USE OF EXPERIMENTAL METHODS IN THE FIELD OF MIGRATION STUDIES

Abstract

Experimental methods provide social scientists with unique opportunities to investigate research questions that cannot be answered by other observational methods and allow them to establish casual relationships. With those attributes, experimental methods have been increasingly employed in the field of migration studies. The current study briefly introduces different experimental methods and discusses their use in migration studies by drawing on an extensive literature review.

Keywords

• Migration studies
• experimental methods
• natural experiments
• field experiments
• survey experiments
• laboratory experiments

GÖÇ ÇALIŞMALARI ALANINDA DENEYSEL METOT KULLANIMI

Abstract

Sosyal bilimlerde deneysel yöntemlerin kullanımı araştırmacılara diğer niceliksel ve niteliksel araştırma yöntemleriyle yanıtlanması mümkün olmayan soruları yanıtlama ve incelenen nedensellik ilişkilerini bağlı oldukları diğer faktörlerden yalıtarak inceleme fırsatı sunmaktadır. Bu yönleriyle deneysel yöntemler göç çalışmaları alanında da giderek artan bir oranda kullanılmaya başlanmıştır. Deneysel yöntemlerin ana hatlarıyla tanıtıldığı bu çalışmada ayrıca farklı deney türlerinin metotların göç çalışmaları alanında hangi konu ve araştırma soruları için yaygın olarak kullanıldıkları kapsamlı bir literatür taraması aracılığıyla sunulmaktadır.

Keywords

• Göç çalışmaları
• deneysel yöntem
• doğal deney
• saha deneyi
• anket deneyi
• laboratuvar deneyi

References

1. Adams, G., Tormala, T. T., ve O’Brien, L. T. (2006). "The Effect of Self-Affirmation on Perception of Racism", Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, Cilt 42, Sayı 5, s. 616–626.
2. Aksu, E., Erzan, R., ve Kırdar, M. G. (2018). "The Impact of Mass Migration of Syrians on the Turkish Labor Market", Working Paper No. 1815, Koç University- TÜSİAD Economic Research Forum (ERF), Istanbul.
3. Alarian, H. M., ve Neureiter, M. (2021). "Values or Origin? Mandatory Immigrant Integration and Immigration Attitudes in Europe", Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, Cilt 47, Sayı 5, s. 1006–1027.
4. Aranguren, M., Madrisotti, F., ve Durmaz-Martins, E. (2021). "Anti-Muslim Behaviour in Everyday Interaction: Evidence from a Field Experiment in Paris", Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, doi:10.1080/1369183X.2021.1953378.
5. Atzmüller, C., ve Steiner, P. M. (2010). "Experimental Vignette Studies in Survey Research", Methodology, Cilt 6, Sayı 3, s. 128–138.
6. Auer, D. (2018). "Language Roulette–The Effect of Random Placement on Refugees’ Labour Market Integration", Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, Cilt 44, Sayı 3, s. 341–362.
7. Aytaç, S. E., ve Çarkoğlu, A. (2019). "Ethnicity and Religiosity-Based Prejudice in Turkey: Evidence from a Survey Experiment", International Political Science Review, Cilt 40, Sayı 1, s. 58–72.
8. Badea, C., Binning, K. R., Sherman, D. K., Boza, M., ve Kende, A. (2021). "Conformity to Group Norms: How Group-Affirmation Shapes Collective Action", Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, Cilt 95, 104153.

