Uygun fiyatlı veya satın alınabilir konut sayısındaki azalma Atlanta’da önemli bir sorun olarak görülmektedir. Uygun fiyatlı konutlar, özellikle düşük gelirli haneler için yetersiz kalmakta ve arzın talebi karşılamaması neticesinde, suç, zayıf pazar gücü ve ırk ayrımı ortaya çıkmaktadır. Çalışma ile öncelikle demografik veriler, hane halkı geliri ve konut fiyatları gibi farklı değişkenler çerçevesinde konut politikaları ve bu politikalara esas teşkil eden yasal düzenlemeler incelenmektedir. Projeye dahil olan kurumların yetkilileri ile gerçekleştirilen yüz yüze görüşmeler sonucunda paydaş katılım süreçleri araştırılarak projedeki rolleri tartışılmaktadır. Proje maliyetinin karşılanması ve paydaş katılımı açısından projenin değerlendirilmesi sonucunda daha güçlü konut politikaları ile düşük gelirli haneler için erişilebilir konutlar arasında pozitif bir ilişkinin olduğu vurgulanmaktadır.
Bu araştırma süresince akademik olarak her anlamda destekleyen ve çalışmalarıma yön veren TÜBİTAK'a sunmuş olduğu imkanlar için teşekkür ederim.
References
Atlanta Civic Circle (2021). For Your Information: What is AMI?. Erişim Tarihi: 28.12.2021. Erişim Adresi: https://atlantaciviccircle.org/2021/08/13/for-your-information-what-is-ami/
Atlanta Housing Authority. (2015). Erişim Tarihi: 21.10.2021. Erişim Adresi:https://www.atlantahousing.org/
Atlanta Regional Commission. (2011). Plan 2040: Framework. Erişim Tarihi: 08.02.2022. Erişim Adresi: https://atlantaregional.org/
BeltLine. (2022). The Project. Erişim Tarihi: 17.01.2022. Erişim Adresi: https://beltline.org/2022/01/05/atlanta-beltline-measuring-equity-and-inclusion-to-track-impact-on-key-quality-of-life-metrics/
Berke, P.R. ve Conroy, M.M. (2000). “Planning for Sustainable Development: Measuring and Explaining Progress in Plans”, Journal of the American Planning Association, 66(1), 21- 33.
Borchard, L. (2002). Local Governmental Strategies to Promote, Create and Maintain Affordable Housing in The City Of Atlanta. Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Georgia Üniversitesi, Şehir ve Bölge Planlama Bölümü, s. 76 Yunanistan.
Burby, R.J. (2003). “Making Plans That Matter: Citizen İnvolvement And Government Action”, Journal of the American Planning Association, 69 (1), 33- 49. doi: 10.1080/01944360308976292
City of Atlanta. (2013). Creating Linkages and Eliminating Barriers: The Strategic Community Investment (SCI) Report. Erişim Tarihi: 18.11.2021. Erişim Adresi: https://www.atlantaga.gov/home/showdocument?id=10663
City of Atlanta. (2021a). Erişim Tarihi: 20.01.2022. Erişim Adresi: https://www.atlantaga.gov/government/mayor-s-office/projects-and-initiatives/affordable-housing-dashboard
City of Atlanta. (2021b). Erişim Tarihi: 08.01.2022. Erişim Adresi: https://www.atlantaga.gov/visitors/history
City of Atlanta. (2021c). Erişim Tarihi: 15.12.2021. Erişim Adresi: https://www.atlantaga.gov/government/mayor-s-office/projects-and-initiatives/housing-affordability-action-plan
Conroy, M. ve Berke, P. (2004). “What Makes A Good Sustainable Development Plan? An Analysis of Factors That Influence Principles of Sustainable Development”, Environment and Planning A, 36 (8), 1381-1396. doi: 10.1068/a367.
