ACADEMIC ENTREPRENEURIAL INTENTIONS IN SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING: VALIDATION OF THE SCALE IN TURKEY

Year 2017, Volume: 5 Issue: 1, 350 - 358, 30.06.2017

Ufuk Gur

https://doi.org/10.17261/Pressacademia.2017.610

Abstract

Academic
entrepreneurship is defined as entrepreneurial activities engaged by faculty in
order to commercialize research results and deliver societal and economic
benefits. It is closely related to the “Entrepreneurial University” which
extends the mission of universities beyond teaching and research. Higher
education institutions and their affiliated faculty members in sciences and
engineering disciplines are important actors of innovation ecosystems. This
study investigates academic entrepreneurial intentions distinguished by soft
level intentions (industry collaboration) and hard level intentions (spin-off
formation). The data was collected between December 2015, and March 2016 from a
national online survey of Turkish academics in science and engineering faculties
at approximately 90 universities of which 402 full responses were gathered.
Major methodology included multivariate analysis technique namely as Structural
Equation Modelling. Within the scope of this study, the constructs of academic
entrepreneurship intentions were created and applied comprehensively in
sciences and engineering disciplines in Turkey for the first time.  

Keywords

Academic entrepreneurship, entrepreneurial university, technology transfer, innovation, entrepreneurship