9. Bah, T. L., ve Batista, C. (2020). "Why Do People Migrate Irregularly? Evidence from a Lab-in-the-Field Experiment in West Africa", Kellogg Institute for International Studies Working Paper No 435.
10. Baláž, V., ve Williams, A. M. (2017). "Experimental Research Methods in Migration: From Natural to True Experiments", Population, Space and Place, Cilt 23, e1974.
11. Baldassarri, D., ve Abascal, M. (2017). "Field Experiments Across the Social Sciences", Annual Review of Sociology, Cilt 43, s. 41–73.
12. Balkan, B., Tok, E. Ö., Torun, H., ve Tumen, S. (2018). "Immigration, Housing Rents , and Residential Segregation : Evidence from Syrian Refugees in Turkey", IZA Discussion Paper Series No 11611.
13. Balkan, B., ve Tumen, S. (2016). "Immigration and Prices: Quasi-Experimental Evidence from Syrian Refugees in Turkey", Journal of Population Economics, Cilt 29, Sayı 3, s.657-686.
14. Battisti, M., Giesing, Y., ve Laurentsyeva, N. (2019). "Can Job Search Assistance Improve the Labour Market Integration of Refugees? Evidence from a Field Experiment", Labour Economics, Cilt 61.
15. Bazo Vienrich, A., ve Creighton, M. J. (2018). "What’s Left Unsaid? In-group Solidarity and Ethnic and Racial Differences in Opposition to Immigration in the United States", Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, Cilt 44, Sayı 13, s. 2240–2255.
16. Beam, E. A., McKenzie, D., ve Yang, D. (2016). "Unilateral Facilitation Does Not Raise International Labor Migration from the Philippines", Economic Development and Cultural Change, Cilt 64, Sayı 2, s. 323–368.
17. Bösch, F., ve Su, P. H. (2021). "Competing Contexts of Reception in Refugee and Immigrant Incorporation: Vietnamese in West and East Germany", Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, Cilt 47, Sayı 21, s. 4853–4871.
18. Brauer, M., ve Er-rafiy, A. (2011). "Increasing Perceived Variability Reduces Prejudice and Discrimination", Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, Cilt 47, Sayı 5, s. 871–881.
19. Bryan, G., Chowdhury, S., ve Mobarak, A. M. (2014). "Underinvestment in a Profitable Technology: The Case of Seasonal Migration in Bangladesh", Econometrica, Cilt 82, Sayı 5, s. 1671–1748.
20. Caria, S., Gordon, Grant, Kasy, M., Quinn, S., Shami, S., ve Teytelboym, A. (2021). "An Adaptive Targeted Field Experiment: Job Search Assistance for Refugees in Jordan", CESifo Working Paper No 8535.
21. Carlsson, M., ve Eriksson, S. (2015). "Ethnic Discrimination in the London Market for Shared Housing", Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, Cilt 41, Sayı 8, s. 1276–1301.
22. Ceritoglu, E., Yunculer, H. B. G., Torun, H., ve Tumen, S. (2017). "The Impact of Syrian Refugees on Natives’ Labor Market Outcomes in Turkey: Evidence from a Quasi-Experimental Design", IZA Journal of Labor Policy, Cilt 6, Sayı 1, s. 1–28.
23. Cope, K. L., ve Crabtree, C. (2020). "A Nationalist Backlash to International Refugee Law: Evidence from a Survey Experiment in Turkey", Journal of Empirical Legal Studies, Cilt 17, Sayı 4, s. 752–788.
24. Creighton, M. J., Brenner, P. S., Schmidt, P., ve Zavala-Rojas, D. (2019). "Application of a List Experiment at the Population Level: The Case of Opposition to Immigration in the Netherlands", Experimental Methods in Survey Research: Techniques that Combine Random Sampling with Random Assignment, (Ed: Paul J. Lavrakas, M. W. Traugott, C. Kennedy, A. L. Holbrook, E. D. de Leeuw, ve B. T. West), John Murray Publishers.
25. Creighton, M. J., ve Jamal, A. A. (2020). "An Overstated Welcome: Brexit and Intentionally Masked Anti-Immigrant Sentiment in The UK", Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, Cilt 48, Sayı 5, s. 1051-1071.
