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MÜŞTERİ VATANDAŞLIK DAVRANIŞININ DİJİTAL DÜNYADAKİ YÜKSELEN DEĞERİ

Year 2022, Volume: 15 Issue: 1, 169 - 172, 30.07.2022
https://doi.org/10.17261/Pressacademia.2022.1611

Abstract

Amaç- Müşteri vatandaşlık davranışı, dijital pazarlama bağlamında önemi giderek artan bir davranıştır ve bu davranışın, işletme performansını olumlu yönde etkilediği ve aynı zamanda, diğer müşterilere fayda sağladığı bilinmektedir. Bu çalışma kapsamında müşteri vatandaşlık davranışı, dijital dünyadaki yansımalarını anlayabilmek adına, mobil uygulamalar özelinde ele alınmıştır. Çalışmada, öne çıkan bir mobil uygulama kategorisi olarak mobil yemek siparişi uygulamaları konu edilmektedir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, mobil uygulamalarda müşteri vatandaşlık davranışının nasıl açığa çıkabileceğini gösteren bir model önerisi sunmaktır.
Yöntem- Araştırmanın ana kütlesini, çeşitli restoran ve kafelerden yemek siparişi vermek için kullanılan mobil uygulamaları deneyimleyen müşteriler oluşturmaktadır. Bu müşterilere çevrim içi anket yöntemiyle ulaşılması hedeflenmektedir. Anket, tüketici davranışları yazınında kabul görmüş ölçeklerin adaptasyonu vasıtasıyla oluşturulacak; aynı zamanda, demografik özellikleri anlamaya yönelik soruları kapsayacaktır. Anketin birinci bölümünde, ankete katılan kişilere ait yaş, cinsiyet, eğitim durumu, aylık ortalama gelir gibi bilgilere ek olarak daha önce mobil yemek siparişi uygulamalarından birini kullanıp kullanmadıkları, en son hangi mobil uygulamayı kullandıkları, bu uygulamayı ne kadar süredir ve ne sıklıkta kullandıkları gibi sorular sorulacaktır. Anketin ikinci bölümünde ise hipotezlerin testi için faydalanılacak ölçek ifadelerinin yer alması planlanmaktadır. Çevrim içi anket analizi sonucunda elde edilecek veriler vasıtasıyla ölçek geçerlilik ve güvenilirlik testleri gerçekleştirilecek ve ilgili modelde öngörülen ilişkiler yapısal eşitlik modeli ile test edilecektir. Bu kapsamda, SPSS ve AMOS programlarından faydalanılacaktır.
Bulgular- Çalışma kapsamında, müşteri vatandaşlık davranışının mobil yemek siparişi verme uygulamaları bağlamında açığa çıkmasını keşfetmek üzere bir model önerisi sunulmuştur. Bu model önerisinde, bir başlangıç noktası olarak bu uygulamalardaki müşteri deneyimine odaklanılmıştır. Bu kavramsal modelde müşteri deneyimi boyutları; eğitim, eğlence, kaçış ve estetik faktörleri ile ele alınmıştır. Bu deneyim faktörlerinin müşteri memnuniyeti ile olumlu yönde ilişkisi olduğu tahmin edilmekte; deneyimden duyulan memnuniyetin de marka bağlılığı ve mobil uygulama bağlılığını olumlu yönde etkileyeceği öngörülmektedir. Bu iki yönlü müşteri bağlılığının, nihayetinde, ilgili mobil uygulamaya ve restoran markasına yönelik müşteri vatandaşlık davranışı ortaya çıkaracağı düşünülmektedir. Önerilen model vasıtasıyla sunulan önermelerin test edilmesi sonucunda, işletmelerin rekabet avantajı elde edebilmeleri adına faydalı bulgular elde edileceğine inanılmaktadır.
Sonuç- Önerilen model hem restoran/cafe gibi servis işletmelerine hem mobil uygulama geliştiricilerine hem de müşteri vatandaşlık davranışı araştırmacılarına önemli katkılar sunacaktır. Deneyimin boyutlarının memnuniyet ile ilişkisinin tespiti sonucu elde edilecek veriler giderek zorlaşan rekabet ortamında ilgili sektörde yapılacak düzenlemeler ve iyileştirmelere katkı sağlayacaktır. Yaşadığı deneyimden memnun olan müşterilerin markaya ve/veya mobil uygulamaya olan bağlılığının anlaşılması ise, müşteri ile işletme arasında uzun süreli ilişkinin kurulması ve bu ilişkinin sürdürülebilir kılınmasının bir yolunu göstermektedir. Çalışma aynı zamanda, yemek siparişi verme uygulamalarını kullanan işletmelerin faaliyet gösterdiği endüstrilere, çevrim içi satın almanın yeni potansiyel pazarlarından yararlanma, çevrim içi hizmet için iyileştirme stratejisi edinme ve yeni yatırım kararları alma konusunda katkı sağlayacaktır. Ek olarak bu çalışma, son zamanlarda artan bir ilgiye sahip olsa da hakkında henüz yoğunluklu literatür çalışması bulunmayan ve dijital bağlamda önemi giderek artan mobil yemek siparişi uygulamaları ve müşteri vatandaşlık davranışı literatürlerinin genişletilmesi ile pazarlama ve tüketici davranışı alanlarına katkı sağlayacaktır. Önerilen model kapsamındaki değişkenlere dikkat çekmesi, aralarındaki ilişkilerin incelenmesi ve gelecekte gerçekleştirilecek ilgili testlerle elde edilecek bulgular vasıtasıyla çalışmanın katkılarının devam etmesi beklenmektedir.