Conroy, M. M. ve Jun, H.-J. (2016). “Planning Process Influences on Sustainability in Ohio Township Plans”, Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, 59(11), 2007-2023. doi: 10.1080/09640568.201 5.1103709
DeBray, E.H. (2021). The Politics of Fair and Affordable Housing in Metropolitan Atlanta: Challenges for Educational Opportunity. Erişim Tarihi: 20.11.2021. Erişim Adresi: http://eScholarship.org/uc/ucbgse_bre-https://doi.org/10.5070/B810253852
Engelsman, U., Rowe, M. ve Southern, A. (2016). “Community Land Trusts, Affordable Housing and Community Organising in Low-İncome Neighbourhoods”, International Journal of Housing Policy, 18(1), 103-123. doi: 10.1080/14616718.2016.1198082
Fricker , R.D. ve Hengartner , N.W. (2001). “Environmental Equity and The Distribution of Toxic Release Inventory and Other Environmentally Undesirable Sites in Metropolitan New York City”, Environmental and Ecological
Statistics, 8(1), 33-52. doi: 10.1023/a:1009649815643
Georgia Demographics. (2021). Is Atlanta The Best Georgia City For Your Business? Erişim Tarihi: 04.01.2022. Erişim Adresi: https://www.georgia demographics.com/atlanta-demographics.
Georgia Department of Community Affairs. (2017). Planning Laws, Rules, & Guidance. Erişim Tarihi: 28.12.2021. Erişim Adresi. http://www.dca.ga.gov/development/ PlanningQualityGrowth/PAGES/Legal.asp#DEPARTMENTAL
Invest Atlanta. (2015). A Housing Strategy For the City of Atlanta. Erişim Tarihi: 04.01.2021. Erişim Adresi: http://www.atlantaga.gov/index.aspx?page=576.
Immergluck, D. (2009). “Large Redevelopment Initiatives, Housing Values and Gentrification: The Case of the Atlanta Beltline”, Urban Studies, 46(8), 1723-1745. doi: 10.1177/0042098009105500
Immergluck, D. ve Balan, T. (2018). “Sustainable for whom? Green Urban Development, Environmental
Gentrification, and The Atlanta Beltline”, Urban Geography, 39(4), 546-562. doi:10.1080/02723638.2017.1360041
Jung, H. (2017). “The Link Between Local Comprehensive Plans and Housing Affordability: A Comparative Study of The Atlanta And Detroit Metropolitan Areas”, Journal of the American Planning Association, 83(3), 249-261. https://doi.org/10.1080/01944363.2017.1321496
Kang, S. ve Jeon, J.S. (2021). “Toward Suburbs: Examining Neighborhood-Level Changes in Naturally Occurring Affordable Housing Stock in Florida, USA”, Cities, 116 (2021), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2021.103267
Keskin Ural E., Aliefendioğlu, Y. ve Tanrıvermiş, H. (2019). “Gecekondu Dönüşümlerinde Hak Sahipliği ve Karşılaşılan Sorunlar”. Kent, İnşaat ve Ekonomi Kongresi, TMMOB Mimarlar Odası Gaziantep Şubesi, 2-4 Mayıs 2019, Gaziantep, ss.604-622.
Lang, R.E., Anacker, K.B. ve Hornburg, S. (2010). “The New Politics of Affordable Housing”, Housing Policy Debate, 19(2), 231-248. doi: 10.1080/10511482.2008.9521633
McClain, C., Kathuria, A., Robinson-Freeman, Y., Sauser, J., Simms, S. ve Zuyeva, L. (2007). Affordable Housing Solutions for Metropolitan Atlanta Area. Growth Management and Law CP 6016 and Law 7242 Report,1-30. Erişim Tarihi: 08.11.2021. Erişim Adresi: https://georgiaplanning.org/student_reports/2007/12-Affordable%20Housing%20Solutions/Group12_Affordable_Housing_Solutions_report.pdf
Metro Atlanta Chamber. (2021). Profile of Metro Atlanta. Erişim Tarihi: 14.01.2021. Erişim Adresi: https://www.metroatlantachamber.com/resources/reports-and-information/executive-profile.