26. Dahlberg, M., Egebark, J., Vikman, U., ve Ozcan, G. (2020). "Labor Market Integration of Low-Educated Refugees: RCT Evidence from an Ambitious Integration Program in Sweden", IFN Working Paper No. 1372.
27. Di Stasio, V., Lancee, B., Veit, S., ve Yemane, R. (2021). "Muslim by Default or Religious Discrimination? Results From a Cross-National Field Experiment on Hiring Discrimination", Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, Cilt 47, Sayı 6, s. 1305–1326.
28. Druckman, J. N., Green, D. P., Kuklinski, J. H., ve Lupia, A. (2006). "The Growth and Development of Experimental Research in Political Science", American Political Science Review, Cilt 100, Sayı 4, s. 627–635.
29. Fabbe, K., Hazlett, C., ve Sınmazdemir, T. (2017). "When Exit is an Option: Effects of Indiscriminate Violence on Attitudes among Syrian Refugees in Turkey", Harvard Business School Working Paper 18-024.
30. Fibbi, R., Ruedin, D., Stünzi, R., ve Zschirnt, E. (2021). "Hiring Discrimination on The Basis of Skin Colour? A Correspondence Test in Switzerland", Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, doi:10.1080/1369183X.2021.1999795.
31. Ford, R., ve Mellon, J. (2020). "The Skills Premium and The Ethnic Premium: A Cross-National Experiment on European Attitudes to Immigrants", Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, Cilt 46, Sayı 3, s. 512–532.
32. Fuller, T. D., Lightfoot, P., ve Kamnuansilpa, P. (1985). "Toward Migration Management: A Field Experiment in Thailand", Economic Development ve Cultural Change, Cilt 33, Sayı 3, s. 601–621.
33. Gerber, A. S., ve Green, D. P. (2012). Field Experiments: Design, Analysis, and Interpretation, W. W. Norton & Company, New York. Getmansky, A., Matakos, K., ve Sinmazde, T. (2020). "Diversity without Adversity? Refugees’ Efforts to Integrate Can Partially Offset Identity-Based Biases", ESOC Working Paper No 16.
34. Getmansky, A., Sınmazdemir, T., ve Zeitzoff, T. (2018). "Refugees, Xenophobia, and Domestic Conflict: Evidence From a Survey Experiment in Turkey", Journal of Peace Research, Cilt 55, Sayı 4, s. 491–507.
35. Gevrek, Z. E., Kunt, P., ve Ursprung, H. W. (2021). "Education, Political Discontent, and Emigration Intentions: Evidence From a Natural Experiment in Turkey", Public Choice, Cilt 186, Sayı 3-4, s. 563–585.
36. Glasford, D. E., ve Dovidio, J. F. (2011). "E Pluribus Unum: Dual Identity and Minority Group Members’ Motivation to Engage in Contact, as well as Social Change", Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, Cilt 47, Sayı 5, s. 1021–1024.
37. Guinote, A., Willis, G. B., ve Martellotta, C. (2010). "Social Power Increases Implicit Prejudice", Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, Cilt 46, Sayı 2, s. 299–307.
38. Gusciute, E., Mühlau, P., ve Layte, R. (2022). "Discrimination in The Rental Housing Market: A Field Experiment in Ireland", Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, Cilt 48, Sayı 3, 613–634.
39. Ha, S. E., Cho, S. J., ve Kang, J. H. (2016). "Group Cues and Public Opposition to Immigration: Evidence From a Survey Experiment in South Korea", Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, Cilt 42, Sayı 1, s. 136–149.
40. Hainmueller, J., Hangartner, D., ve Pietrantuono, G. (2017). "Catalyst or Crown: Does Naturalization Promote The Long-Term Social Integration of Immigrants?", American Political Science Review, Cilt 111, Sayı 2, s. 256–276.
41. Hellwig, T., ve Sinno, A. (2017). "Different Groups, Different Threats: Public Attitudes towards Immigrants", Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, Cilt 43, Sayı 3, s. 339–358.