References

  • Ahearne, M., Bhattacharya, C. B., & Gruen, T. (2005). Antecedents and consequences of customer-company identification: expanding the role of relationship marketing. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90(3), 574-585.
  • Ahn, J. (2021). Exploring perceived innovation in building customers’ patronizing behavior in the food delivery service context. International Journal of Quality and Service Sciences, 14(2), 258-273
  • Al Amin, M., Arefin, M. S., Alam, M. R., Ahammad, T., & Hoque, M. R. (2021). Using mobile food delivery applications during COVID-19 pandemic: An extended model of planned behavior. Journal of Food Products Marketing, 27(2), 105-126.
  • Allied Market Research. (2017). Food delivery mobile application. Erişim adresi https://www.alliedmarketresearch.com/food-delivery-mobile-application-market
  • Anaza, N. A. (2014). Personality antecedents of customer citizenship behaviors in online shopping situations. Psychology & Marketing, 31(4), 251-263.
  • Anaza, N. A., & Zhao, J. (2013). Encounter-based antecedents of e-customer citizenship behaviors. Journal of Services Marketing, 27(2), 130–140.
  • Balaji, M. S. (2014). Managing customer citizenship behavior: A relationship perspective. Journal of Strategic Marketing, 22(3), 222-239.
  • Bellman, S., Potter, R. F., Treleaven-Hassard, S., Robinson, J. A., & Varan, D. (2011). The effectiveness of branded mobile phone apps. Journal of Interactive Marketing, 25(4), 191-200.
  • Bettencourt, L. A. (1997). Customer voluntary performance: Customers as partners in service delivery. Journal of Retailing, 73(3), 383-406.
  • Blau, P. (1964), Exchange and Power in Social Life, Wiley, New York.
  • Bove, L. L., Pervan, S. J., Beatty, S. E., & Shiu, E. (2009). Service worker role in encouraging customer organizational citizenship behaviors. Journal of Business Research, 62(7), 698-705.
  • Choi, L., & Lotz, S. (2016). Motivations leading to customer citizenship behavior in services: scale development and validation. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 33(7), 539-551.
  • Curth, S., Uhrich, S., & Benkenstein, M. (2014). How commitment to fellow customers affects the customer-firm relationship and customer citizenship behavior. Journal of Services Marketing, 28(2), 147-158.
  • Dirsehan, T., & Cankat, E. (2021). Role of mobile food-ordering applications in developing restaurants’ brand satisfaction and loyalty in the pandemic period. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 62, 102608.
  • Ford, W. S. Z. (1995). Evaluation of the indirect influence of courteous service on customer discretionary behavior. Human Communication Research, 22(1), 65-89.
  • Fowler, J. G. (2013). Customer citizenship behavior: an expanded theoretical understanding. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 4(5), 1-8.
  • Geyskens, I., Steenkamp, J. B. E., Scheer, L. K., & Kumar, N. (1996). The effects of trust and interdependence on relationship commitment: A trans-Atlantic study. International Journal of Research in Marketing, 13(4), 303-317.
  • Gong, T., Yi, Y. (2021). A review of customer citizenship behaviors in the service context. The Service Industries Journal, 41(3-4), 169-199.
  • Groth, M. (2005). Customers as good soldiers: Examining citizenship behaviors in internet service deliveries. Journal of Management, 31(1), 7-27.
  • Huang, Y. C., Chang, L. L., Yu, C. P., & Chen, J. (2019). Examining an extended technology acceptance model with experience construct on hotel consumers’ adoption of mobile applications. Journal of Hospitality Marketing & Management, 28(8), 957-980.
  • Jaakkola, E., & Alexander, M. (2014). The role of customer engagement behavior in value co-creation: a service system perspective. Journal of Service Research, 17(3), 247-261.
  • Johnson, J. W., & Rapp, A. (2010). A more comprehensive understanding and measure of customer helping behavior. Journal of Business Research, 63(8), 787-792.
  • Meyer, C., Schwager, A. (2007). Understanding customer experience. Harvard Business Review, 85(2), 116.
  • Oliver, R. L. (1980). A cognitive model of the antecedents and consequences of satisfaction decisions. Journal of Marketing Research, 17(4), 460-469.
  • Organ, D. W. (1988). Organizational citizenship behavior: The good soldier syndrome. Lexington Books/D. C. Heath and Com, Lexington.
  • Pal, D., Funilkul, S., Eamsinvattana, W., & Siyal, S. (2021). Using online food delivery applications during the COVID-19 lockdown period: What drives University Students’ satisfaction and loyalty?. Journal of Foodservice Business Research. https://doi.org/10.1080/15378020.2021.1964419
  • Raza, M., Salleh, S., Tariq, B., Altayyar, R., & Shaari, H. (2020). Investigating the effects of customer-based brand equity on turnover intentions with mediating effect of customer citizenship behavior. Management Science Letters, 10(2), 279-286.
  • Revilla-Camacho, M. Á., Vega-Vázquez, M., & Cossío-Silva, F. J. (2015). Customer participation and citizenship behavior effects on turnover intention. Journal of Business Research, 68(7), 1607-1611.
  • Shipman, Z. D. (2019). Understanding online food ordering: How the process results in satisfaction of the customers. Beykoz Akademi Dergisi, 7(2), 81-90.
  • Tambe, S. (2014). A study of organizational citizenship behaviour (OCB) and its dimensions: a literature review. International Research Journal of Business and Management, 1, 67-73.
  • Taylor, S. (2021). Campus dining goes mobile: Intentions of college students to adopt a mobile food-ordering app. Journal of Foodservice Business Research, 24(2), 121-139.
  • Wang, Y. S., Tseng, T. H., Wang, W. T., Shih, Y. W., & Chan, P. Y. (2019). Developing and validating a mobile catering app success model. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 77, 19-30.
  • Wang, Z. (2021). Experiential marketing: Will it affect customer citizenship behavior? An empirical study of multiple mediation model in Thailand. Journal of Community Psychology, 49(6), 1767-1786.
  • We Are Social & Hootsuite (2022). Digital 2022 Global Overview Report. Erişim adresi https://wearesocial.com/uk/blog/2022/01/digital-2022-another-year-of-bumper-growth-2/
  • Xie, L., Poon, P., & Zhang, W. (2017). Brand experience and customer citizenship behavior: the role of brand relationship quality. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 34(3), 268-280.
  • Yi, Y., Gong, T. (2006). The antecedents and consequences of service customer citizenship and badness behavior. Seoul Journal of Business, 12(2), 145-176.

