Research Article

Evaluation of Diffusing Capacity for Carbon Monoxide (DLCO) and DLCO/VA (KCO) Across Different Lung Disease Phenotypes

Volume: 19 Number: 1 January 8, 2026
EN TR

Evaluation of Diffusing Capacity for Carbon Monoxide (DLCO) and DLCO/VA (KCO) Across Different Lung Disease Phenotypes

Abstract

Purpose: Pulmonary function tests (PFTs) and diffusion capacity measurements, particularly DLCO and KCO (DLCO/VA), are essential for evaluating gas exchange impairment in various lung diseases. While DLCO reflects overall diffusion capacity, KCO may better discriminate between different pathophysiological mechanisms, especially in restrictive and obstructive lung disorders. Materials and methods: This retrospective, observational case-control study included 100 patients over 18 years of age followed at our clinic between January 2019 and June 2024 with complete PFT and DLCO data. Patients were divided into four groups: idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF, n=25), hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HSP, n=25), emphysema-dominant COPD (n=25), and chronic pleuroparenchymal fibroelastosis (KPFA, n=25). Groups were balanced by consecutively including patients after identifying 25 newly diagnosed IPF cases. Results: Mean DLCO values were reduced across all groups (42-51%), with no statistically significant differences (p=0.182). In contrast, KCO values differed significantly among groups (p<0.001), with emphysema patients showing markedly lower KCO compared to IPF and HSP groups, reflecting impaired gas exchange efficiency per unit alveolar volume. TLC values did not differ significantly (p=0.165), while spirometric parameters demonstrated characteristic obstructive patterns in emphysema and relatively preserved values in fibrotic diseases. These findings highlight the importance of assessing KCO alongside DLCO and VA to better distinguish between parenchymal and extraparenchymal restrictive disorders. Conclusion: While DLCO alone cannot reliably differentiate lung disease subtypes, KCO provides a more sensitive measure of underlying pathophysiology. By supporting previously reported and sometimes controversial literature values with real-world patient data, this study contributes meaningful evidence to the clinical interpretation of diffusion parameters. Integrating KCO, DLCO, and VA measurements enhances diagnostic accuracy and understanding of gas exchange abnormalities across distinct lung diseases.

Keywords

Supporting Institution

None

Ethical Statement

This study was carried out in accordance with the Helsinki Declaration and was approved by the Pamukkale University Non-Interventional Clinical Research Ethics Committee (Date: October 22, 2024; Decision No: 18).

References

  1. Pellegrino R, Viegi G, Brusasco V, et al. Interpretative strategies for lung function tests. Eur Respir J. 2005;26(5):948-968. doi:10.1183/09031936.05.00035205
  2. Graham BL, Steenbruggen I, Miller MR, et al. Standardization of Spirometry 2019 Update. An Official American Thoracic Society and European Respiratory Society Technical Statement. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2019;200(8):e70-e88. doi:10.1164/rccm.201908-1590ST
  3. Wanger J, Clausen JL, Coates A, et al. Standardisation of the measurement of lung volumes. Eur Respir J. 2005;26(3):511-522. doi:10.1183/09031936.05.00035005
  4. Macintyre N, Crapo RO, Viegi G, et al. Standardisation of the single-breath determination of carbon monoxide uptake in the lung. Eur Respir J. 2005;26(4):720-735. doi:10.1183/09031936.05.00034905
  5. Hughes JM, Pride NB. Examination of the carbon monoxide diffusing capacity (DL(CO)) in relation to its KCO and VA components. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2012;186(2):132-139. doi:10.1164/rccm.201112-2160CI
  6. Myrberg T, Lindberg A, Eriksson B, et al. Restrictive spirometry versus restrictive lung function using the GLI reference values. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging. 2022;42(3):181-189. doi:10.1111/cpf.12745
  7. Turkish Thoracic Society. Interpretation of Pulmonary Diffusion Capacity: Consensus Report. Ankara: Turkish Thoracic Society; 2022.
  8. Stanojevic S, Graham BL, Cooper BG, et al. Official ERS technical standards: Global Lung Function Initiative reference values for the carbon monoxide transfer factor for Caucasians. Eur Respir J. 2017;50(3):1700010. doi:10.1183/13993003.00010-2017

Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Chest Diseases

Journal Section

Research Article

Early Pub Date

January 8, 2026

Publication Date

January 8, 2026

Submission Date

October 17, 2025

Acceptance Date

November 26, 2025

Published in Issue

Year 2026 Volume: 19 Number: 1

AMA
1.Yiğit N, Sönmez G, Şenol H, Altınışık Ergur G. Evaluation of Diffusing Capacity for Carbon Monoxide (DLCO) and DLCO/VA (KCO) Across Different Lung Disease Phenotypes. Pam Med J. 2026;19(1):109-117. doi:10.31362/patd.1804028

Creative Commons Lisansı
Pamukkale Medical Journal is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License