42. Husein, N. Al, ve Wagner, N. (2020). "Determinants of Intended Return Migration among Refugees: A Comparison of Syrian Refugees in Germany", The Institute of Social Studies Working Paper No 659.
43. Iyengar, S. (2011). "Laboratory Experiments in Political Science", Cambridge Handbook Of Experimental Political Science, (Ed: Druckman, J. N., Green, D. P., Kuklinski, H. ve A. Lupia), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
44. Kittel, B., ve Morton, R. B. (2012). "Introduction: Experimental Political Science in Perspective", Experimental Political Science: Principles and Practices, (Ed: B. Kittel, W. L. Luhan, ve R. B. Morton), Palgrave Macmillan, Hampshire.
45. Kteily, N., Ho, A. K., ve Sidanius, J. (2012). "Hierarchy in the Mind: The Predictive Power of Social Dominance Orientation across Social Contexts and Domains", Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, Cilt 48, Sayı 2, s. 543–549.
46. Kuklinski, J. H., Sniderman, P. M., Knight, K., Piazza, T., Tetlock, P. E., Lawrence, G. R., ve Mellers, B. (1997). "Racial Prejudice and Attitudes toward Affirmative Action", American Journal of Political Science, Cilt 41, Sayı 2, s. 402-419.
47. Kustov, A. (2022). "‘Bloom Where You’re Planted’: Explaining Public Opposition to (E)migration", Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, Cilt 48, Sayı 5, s. 1113–1132.
48. Lazarev, E., ve Sharma, K. (2017). "Brother or Burden: An Experiment on Reducing Prejudice Toward Syrian Refugees in Turkey", Political Science Research and Methods, Cilt 5, Sayı 2, s. 201–219.
49. Leatherdale, S. T. (2019). "Natural Experiment Methodology for Research: A Review of How Different Methods Can Support Real-World Research", International Journal of Social Research Methodology, Cilt 22, Sayı 1, s. 19–35.
50. Levin, S., Matthews, M., Guimond, S., Sidanius, J., Pratto, F., Kteily, N., Pitpitan, E. V., ve Dover, T. (2012). "Assimilation, Multiculturalism, and Colorblindness: Mediated and Moderated Relationships between Social Dominance Orientation and Prejudice", Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, Cilt 48, Sayı 1, s. 207–212.
51. Levitt, S. D., ve List, J. A. (2009). "Field Experiments in Economics: The Past, the Present, and the Future", European Economic Review, Cilt 53, Sayı 1, s. 1–18.
52. Liebe, U., ve Beyer, H. (2021). "Examining Discrimination in Everyday Life: A Stated Choice Experiment on Racism in The Sharing Economy", Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, Cilt 47, Sayı 9, s. 2065–2088.
53. McKenzie, D., Gibson, J., ve Stillman, S. (2010). "How Important is Selection? Experimental vs. non-Experimental Measures of The Income Gains from Migration", Journal of the European Economic Association, Cilt 8, Sayı 4, s. 913–945.
54. Mckenzie, D., ve Yang, D. (2010). "Experimental Approaches in Migration Studies Experimental Approaches in Migration Studies", IZA Discussion Paper No.5125.
55. Morton, R. B., ve Williams, K. C. (2006). "Experimentation in Political Science", The Oxford Handbook of Political Methodology, (Ed: J. M. Box-Steffensmeier, H. E. Brady, ve D. Collier), Oxford University Press, Oxford.
56. Motyl, M., Hart, J., Pyszczynski, T., Weise, D., Maxfield, M., ve Siedel, A. (2011). "Subtle Priming of Shared Human Experiences Eliminates Threat-Induced Negativity toward Arabs, Immigrants, and Peace-Making", Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, Cilt 47, Sayı 6, s. 1179–1184.
57. Motyl, M., Iyer, R., Oishi, S., Trawalter, S., ve Nosek, B. A. (2014). "How Ideological Migration Geographically Segregates Groups", Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, Cilt 51, s. 1–14.