THE RISING VALUE OF CUSTOMER CITIZENSHIP BEHAVIOR IN THE DIGITAL WORLD

Year 2022, Volume: 15 Issue: 1, 169 - 172, 30.07.2022
https://doi.org/10.17261/Pressacademia.2022.1611

Abstract

Purpose- Customer citizenship behavior (CCB) is an increasingly important behavior in the digital marketing context. This behavior positively affects company performance and also provides benefits for other customers. In this study, CCB is handled in the context of mobile applications through mobile food ordering applications example in order to understand its reflections in the digital world. The aim of this study is to propose a conceptual model that shows how customer citizenship behavior can be revealed in mobile applications.
Methodology- The population of research consists of customers who experience mobile applications used to order food from various restaurants and cafes. It is aimed to reach these customers through an online survey method. The questionnaire will be created through the adaptation of the scales accepted in the consumer behavior literature; it will also include questions for understanding demographics. In the first part of the survey, in addition to information such as age, gender, education level, and monthly average income, questions such as whether they used a mobile food ordering application before, which mobile application they last used, how long, and how often they used this application will be asked. It is planned to include scale expressions to be used for testing hypotheses in the second part of the questionnaire. With the help of the data to be obtained as a result of the online survey analysis, scale validity and reliability tests will be carried out, and the relationships predicted in the relevant model will be tested with the structural equation modeling. In this context, SPSS and AMOS programs will be used.
Findings- Within the scope of the study, a conceptual model is presented to explore the emergence of customer citizenship behavior in the context of mobile food ordering applications. This model focuses on the customer experience in these applications as a starting point. In this conceptual model, customer experience dimensions are discussed as education, entertainment, escape, and aesthetic factors. It is estimated that these experience factors are positively related to customer satisfaction; it is predicted that customer satisfaction will also positively affect brand commitment and mobile application commitment. It is thought that this two-way customer commitment will eventually lead to customer citizenship behavior towards the relevant application and restaurant brand. It is believed that as a result of testing the presented propositions, useful findings will be obtained for businesses to gain competitive advantage.
Conclusion- The proposed model will make significant contributions to both service businesses such as restaurants/cafes, mobile application developers, and customer citizenship behavior researchers. The findings regarding the relationship between the dimensions of experience and satisfaction will contribute to the regulations and improvements to be made in the relevant sector in an increasingly difficult competitive environment. Understanding the commitment of customers who are satisfied with their experience to the brand and/or mobile application shows a way to establish a long-term relationship between the customer and the business and to make this relationship sustainable. The study will also contribute to the industries in which businesses using food ordering applications operate, by exploiting new potential markets for online purchasing, obtaining an improvement strategy for online services, and making new investment decisions. In addition, this study will contribute to the fields of marketing and consumer behavior by expanding the literature on mobile food ordering applications and customer citizenship behavior, about which there is no intensive literature study yet, although there has been an increasing interest in the digital world recently. These contributions will continue by drawing attention to the variables within the scope of the proposed model, examining the relationships between them, and obtaining the findings through the relevant tests to be carried out in the future.