Metropolitan Atlanta Rapid Transit Authority. (2010). Policies for Implementing MARTA's. TOD Guidelines Adopted by the MARTA Board of Directors. Erişim Tarihi: 12.11.2021. Erişim Adresi: https://www.itsmarta.com/
Nelson, A. C., Pendall, R., Dawkins , C. J. ve Knaap , G.J. (2002). The Link Between Growth Management and Housing Affordability: The Academic Evidence. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, Center on Urban and Metropolitan Policy, 1-56.
Nyugen, M.T., Basolo, V. ve Tiwari, A. (2013). “Opposition to Affordable Housing in the USA: Debate Framing and the Responses of Local Actors. Housing”, Theory and Society, 30 (2), 107–130. https://doi.org/10.1080/14036096.2012.667833
Palardya, N. P., Boleya, B. B. ve Gaither, C. J. (2018). “Residents And Urban Greenways: Modeling Support for The Atlanta BeltLine”, Landscape and Urban Planning, 169 (2018), 250- 259. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2017.09.006
Roy, P. (2015). “Collaborative planning – A neoliberal strategy? A study of the Atlanta BeltLine”, Cities, 43(2015), 59-68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2014.11.010
Ross, C. L. ve West, H. (2007). Atlanta BeltLine: Health Impact Assessment. Center for Quality Growth and Regional Development Georgia Institute of Technology College of Architecture: City and Regional Planning, 1-227, Georgia, USA.
Skobba, K., Oakley,D. ve Farmer, D. (2015). Privatizing the Housing Safety Net: Hope VI and the Transformation of Public Housing in the U.S. In The Routledge Handbook of Poverty in the United States, edited by Stephen Haymes, Maria Vidal de Haymes and Reuben Miller. New York, New York: Routledge.
Turner Austin, M., Popkin, S. J. ve Rawlings, L. (2009). “Public Housing and the Legacy of Segregation: Washington, DC”, Journal of Housing and the Built Environment, 24(3), 391-393.
US. Census Bureau. (2021). Erişim Tarihi: 15.01.2022. Erişim Adresi:https://www.census.gov/searchresults.html?q=atlanta+income&page=1&stateGeo=none&searchtype=web&cssp=SERP&_charset_=UTF-8
Zillow. (2021). Where the Rent Burden is Most Unequal Across Racial Communities. 15.11.2021. Erişim Tarihi: https://www.zillow.com/research/rent-affordability-by-race-2021-30207/.
Zorlu Kaman A. F., Aliefendioğlu, Y. ve Tanrıvermiş, H. (2019). “Sosyal Konut Uygulamaları: Dünya Deneyimlerine Genel Bir Bakış”. Kent, İnşaat ve Ekonomi Kongresi, TMMOB Mimarlar Odası Gaziantep Şubesi, 2-4 Mayıs 2019, Gaziantep, ss.420-438
AFFORDABLE HOUSING POLICIES IN THE USA: THE CASE OF THE ATLANTA BELTLINE PROJECT
The decrease in the number of affordable housing is seen as a major problem in Atlanta. Affordable housing is inadequate, especially for low-income households, and crime, weak market power, and racial segregation arise as a consequence of supply shortfall. This study primarily examines housing policies and legal regulations that form the basis of policies within the framework of different variables such as demographic data, household income, and housing prices. As a result of face-to-face meetings with the officials of the institutions, stakeholder engagement processes are researched and their roles are discussed. As a result of the evaluation of the project in terms of covering the cost of the project and stakeholder engagement, it is emphasized that there is a positive relationship between stronger housing policies and accessible housing for low-income households.