58. Mullinix, K. J., Leeper, T. J., Druckman, J. N., ve Freese, J. (2015). "The Generalizability of Survey Experiments", Journal of Experimental Political Science, Cilt 2, Sayı 2, s. 109–138.
59. Mutz, D. C. (2011). Population-Based Survey Experiments. Princeton University Press, Princeton.
60. Mutz, D. C., ve Pemantle, R. (2015). "Standards for Experimental Research: Encouraging a Better Understanding of Experimental Methods", Journal of Experimental Political Science, Cilt 2, s. 192–215.
61. Nannestad, P., Svendsen, G. T., Dinesen, P. T., ve Sønderskov, K. M. (2014). "Do Institutions or Culture Determine the Level of Social Trust? The Natural Experiment of Migration from Non-western to Western Countries", Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, Cilt 40, Sayı 4, s. 544–565.
62. Orr, R., Sharratt, K., ve Iqbal, M. (2019). "American Indian Erasure and the Logic of Elimination: An Experimental Study of Depiction and Support for Resources and Rights for Tribes", Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, Cilt 45, Sayı 11, s. 2078–2099.
63. Ramos, M., Thijssen, L., ve Coenders, M. (2021). "Labour Market Discrimination against Moroccan Minorities in The Netherlands and Spain: A Cross-National and Cross-Regional Comparison", Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, Cilt 47, Sayı 6, s. 1261–1284.
64. Roth, A. E. (2015). "Introduction to Experimental Economics", The Handbook of Experimental Economics (Ed: J. H. Kagel ve A. E. Roth), Princeton University Press, Princeton.
65. Sawert, T. (2020). "Understanding The Mechanisms of Ethnic Discrimination: A Field Experiment on Discrimination against Turks, Syrians and Americans in The Berlin Shared Housing Market", Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, Cilt 46, Sayı 19, s. 3937–3954.
66. Sniderman, P. M. (2011). "The Logic and Design of the Survey Experiment: An Autobiography of a Methodological Innovation", Cambridge Handbook Of Experimental Political Science, (Ed: J. N. Druckman, D. P. Green, J. H. Kuklinski, ve A. Lupia), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
67. Sniderman, P. M., ve Grob, D. B. (1996). "Innovations in Experimental Design in Attitude Surveys", Annual Review of Sociology, ilt 22, s. 377–399.
68. Soylu Yalcinkaya, N., Branscombe, N. R., Gebauer, F., Niedlich, C., ve Hakim, N. H. (2018). "Can They Ever Be One of Us? Perceived Cultural Malleability of Refugees and Policy Support in Host Nations", Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, Cilt 78, s. 125–133.
69. Steiner, P. M., Atzmüller, C., ve Su, D. (2016). "Designing Valid and Reliable Vignette Experiments for Survey Research: A Case Study on the Fair Gender Income Gap", Journal of Methods and Measurement in the Social Sciences, Cilt 7, Sayı 2, s. 52–94.
70. Stillman, S., McKenzie, D., ve Gibson, J. (2009). "Migration and Mental Health: Evidence from a Natural Experiment", Journal of Health Economics, Cilt 28, Sayı 3, s. 677–687.
71. Tumen, S. (2016). "The Economic Impact of Syrian Refugees on Host Countries: Quasi-Experimental Evidence from Turkey", American Economic Review, Cilt 106, Sayı 5, s. 456–460.
72. Turper, S. (2017). "Fearing What? Vignette Experiments on Anti-Immigrant Sentiments", Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, Cilt 43, Sayı 11, s. 1792–1812.
73. Turper, S., Iyengar, S., Aarts, K., ve van Gerven, M. (2015). "Who is Less Welcome?: The Impact of Individuating Cues on Attitudes towards Immigrants", Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, Cilt 41, Sayı 2, s. 239–259.