References

  • Ahearne, M., Bhattacharya, C. B., & Gruen, T. (2005). Antecedents and consequences of customer-company identification: expanding the role of relationship marketing. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90(3), 574-585.
  • Ahn, J. (2021). Exploring perceived innovation in building customers’ patronizing behavior in the food delivery service context. International Journal of Quality and Service Sciences, 14(2), 258-273
  • Al Amin, M., Arefin, M. S., Alam, M. R., Ahammad, T., & Hoque, M. R. (2021). Using mobile food delivery applications during COVID-19 pandemic: An extended model of planned behavior. Journal of Food Products Marketing, 27(2), 105-126.
  • Allied Market Research. (2017). Food delivery mobile application. Erişim adresi https://www.alliedmarketresearch.com/food-delivery-mobile-application-market
  • Anaza, N. A. (2014). Personality antecedents of customer citizenship behaviors in online shopping situations. Psychology & Marketing, 31(4), 251-263.
  • Anaza, N. A., & Zhao, J. (2013). Encounter-based antecedents of e-customer citizenship behaviors. Journal of Services Marketing, 27(2), 130–140.
  • Balaji, M. S. (2014). Managing customer citizenship behavior: A relationship perspective. Journal of Strategic Marketing, 22(3), 222-239.
  • Bellman, S., Potter, R. F., Treleaven-Hassard, S., Robinson, J. A., & Varan, D. (2011). The effectiveness of branded mobile phone apps. Journal of Interactive Marketing, 25(4), 191-200.
  • Bettencourt, L. A. (1997). Customer voluntary performance: Customers as partners in service delivery. Journal of Retailing, 73(3), 383-406.
  • Blau, P. (1964), Exchange and Power in Social Life, Wiley, New York.
  • Bove, L. L., Pervan, S. J., Beatty, S. E., & Shiu, E. (2009). Service worker role in encouraging customer organizational citizenship behaviors. Journal of Business Research, 62(7), 698-705.
  • Choi, L., & Lotz, S. (2016). Motivations leading to customer citizenship behavior in services: scale development and validation. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 33(7), 539-551.
  • Curth, S., Uhrich, S., & Benkenstein, M. (2014). How commitment to fellow customers affects the customer-firm relationship and customer citizenship behavior. Journal of Services Marketing, 28(2), 147-158.
  • Dirsehan, T., & Cankat, E. (2021). Role of mobile food-ordering applications in developing restaurants’ brand satisfaction and loyalty in the pandemic period. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 62, 102608.
  • Ford, W. S. Z. (1995). Evaluation of the indirect influence of courteous service on customer discretionary behavior. Human Communication Research, 22(1), 65-89.
  • Fowler, J. G. (2013). Customer citizenship behavior: an expanded theoretical understanding. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 4(5), 1-8.
  • Geyskens, I., Steenkamp, J. B. E., Scheer, L. K., & Kumar, N. (1996). The effects of trust and interdependence on relationship commitment: A trans-Atlantic study. International Journal of Research in Marketing, 13(4), 303-317.
  • Gong, T., Yi, Y. (2021). A review of customer citizenship behaviors in the service context. The Service Industries Journal, 41(3-4), 169-199.
  • Groth, M. (2005). Customers as good soldiers: Examining citizenship behaviors in internet service deliveries. Journal of Management, 31(1), 7-27.