References

• Abreu, M., & Grinevich, V. (2013). The nature of academic entrepreneurship in the UK: Widening the focus on entrepreneurial activities. Research Policy, 42(2), 408-422. doi:10.1016/j.respol.2012.10.005
• Axler, R. E. (2015). Commercialization, Collaboration and Conflict of Interest: An Institutional Work Analysis of Academic Entrepreneurship in Canada. University of Toronto.
• Chen, C. C., Greene, P. G., & Crick, A. (1998). Does entrepreneurial self-efficacy distinguish entrepreneurs from managers? Journal of Business Venturing, 13(4), 295-316.
• Cohen, J., Cohen, P., West, S. G., & Aiken, L. S. (2013). Applied multiple regression/correlation analysis for the behavioral sciences: Routledge.
• Cook, D. A., & Beckman, T. J. (2006). Current concepts in validity and reliability for psychometric instruments: theory and application. The American journal of medicine, 119(2), 166. e167-166. e116.
• De Silva, L. (2012). Academic entrepreneurship in a resource constrained environment.
• Di Gregorio, D., & Shane, S. (2003). Why do some universities generate more start-ups than others? Research Policy, 32(2), 209-227.
• Etzkowitz, H. (2013). Anatomy of the entrepreneurial university. Social Science Information, 52(3), 486-511. doi:10.1177/0539018413485832
• Etzkowitz, H., & Viale, R. (2010). Polyvalent Knowledge and the Entrepreneurial University: A Third Academic Revolution? Critical Sociology, 36(4), 595-609. doi:10.1177/0896920510365921
• Farrell, A. M. (2010). Insufficient discriminant validity: A comment on Bove, Pervan, Beatty, and Shiu (2009). Journal of Business Research, 63(3), 324-327.
• Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of marketing research, 39-50.
• Gurău, C., Dana, L. P., & Lasch, F. (2012). Academic entrepreneurship in UK biotechnology firms. Journal of Enterprising Communities: People and Places in the Global Economy, 6(2), 154-168. doi:10.1108/17506201211228958
• Hair, J., Black, W., Babin, B., & Anderson, R. (2010). Multivariate Data Analysis Seventh Edition Prentice Hall.
• Huyghe, A., & Knockaert, M. (2014). The influence of organizational culture and climate on entrepreneurial intentions among research scientists. The Journal of Technology Transfer, 40(1), 138-160. doi:10.1007/s10961-014-9333-3
• Jain, S., George, G., & Maltarich, M. (2009). Academics or entrepreneurs? Investigating role identity modification of university scientists involved in commercialization activity. Research policy, 38(6), 922-935.
• Karakoç, F. Y., & Dönmez, L. (2014). Ölçek Geliştirme Çalışmalarında Temel İlkeler. Tıp Eğitimi Dünyası, 40(40).
• Kilian, T., Schubert, P., & Bjørn-Andersen, N. (2015). Benefits and Barriers of University Industry Collaborations from a Researcher's Perspective: Development of Formative Scales and Cluster Analysis. Paper presented at the 23rd European Conference on Information Systems (ECIS) 2015.
• Klofsten, M., & Jones-Evans, D. (2000). Comparing Academic Entrepreneurship in Europe – The Case of Sweden and Ireland. Small Business Economics, 14(4), 299-309. doi:10.1023/A:1008184601282
• Knockaert, M., Foo, M. D., Erikson, T., & Cools, E. (2015). Growth intentions among research scientists: A cognitive style perspective. Technovation, 38, 64-74. doi:10.1016/j.technovation.2014.12.001
• Krueger, N. F., Reilly, M. D., & Carsrud, A. L. (2000). Competing models of entrepreneurial intentions. Journal of Business Venturing, 15(5), 411-432.
• Laukkanen, M. (2003). Exploring academic entrepreneurship: drivers and tensions of university‐based business. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 10(4), 372-382. doi:10.1108/14626000310504684
• Liñán, F., & Chen, Y. W. (2009). Development and Cross‐Cultural application of a specific instrument to measure entrepreneurial intentions. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 33(3), 593-617.
• Louis, K. S., Blumenthal, D., Gluck, M. E., & Stoto, M. A. (1989). Entrepreneurs in Academe: An Exploration of Behaviors among Life Scientists. Administrative Science Quarterly, 34(1), 110-131. doi:10.2307/2392988
• Lundqvist, M. A., & Williams Middleton, K. L. (2013). Academic entrepreneurship revisited-university scientists and venture creation. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 20(3), 603-617.
• O'Shea, R., Allen, T. J., O'Gorman, C., & Roche, F. (2004). Universities and Technology Transfer: A Review of Academic Entrepreneurship Literature. Irish Journal of Management, 25(2).
• Perkmann, M., Tartari, V., McKelvey, M., Autio, E., Broström, A., D’Este, P., . . . Sobrero, M. (2013). Academic engagement and commercialisation: A review of the literature on university–industry relations. Research Policy, 42(2), 423-442. doi:10.1016/j.respol.2012.09.007
• Perkmann, M., & Walsh, K. (2007). University–industry relationships and open innovation: Towards a research agenda. International Journal of Management Reviews, 9(4), 259-280.
• Peterson, R. A. (2000). Constructing effective questionnaires (Vol. 1): Sage Publications Thousand Oaks, CA.
• Philpott, K., Dooley, L., O'Reilly, C., & Lupton, G. (2011). The entrepreneurial university: Examining the underlying academic tensions. Technovation, 31(4), 161-170. doi:10.1016/j.technovation.2010.12.003
• Prodan, I., & Drnovsek, M. (2010). Conceptualizing academic-entrepreneurial intentions: An empirical test. Technovation, 30(5-6), 332-347. doi:10.1016/j.technovation.2010.02.002
• Radosevich, R. (1995). A model for entrepreneurial spin–offs from public technology sources. International Journal of Technology Management, 10(7), 879-893.
• Rasmussen, E., Moen, Ø., & Gulbrandsen, M. (2006). Initiatives to promote commercialization of university knowledge. Technovation, 26(4), 518-533. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.technovation.2004.11.005
• Reynolds, R. A. (2006). Handbook of research on electronic surveys and measurements: IGI Global. Roberts, E. B. (1991). Entrepreneurs in high technology: New York: Oxford University Press.
• Samsom, K. J., & Gurdon, M. A. (1993). University scientists as entrepreneurs: a special case of technology transfer and high-tech venturing. Technovation, 13(2), 63-71.
• Shane, S. A. (2004). Academic entrepreneurship: University spinoffs and wealth creation: Edward Elgar Publishing.
• Thompson, E. R. (2009). Individual entrepreneurial intent: Construct clarification and development of an internationally reliable metric. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 33(3), 669-694.
• Wood, M. S. (2011). A process model of academic entrepreneurship. Business Horizons, 54(2), 153-161. doi:10.1016/j.bushor.2010.11.004