74. Uyan Semerci, P., ve Erdoğan, E. (2021). Toplumsal Araştırma Yöntemleri için Bir Rehber: Gereklilikler, Sınırlılıklar ve İncelikler. İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları, İstanbul.
75. Uysal, D. M., ve Aydın Çakır, A. (2020). "An Experimental Study on the Variation of Attitudes towards Syrian Refugees in Turkey", Marmara Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilimler Dergisi, Cilt 8, Sayı 2, s. 274–296.
76. Valentino, N. A., Soroka, S. N., Iyengar, S., Aalberg, T., Duch, R., Fraile, M., Hahn, K. S., Hansen, K. M., Harell, A., Helbling, M., Jackman, S. D., ve Kobayashi, T. (2017). "Economic and Cultural Drivers of Immigrant Support Worldwide", British Journal of Political Science, Cilt 49, Sayı 4, s. 1201-1226.
77. Van der Bracht, K., Coenen, A., ve Van de Putte, B. (2015). "The Not-in-My-Property Syndrome: The Occurrence of Ethnic Discrimination in the Rental Housing Market in Belgium", Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, Cilt 41, Sayı 1, s. 158–175.
78. Vergani, M., ve Tacchi, E. M. (2016). "When Catholics Turn Right: The Effects of The Islamic Terrorism Threat on the Fragmented Catholic Italian Voters", Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, Cilt 42, Sayı 11, s. 1885–1903.
79. Vernby, K., ve Dancygier, R. (2019). "Can immigrants Counteract Employer Discrimination? A Factorial Field Experiment Reveals the Immutability of Ethnic Hierarchies", PLoS ONE, Cilt 14, Sayı 7, s. 1–19.
80. Viceisza, A. C. G. (2016). "Creating a Lab in the Field: Economics Experiments for Policymaking", Journal of Economic Surveys, Cilt 30, Sayı 5, s. 835–854.
81. Vidigal, R. (2018). "Affirmative Action Attitudes of Whites: Evidence from a List Experiment Survey in Brazil", Brazilian Political Science Review, Cilt 12, Sayı 2, s. 1–31.
82. Vrânceanu, A., Heidland, T., Ruhs, M., ve Dinas, E. (2021). "International Cooperation on Migration: What Do Domestic Publics Want?" SSRN Electronic Journal, May.
83. West, K., ve Bruckmüller, S. (2013). "Nice and Easy Does It: How Perceptual Fluency Moderates the Effectiveness of Imagined Contact", Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, Cilt 49, Sayı 2, s. 254–262.
84. Whitaker, B. E., ve Doces, J. A. (2021). "Naturalise or Deport? The Distinct Logics of Support for Different Immigration Outcomes", Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, doi:10.1080/1369183X.2021.1875812 .
85. Williamson, H., Murphy, K., ve Madon, N. S. (2022). "The Negative Implications of Relative Deprivation: An Experiment of Vicarious Police Contact and Muslims’ Perceptions of Police Bias", Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, doi: 10.1080/1369183X.2022.2058472 .
86. Yang, D. (2006). "Why Do Migrants Return to Poor Countries? Evidence from Philippine Migrants’ Responses to Exchange Rate Shocks", Review of Economics and Statistics, Cilt 88, Sayı 4, s. 715–735.
87. Yemane, R., ve Fernández-Reino, M. (2021). "Latinos in The United States and in Spain: The Impact of Ethnic Group Stereotypes on Labour Market Outcomes", Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, Cilt 47, Sayı 6, s. 1240–1260.
88. Zagefka, H., Tip, L. K., González, R., Brown, R., ve Cinnirella, M. (2012). "Predictors of Majority Members’ Acculturation Preferences: Experimental Evidence", Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, Cilt 48, Sayı, s. 654–659.
89. Zhao, X., ve Biernat, M. (2017). “'Welcome to The U.S.' But 'Change Your Name'? Adopting Anglo Names and Discrimination", Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, Cilt 70, s. 59–68.