Atlanta Civic Circle (2021). For Your Information: What is AMI?. Erişim Tarihi: 28.12.2021. Erişim Adresi: https://atlantaciviccircle.org/2021/08/13/for-your-information-what-is-ami/
Atlanta Housing Authority. (2015). Erişim Tarihi: 21.10.2021. Erişim Adresi:https://www.atlantahousing.org/
Atlanta Regional Commission. (2011). Plan 2040: Framework. Erişim Tarihi: 08.02.2022. Erişim Adresi: https://atlantaregional.org/
BeltLine. (2022). The Project. Erişim Tarihi: 17.01.2022. Erişim Adresi: https://beltline.org/2022/01/05/atlanta-beltline-measuring-equity-and-inclusion-to-track-impact-on-key-quality-of-life-metrics/
Berke, P.R. ve Conroy, M.M. (2000). “Planning for Sustainable Development: Measuring and Explaining Progress in Plans”, Journal of the American Planning Association, 66(1), 21- 33.
Borchard, L. (2002). Local Governmental Strategies to Promote, Create and Maintain Affordable Housing in The City Of Atlanta. Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Georgia Üniversitesi, Şehir ve Bölge Planlama Bölümü, s. 76 Yunanistan.
Burby, R.J. (2003). “Making Plans That Matter: Citizen İnvolvement And Government Action”, Journal of the American Planning Association, 69 (1), 33- 49. doi: 10.1080/01944360308976292
City of Atlanta. (2013). Creating Linkages and Eliminating Barriers: The Strategic Community Investment (SCI) Report. Erişim Tarihi: 18.11.2021. Erişim Adresi: https://www.atlantaga.gov/home/showdocument?id=10663
City of Atlanta. (2021a). Erişim Tarihi: 20.01.2022. Erişim Adresi: https://www.atlantaga.gov/government/mayor-s-office/projects-and-initiatives/affordable-housing-dashboard
City of Atlanta. (2021b). Erişim Tarihi: 08.01.2022. Erişim Adresi: https://www.atlantaga.gov/visitors/history
City of Atlanta. (2021c). Erişim Tarihi: 15.12.2021. Erişim Adresi: https://www.atlantaga.gov/government/mayor-s-office/projects-and-initiatives/housing-affordability-action-plan
Conroy, M. ve Berke, P. (2004). “What Makes A Good Sustainable Development Plan? An Analysis of Factors That Influence Principles of Sustainable Development”, Environment and Planning A, 36 (8), 1381-1396. doi: 10.1068/a367.
Conroy, M. M. ve Jun, H.-J. (2016). “Planning Process Influences on Sustainability in Ohio Township Plans”, Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, 59(11), 2007-2023. doi: 10.1080/09640568.201 5.1103709
DeBray, E.H. (2021). The Politics of Fair and Affordable Housing in Metropolitan Atlanta: Challenges for Educational Opportunity. Erişim Tarihi: 20.11.2021. Erişim Adresi: http://eScholarship.org/uc/ucbgse_bre-https://doi.org/10.5070/B810253852
Engelsman, U., Rowe, M. ve Southern, A. (2016). “Community Land Trusts, Affordable Housing and Community Organising in Low-İncome Neighbourhoods”, International Journal of Housing Policy, 18(1), 103-123. doi: 10.1080/14616718.2016.1198082
Fricker , R.D. ve Hengartner , N.W. (2001). “Environmental Equity and The Distribution of Toxic Release Inventory and Other Environmentally Undesirable Sites in Metropolitan New York City”, Environmental and Ecological
Statistics, 8(1), 33-52. doi: 10.1023/a:1009649815643
Georgia Demographics. (2021). Is Atlanta The Best Georgia City For Your Business? Erişim Tarihi: 04.01.2022. Erişim Adresi: https://www.georgia demographics.com/atlanta-demographics.
Georgia Department of Community Affairs. (2017). Planning Laws, Rules, & Guidance. Erişim Tarihi: 28.12.2021. Erişim Adresi. http://www.dca.ga.gov/development/ PlanningQualityGrowth/PAGES/Legal.asp#DEPARTMENTAL
Invest Atlanta. (2015). A Housing Strategy For the City of Atlanta. Erişim Tarihi: 04.01.2021. Erişim Adresi: http://www.atlantaga.gov/index.aspx?page=576.
