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KOLOMBİYA BAĞLAMINDA ÇATIŞMA DÖNEMİ EKONOMİLERİNİN ÇATIŞMANIN ŞİDDETLENMESİ, TERÖRLE MÜCADELE VE BARIŞ SÜRECİNE ETKİLERİNİN İNCELENMESİ

Year 2023, , 297 - 308, 22.05.2023
https://doi.org/10.30794/pausbed.1170296

Abstract

Çatışma ekonomileri silahlı grupların ekonomik gelir elde etmek için oluşturdukları yapılardır. Uyuşturucu madde üretimi ve ticareti ya da kaçak maden işletmesi gibi sömürülebilir kaynaklara yönelen bu ekonomiler sivilleri de içerisine alan yapılar olarak ortaya çıktığında çatışma ve barış dönemlerini olumsuz yönde etkilemektedirler. Silahlı örgütler bu yapılar sayesinde materyal güçlerini arttırırken, sivillerin bu yapılara dahil olmaları silahlı örgütlere destek vermelerine ve örgütlerin meşruiyet kazanmalarına yol açmaktadır. Bu faaliyetlerden gelir elden eden siviller terörle mücadelede devlet ile işbirliği yapmaktan geri durmakta; bu durum da terörle mücadeleyi sekteye uğratmaktadır. Barış döneminde ise bu ekonomilere dahil gruplar barışın uygulanmasına ayak diremekte, farklı silahlı grupların silah bırakan örgütün yarattığı boşluğu doldurmaya çalışmaları şiddetin dönüşmesine yol açmaktadır. Bu çalışma Kolombiya çatışma ve barış sürecine odaklanarak belirtilen bu yapıların etkilerini incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır.