  • Huang, Y. C., Chang, L. L., Yu, C. P., & Chen, J. (2019). Examining an extended technology acceptance model with experience construct on hotel consumers’ adoption of mobile applications. Journal of Hospitality Marketing & Management, 28(8), 957-980.
  • Jaakkola, E., & Alexander, M. (2014). The role of customer engagement behavior in value co-creation: a service system perspective. Journal of Service Research, 17(3), 247-261.
  • Johnson, J. W., & Rapp, A. (2010). A more comprehensive understanding and measure of customer helping behavior. Journal of Business Research, 63(8), 787-792.
  • Meyer, C., Schwager, A. (2007). Understanding customer experience. Harvard Business Review, 85(2), 116.
  • Oliver, R. L. (1980). A cognitive model of the antecedents and consequences of satisfaction decisions. Journal of Marketing Research, 17(4), 460-469.
  • Organ, D. W. (1988). Organizational citizenship behavior: The good soldier syndrome. Lexington Books/D. C. Heath and Com, Lexington.
  • Pal, D., Funilkul, S., Eamsinvattana, W., & Siyal, S. (2021). Using online food delivery applications during the COVID-19 lockdown period: What drives University Students’ satisfaction and loyalty?. Journal of Foodservice Business Research. https://doi.org/10.1080/15378020.2021.1964419
  • Raza, M., Salleh, S., Tariq, B., Altayyar, R., & Shaari, H. (2020). Investigating the effects of customer-based brand equity on turnover intentions with mediating effect of customer citizenship behavior. Management Science Letters, 10(2), 279-286.
  • Revilla-Camacho, M. Á., Vega-Vázquez, M., & Cossío-Silva, F. J. (2015). Customer participation and citizenship behavior effects on turnover intention. Journal of Business Research, 68(7), 1607-1611.
  • Shipman, Z. D. (2019). Understanding online food ordering: How the process results in satisfaction of the customers. Beykoz Akademi Dergisi, 7(2), 81-90.
  • Tambe, S. (2014). A study of organizational citizenship behaviour (OCB) and its dimensions: a literature review. International Research Journal of Business and Management, 1, 67-73.
  • Taylor, S. (2021). Campus dining goes mobile: Intentions of college students to adopt a mobile food-ordering app. Journal of Foodservice Business Research, 24(2), 121-139.
  • Wang, Y. S., Tseng, T. H., Wang, W. T., Shih, Y. W., & Chan, P. Y. (2019). Developing and validating a mobile catering app success model. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 77, 19-30.
  • Wang, Z. (2021). Experiential marketing: Will it affect customer citizenship behavior? An empirical study of multiple mediation model in Thailand. Journal of Community Psychology, 49(6), 1767-1786.
  • We Are Social & Hootsuite (2022). Digital 2022 Global Overview Report. Erişim adresi https://wearesocial.com/uk/blog/2022/01/digital-2022-another-year-of-bumper-growth-2/
  • Xie, L., Poon, P., & Zhang, W. (2017). Brand experience and customer citizenship behavior: the role of brand relationship quality. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 34(3), 268-280.
  • Yi, Y., Gong, T. (2006). The antecedents and consequences of service customer citizenship and badness behavior. Seoul Journal of Business, 12(2), 145-176.
There are 36 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Finance, Business Administration
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Ilknur Akbas This is me 0000-0002-2930-5743