Immergluck, D. (2009). “Large Redevelopment Initiatives, Housing Values and Gentrification: The Case of the Atlanta Beltline”, Urban Studies, 46(8), 1723-1745. doi: 10.1177/0042098009105500
Immergluck, D. ve Balan, T. (2018). “Sustainable for whom? Green Urban Development, Environmental
Gentrification, and The Atlanta Beltline”, Urban Geography, 39(4), 546-562. doi:10.1080/02723638.2017.1360041
Jung, H. (2017). “The Link Between Local Comprehensive Plans and Housing Affordability: A Comparative Study of The Atlanta And Detroit Metropolitan Areas”, Journal of the American Planning Association, 83(3), 249-261. https://doi.org/10.1080/01944363.2017.1321496
Kang, S. ve Jeon, J.S. (2021). “Toward Suburbs: Examining Neighborhood-Level Changes in Naturally Occurring Affordable Housing Stock in Florida, USA”, Cities, 116 (2021), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2021.103267
Keskin Ural E., Aliefendioğlu, Y. ve Tanrıvermiş, H. (2019). “Gecekondu Dönüşümlerinde Hak Sahipliği ve Karşılaşılan Sorunlar”. Kent, İnşaat ve Ekonomi Kongresi, TMMOB Mimarlar Odası Gaziantep Şubesi, 2-4 Mayıs 2019, Gaziantep, ss.604-622.
Lang, R.E., Anacker, K.B. ve Hornburg, S. (2010). “The New Politics of Affordable Housing”, Housing Policy Debate, 19(2), 231-248. doi: 10.1080/10511482.2008.9521633
McClain, C., Kathuria, A., Robinson-Freeman, Y., Sauser, J., Simms, S. ve Zuyeva, L. (2007). Affordable Housing Solutions for Metropolitan Atlanta Area. Growth Management and Law CP 6016 and Law 7242 Report,1-30. Erişim Tarihi: 08.11.2021. Erişim Adresi: https://georgiaplanning.org/student_reports/2007/12-Affordable%20Housing%20Solutions/Group12_Affordable_Housing_Solutions_report.pdf
Metro Atlanta Chamber. (2021). Profile of Metro Atlanta. Erişim Tarihi: 14.01.2021. Erişim Adresi: https://www.metroatlantachamber.com/resources/reports-and-information/executive-profile.
Metropolitan Atlanta Rapid Transit Authority. (2010). Policies for Implementing MARTA's. TOD Guidelines Adopted by the MARTA Board of Directors. Erişim Tarihi: 12.11.2021. Erişim Adresi: https://www.itsmarta.com/
Nelson, A. C., Pendall, R., Dawkins , C. J. ve Knaap , G.J. (2002). The Link Between Growth Management and Housing Affordability: The Academic Evidence. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, Center on Urban and Metropolitan Policy, 1-56.
Nyugen, M.T., Basolo, V. ve Tiwari, A. (2013). “Opposition to Affordable Housing in the USA: Debate Framing and the Responses of Local Actors. Housing”, Theory and Society, 30 (2), 107–130. https://doi.org/10.1080/14036096.2012.667833
Palardya, N. P., Boleya, B. B. ve Gaither, C. J. (2018). “Residents And Urban Greenways: Modeling Support for The Atlanta BeltLine”, Landscape and Urban Planning, 169 (2018), 250- 259. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2017.09.006
Roy, P. (2015). “Collaborative planning – A neoliberal strategy? A study of the Atlanta BeltLine”, Cities, 43(2015), 59-68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2014.11.010
Ross, C. L. ve West, H. (2007). Atlanta BeltLine: Health Impact Assessment. Center for Quality Growth and Regional Development Georgia Institute of Technology College of Architecture: City and Regional Planning, 1-227, Georgia, USA.
