2013, “Major grid blackouts: analysis, classification, and prevention”, IEEE Press, Part 3, Page 813-887 New Jersey.
• Alberto B., Carlo A. N., Mario P., 2013, “Restoratıon Processes After Blackouts”, IEEE Press, Part 3, Page 888-923 New Jersey.
• Jerry C. W., 2007, “AC Power Systems Handbook”, Third Edition, CRC Press, Page 330-341, California.
• Hordeski M., 2005, Emergency and Backup Power Sources: Preparing for Blackouts and Brownouts, The Fairmont Press, Inc., United States of America.
• Gencheva R., Stefanova A., Groudev P., 2015, ‘’ Investigation of station blackout scenario in VVER440/v230 withRELAP5 computer code’’ , Elsevier, Vol. 295, pp. 441–456.
• Hines P., Apt J., Talukdar S., 2009, ‘’ Large blackouts in North America: Historical trends and policy implications’’, Elsevier, Vol. 37, pp. 5249–5259.
• Welfonder E., Kurth M., 2007, ‘’ Limitation control procedures, required for power plants and power systems Possibility for reducing future blackouts’’, Elsevier, Vol. 31, pp. 93–104.
• Pradhan P., Deki T., Wangmo P., Dorji D., Phuntsho D. and. Dorji C., 2015, ‘’Simulation and Optimization of Blackstart Restoration Plan in Bhutan using DIgSILENT’’, Proceedings of 2015 RAECS UIET Panjab University Chandigarh 21-22nd December 2015.
• Castillo A., 2013, ‘’ Microgrid Provision of Blackstart in Disaster Recovery for Power System Restoration’’, IEEE Smart grid Comm 2013- Smart Grid Services and Management Models.
• Kurup S., Ashok S., 2015, ‘’ Grid Restoration Planning After a Total Blackout’’, 2015 International Conference on Control, Communication & Computing India (ICCC) | 19-21 November 2015 | Trivandrum.
• Wang H., Lin Z, Wen F., Ledwich G., Xue Y., Zhou Y., Huang Y., 2014, ‘’ Black-start decision-making with interval representations of uncertainfactors’’, Elsevier, Vol. 79, pp. 34–41.
• “Black Start Restoration Procedures Of Southern Region 2013’’, Southern Regional Load Despatch Centre Power System Operation Corporation Ltd, November 2012, Bangalore.
• Agrawal V., Porwal R., Kumar R., Pandey V., 2010, ’’ Mock Blackstart Drills – An Excellent Learning Experience for Power System Operators’’, CBIP- 5th International Conference on Power System Protection and Automation, 6-9, Dec 2010.
• En L., Zhijun Q., Mingbo L., Yunhe H., Ning W., Jinyu W., August 2015, “Increasing Black Start Capacity by Fast Cut Back Function of Thermal Power Plants”, International Journal of Smart Grid and Clean Energy.
• Ketabi, A., Asmar, H., Ranjbar A.M, Feuillet, R., 2001, "An approach to initiation of optimal units during the restoration of the bulk power system"," 2001, Large Engineering Systems Conference on Power Engineering, Theme: Strengthening after 2001 (Kat. No.01ex490) , Halifax, NS, 2001, s. 190-194.
• Hafner, Y.J., Duchen, H., Karlsson, M., Ronstrom, L., Abrahamsson, B., 2008, “HVDC with Voltage Source Converters-A Powerful Standby Black Start Facility”, IEEE PES T&D Conference, 21-24 April 2008, Chicago.
• The National Grid Company plc, 2001, “An Introduction to Black Start”, Market Development, February 2001
• Ancona, J.J., 1995, “A Framework For Power System Restoration Following a Major Power Failure”, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, Vol. 10, No. 3, August 1995.
• Clean Technica, Restoring The Grid After A Blackout — Using Batteries, https://cleantechnica.com/2016/02/02/restoring-the-grid-after-ablackout-using-batteries/, 24 April 2017.
• Sun, W., Liu, C.C., Liu, S., 2011, “Black Start Capability Assessment in Power System Restoration”, IEEE, 978-1-.4577-1002-5/11.
• Lindenmeyera, D., Dommela, H.W., Adibi M.M., 2001, “Power system restoration- A bibliographical survey”, Electrical Power and Energy Systems, 23: 219-227.
• Feltes, J.W., Moran, C.G., 2008, “Black Start Studies for System Restoration”, IEEE, NewYork 12305.
• Zeng, S., Lin, Z., Wenb, F., Ledwich, G., 2012, “A new approach for power system black-start decision-making with vague set theory”, Electrical Power and Energy Systems, 34: 114-120.
• Joglekar, J.J., Nerkar, Y.P., 2008, “A different approach in system restoration with special consideration of Islanding schemes”, Electrical Power and Energy Systems, 30: 519-524.
• Barsali, S., Giglioli R., Poli, D., Sforna M., Salvati R., Zaottini R., 2008, “The restoration of an electric power system: International survey and discussion of possible innovative enhancements for the Italian system”, Electric Power Systems Research, 78: 239-247.
• Jiang Y., Chen, S., Liu C.C., Sun W., Luo, X., Liu, S., Bhatt, N., Uppalapati, S., Forcum, D., 2017, “Blackstart capability planning for power system restoration”, Electrical Power and Energy Systems, 86: 127-137.
• Barsali S., Polia, D., Praticò, A., Salvati, R., Sforna, M., Zaottini, R., 2008, “Restoration islands supplied by gas turbineS”, Electric Power Systems Research, 78: 2004-2010.
• Kleppingera, D., Broadwatera R., Scirbona C., 2010, “Generic reconfiguration for restoration”, Electric Power Systems Research, 80: 287– 295.
• Yılmaz, O., 2011, “System Restoration and "Black start" Qualification of Technical Units, Technical Criteria, Evaluations and Test Procedures”, Tübitak Space Technologies Research Institute –Teiaş-Ekh Tdep, 30 September 2011.
• Lopes, J.A.P., Moreira, C.L., Resende, .O., 2005, “MicroGrids Black Start and Islanded Operation”, 15th Power Systems Computation Conference, 22-26 August 2005, Liege.
• Zhang, G., 2009, “EPRI Power Systems Dynamics Tutorial”, Palo Alto, 1016042.
• Sun, W., 2011, “New optimization techniques for power system generation scheduling”, Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Iowa State University, Iowa City, p.1220.
• Zhang, X.P., 2015, “Emerging Capability on Power System Modelling: System Security, Resilience and Recovery Modelling”, The Instution of Engineering and Technology, 8:1-15.
• MBizon, 2010, “Electricity Grid Schematic English”, wikipedia.org, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Electricity_Grid_Schematic_English.svg.
• Wikipedia, 2014, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_start.
• Nort American Electric Reliability Corporation(NERC), December 2015, “2015 Long-Term Reliability Assessment”, Atlanta.