Nilsah Cavdar Aksoy This is me 0000-0003-0734-3930

Alev Kocak Alan This is me 0000-0002-1060-1593

Ebru Tumer Kabadayı This is me 0000-0002-0673-6866

Publication Date July 30, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022 Volume: 15 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Akbas, I., Aksoy, N. C., Alan, A. K., Kabadayı, E. T. (2022). MÜŞTERİ VATANDAŞLIK DAVRANIŞININ DİJİTAL DÜNYADAKİ YÜKSELEN DEĞERİ. PressAcademia Procedia, 15(1), 169-172. https://doi.org/10.17261/Pressacademia.2022.1611
AMA Akbas I, Aksoy NC, Alan AK, Kabadayı ET. MÜŞTERİ VATANDAŞLIK DAVRANIŞININ DİJİTAL DÜNYADAKİ YÜKSELEN DEĞERİ. PAP. July 2022;15(1):169-172. doi:10.17261/Pressacademia.2022.1611
Chicago Akbas, Ilknur, Nilsah Cavdar Aksoy, Alev Kocak Alan, and Ebru Tumer Kabadayı. “MÜŞTERİ VATANDAŞLIK DAVRANIŞININ DİJİTAL DÜNYADAKİ YÜKSELEN DEĞERİ”. PressAcademia Procedia 15, no. 1 (July 2022): 169-72. https://doi.org/10.17261/Pressacademia.2022.1611.
EndNote Akbas I, Aksoy NC, Alan AK, Kabadayı ET (July 1, 2022) MÜŞTERİ VATANDAŞLIK DAVRANIŞININ DİJİTAL DÜNYADAKİ YÜKSELEN DEĞERİ. PressAcademia Procedia 15 1 169–172.
IEEE I. Akbas, N. C. Aksoy, A. K. Alan, and E. T. Kabadayı, “MÜŞTERİ VATANDAŞLIK DAVRANIŞININ DİJİTAL DÜNYADAKİ YÜKSELEN DEĞERİ”, PAP, vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 169–172, 2022, doi: 10.17261/Pressacademia.2022.1611.
ISNAD Akbas, Ilknur et al. “MÜŞTERİ VATANDAŞLIK DAVRANIŞININ DİJİTAL DÜNYADAKİ YÜKSELEN DEĞERİ”. PressAcademia Procedia 15/1 (July 2022), 169-172. https://doi.org/10.17261/Pressacademia.2022.1611.
JAMA Akbas I, Aksoy NC, Alan AK, Kabadayı ET. MÜŞTERİ VATANDAŞLIK DAVRANIŞININ DİJİTAL DÜNYADAKİ YÜKSELEN DEĞERİ. PAP. 2022;15:169–172.
MLA Akbas, Ilknur et al. “MÜŞTERİ VATANDAŞLIK DAVRANIŞININ DİJİTAL DÜNYADAKİ YÜKSELEN DEĞERİ”. PressAcademia Procedia, vol. 15, no. 1, 2022, pp. 169-72, doi:10.17261/Pressacademia.2022.1611.
Vancouver Akbas I, Aksoy NC, Alan AK, Kabadayı ET. MÜŞTERİ VATANDAŞLIK DAVRANIŞININ DİJİTAL DÜNYADAKİ YÜKSELEN DEĞERİ. PAP. 2022;15(1):169-72.

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