İn vivo floresan görüntüleme ve in vivo uygulamalarda kullanılan florofor bileşikler

Öz

Bir dalga boyundaki ışıkla uyarıldığında, daha uzun dalga boyunda ışık üreten maddelere (moleküllere/bileşiklere) floresan maddeler; bu olguya floresan ışıma denir. Geleneksel olarak kültür ve hücre izlemelerinde kullanılan floresan ışımaya dayalı görüntüleme teknikleri, son on-yıllarda in vivo izlemelerde de kullanılmaya başlanmıştır. FLIM, FRET, FRI gibi in vivo görüntüleme düzenekleri çoğunlukla küçük laboratuvar hayvanlarına uygulanırlar ve ilgilenilen protein veya biyo-molekülün gerçek zaman-mekanda in vivo görüntülerinin alınmasını olanaklı kılarlar. Bu düzenekler genel olarak, hayvanın üzerine konacağı sahne,  bir floresan uyarıcı ışık kaynağı,  gelen ve emisyon ışık filtreleri, kamera aparatı (CCD kamera) ve dataları alıp analiz eden bir yazılım programı elemanlarından oluşmaktadırlar. Herhangi bir in vivo izleme sisteminde, öncelikle hedef protein ya bir doğal floresan reporter proteinle kaynaştırılır ya da uygun görülen floresan boya (florofor bileşik) ile kimyasal olarak işaretlenir; bundan sonra işaretli protein canlı bünyede izlenir. Başarılı bir in vivo izleme için uygun floresan probun seçilmesi çok önemlidir. İn vivo uygulamalarda kullanılan floresan problar genel olarak hedef gözetmeyen problar, hedefli aktif problar, hedefli aktive edilebilen problar ve nano-partiküller şeklinde sınıflandırılabilirler. Bu konudaki teknolojinin ilerlemesi ve daha etkili floresan probların keşfedilmesi floresan ışımaya dayalı in vivo izlemelerin daha yaygın olarak kullanılmalarına yol açacaktır.  Bu izlemeler sayesinde hastalıkların etiyoloji, prognoz ve tedavi süreçleri hakkında daha detaylı bilgilere ulaşılacağı öngörülmektedir. Bu derlemede floresan ışımanın mekanizması, floresan ışıma prensibine dayalı olarak çalışan ve önemli görülen in vivo görüntüleme sistemleri ve florofor bileşikler hakkında bilgi verilmesi ve konuyla ilgili önemli çalışmaların gözden geçirilmesi hedeflenmiştir. 

Anahtar Kelimeler

• floresan,prob,ışıma,görüntüleme,teknik

In vivo fluorescent imaging and fluorophores used in in-vivo applications

Abstract

Substances that absorb light at specific wavelengths and emit light at longer wavelengths are defined as fluorescent substances and this event is defined as fluorescence. Fluorescence imaging techniques have conventionally been used in culture and cell assays, but in the last decades those techniques have come into use in in-vivo assays. In vivo fluorescent assay set-ups such as FLIM, FRET, FRI, which are mostly applied to small laboratory animals, provide spatiotemporal in vivo images of any protein or biomolecule. Those set-ups constitute mainly from animal placement stage, convenient light source, excitation and emission light filters, camera (charge couple device, CCD) and data collecting and processing software components. For any fluorescent in vivo assay system, firstly target protein is fused to a florescent reporter or bound to appropriate fluorophore and then this fusion or tagged protein is visualized in the body of live animal. Selection of proper fluorescent probe(s) are vitally important for functionality of assay system. In vivo fluorescent probes can be classified as non-targeting probes, active targeting probes, activable targeting probes and fluorescent nanoparticles. Technological advancements in this field and exploration of new effective fluorescent probes will further generalize the use of fluorescence-based in-vivo assays which will provide deep insights into etiology, prognosis and treatment aspects of diseases.  In this study, it was aimed to review important studies and provide knowledge about general mechanism of fluorescence, in-vivo applicable fluorophore compounds and some fluorescence-based in vivo imaging techniques. 

Keywords

• fluorescence,probe,emission,imaging,technique

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