Skobba, K., Oakley,D. ve Farmer, D. (2015). Privatizing the Housing Safety Net: Hope VI and the Transformation of Public Housing in the U.S. In The Routledge Handbook of Poverty in the United States, edited by Stephen Haymes, Maria Vidal de Haymes and Reuben Miller. New York, New York: Routledge.
Turner Austin, M., Popkin, S. J. ve Rawlings, L. (2009). “Public Housing and the Legacy of Segregation: Washington, DC”, Journal of Housing and the Built Environment, 24(3), 391-393.
US. Census Bureau. (2021). Erişim Tarihi: 15.01.2022. Erişim Adresi:https://www.census.gov/searchresults.html?q=atlanta+income&page=1&stateGeo=none&searchtype=web&cssp=SERP&_charset_=UTF-8
Zillow. (2021). Where the Rent Burden is Most Unequal Across Racial Communities. 15.11.2021. Erişim Tarihi: https://www.zillow.com/research/rent-affordability-by-race-2021-30207/.
Zorlu Kaman A. F., Aliefendioğlu, Y. ve Tanrıvermiş, H. (2019). “Sosyal Konut Uygulamaları: Dünya Deneyimlerine Genel Bir Bakış”. Kent, İnşaat ve Ekonomi Kongresi, TMMOB Mimarlar Odası Gaziantep Şubesi, 2-4 Mayıs 2019, Gaziantep, ss.420-438
Keskin, E., Yang, E., & Tanrıvermiş, H. (2023). UYGUN FİYATLI KONUT POLİTİKALARI: ATLANTA BELTLINE PROJESİ ÖRNEĞİ. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi(54), 109-123. https://doi.org/10.30794/pausbed.1117037
AMA
Keskin E, Yang E, Tanrıvermiş H. UYGUN FİYATLI KONUT POLİTİKALARI: ATLANTA BELTLINE PROJESİ ÖRNEĞİ. PAUSBED. January 2023;(54):109-123. doi:10.30794/pausbed.1117037
Chicago
Keskin, Esra, Eunhwa Yang, and Harun Tanrıvermiş. “UYGUN FİYATLI KONUT POLİTİKALARI: ATLANTA BELTLINE PROJESİ ÖRNEĞİ”. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, no. 54 (January 2023): 109-23. https://doi.org/10.30794/pausbed.1117037.
EndNote
Keskin E, Yang E, Tanrıvermiş H (January 1, 2023) UYGUN FİYATLI KONUT POLİTİKALARI: ATLANTA BELTLINE PROJESİ ÖRNEĞİ. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi 54 109–123.
IEEE
E. Keskin, E. Yang, and H. Tanrıvermiş, “UYGUN FİYATLI KONUT POLİTİKALARI: ATLANTA BELTLINE PROJESİ ÖRNEĞİ”, PAUSBED, no. 54, pp. 109–123, January 2023, doi: 10.30794/pausbed.1117037.
ISNAD
Keskin, Esra et al. “UYGUN FİYATLI KONUT POLİTİKALARI: ATLANTA BELTLINE PROJESİ ÖRNEĞİ”. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi 54 (January 2023), 109-123. https://doi.org/10.30794/pausbed.1117037.
JAMA
Keskin E, Yang E, Tanrıvermiş H. UYGUN FİYATLI KONUT POLİTİKALARI: ATLANTA BELTLINE PROJESİ ÖRNEĞİ. PAUSBED. 2023;:109–123.
MLA
Keskin, Esra et al. “UYGUN FİYATLI KONUT POLİTİKALARI: ATLANTA BELTLINE PROJESİ ÖRNEĞİ”. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, no. 54, 2023, pp. 109-23, doi:10.30794/pausbed.1117037.
Vancouver
Keskin E, Yang E, Tanrıvermiş H. UYGUN FİYATLI KONUT POLİTİKALARI: ATLANTA BELTLINE PROJESİ ÖRNEĞİ. PAUSBED. 2023(54):109-23.