References

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  • Berman, E., Shapiro, J. N. ve Felter J. H. (2011). Can Hearts and Minds Be Bought? The Economics of Counterinsurgency in Iraq. Journal of Political Economy, 119(4), 766–819. doi: https://doi.org/10.1086/661983.
  • Berman, E. ve Matanock A. M. (2015, Mayıs). “The Empiricists’ Insurgency”, The Annual Review of Political Science, 18(1): 443-464. doi:10.1146/annurev-polisci-082312-124553.
  • Brıttaın, J. J. (2010), Revolutionary Social Change in Colombia: The Origin and Direction of the FARC-EP, Pluto Press, New York. Cedema, “Declaración Política de la Segunda Conferencia Guerrillera del Bloque Sur”, Elde edilme tarihi: 07 Kasım 2021, https://cedema.org/digital_items/4409.
  • Charles, M., Baysal B. ve Forero, J. D. (2020). “A Criminal Peace: Mapping The Murders of Ex-FARC Combatants”, OCCO Series 2, 2020, https://www.urosario.edu.co/Documentos/Facultad-de-Ciencia-Politica-Gobierno-y-Relacione/Observatorios/Crimen-organizado/DOCUMENTOS_OCCO_2_A_Criminal_Peace-18-nov-min.pdf.
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  • Gates, S., Hegre, H., Jones, M. P. ve Strand, H. (2006). Institutional Inconsistency and Political Instability: Polity Duration, 1800-2000. American Journal of Political Science, 50(4), 893–908. http://www.jstor.org/stable/4122922.
  • Goodhand, J. (2004). From War Economy To Peace Economy? Reconstructıon And State Buıldıng In Afghanıstan. Journal of International Affairs, 58(1), 155–174. http://www.jstor.org/stable/24357940.
  • Granada, S., Restrepo, J. ve Vargas, A. (2009). El agotamiento de la política de seguridad: evolución y transformaciones recientes en el conflicto armado colombiano. Guerra y violencias en Colombia: Herramientas e interpretaciones, 27-124.
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  • Hartzell, C., ve Hoddie, M. (2003). Institutionalizing Peace: Power Sharing and Post-Civil War Conflict Management. American Journal of Political Science, 47(2), 318–332. https://doi.org/10.2307/3186141.
  • Herbolzheimer, K. (2016). Innovations in the Colombian peace process. NOREF, Norwegian Peacebuilding Resource Centre.
  • Jayasundara-Smits, S. (2018, Mayıs), “Lost in Transition: Linking War, War Economy and Post-war Crime in Sri Lanka.” Third World Thematics, 3(1), 63-79. doi: 10.1080/23802014.2018.1473046.
  • Kaldor, M. (2012), New and Old Wars: Organised Violence in a Global Era. Polity Press, Cambridge.
  • Kalyvas, S. N. (2006), The Logic of Violence in Civil War. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
  • Karim, S. (2020). Relational State Building in Areas of Limited Statehood: Experimental Evidence on the Attitudes of the Police. American Political Science Review, 114(2), 536-551. doi:10.1017/S0003055419000716
  • Keen, D. (2007, Kasım), “War and Peace: What’s the Difference?” International Peacekeeping, 7(4), 1–22.
  • Kline, H. F. (2012), Historical Dictionary of Colombia Covers the History of Colombia, Lanham: Scarecrow Press, Inc.
  • Kroc Institute for International Peace Studies, “Peace Accord Implementation in Colombia Continues to Progress Two Years in Media Advisory”, Nisan 2019.
  • Kurtenbach, S. ve Rettberg A. (2018, Ağustos), “Understanding the Relation Between War Economies and Post-war Crime”, Third World Thematics: A TWQ Journal, 3(1), 1-8.
  • Larosa, M. J. ve Mejía, G. R. (2014), Historia Concisa de Colombia (1810-2013), Editorial Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá. Le Billon, P. (2008), “Corrupting Peace? Peacebuilding and Post-conflict Corruption”, International Peacekeeping, 15:3, 344-361, doi: 10.1080/13533310802058851.
  • Leech, G. (2011), The FARC the Longest Insurgency, New York, Zed Books, New York. Lyall, J. ve Wilson, I. (2009, Ocak), “Rage Against the Machines: Explaining Outcomes in Counterinsurgency Wars”, International Organization, 63(1), 67-106.
  • Lyall, J., Blair, G. ve Imai, K. (2013, Kasım), “Explaining Support for Combatants during Wartime: A Survey Experiment in Afghanistan”. American Political Science Review, 107(4), 679-705.
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  • Massé F. ve Le Billon, P. (2017, Haziran), “Gold mining in Colombia, post-war crime and the peace agreement with the FARC”, Third World Thematics: A TWQ Journal, 3(1), 116-134. doi: 10.1080/23802014.2017.1362322.
  • Neumann, P. (2013). (Un)exceptional Violence(s) in Latin America. Latin American Politics and Society, 55(1), 168-175. doi:10.1111/j.1548-2456.2013.00188.x.
  • Nilsson, D. (2008). Partial Peace: Rebel Groups Inside and Outside of Civil War Settlements. Journal of Peace Research, 45(4), 479–495. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022343308091357.
  • Parada-Hernández, M. M., ve Marín-Jaramillo, M. (2021). “Cocalero women and peace policies in Colombia”. The International journal on drug policy, 89, 103157. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2021.103157.
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  • Rıchanı, N. (2003), Sistemas de violencia. La economía política de la guerra y la paz en Colombia. (çev. María Mercedes Moreno ve María Victoria Mejía), IEPRI, Bogotá.
  • Saavedra-Lux, L. M. (2021), The Economics of Violence and Development in Post-Conflict Societies, University of Essex, Department of Government, Essex, (Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi).
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IMPACT OF WARTIME ECONOMIES ON ESCALATION OF CONFLICT, COUNTER-TERRORISM AND PEACE PROCESS IN COLOMBIA

Year 2023, , 297 - 308, 22.05.2023
https://doi.org/10.30794/pausbed.1170296

Abstract

Wartime economies are structures created by armed groups to generate economic income. When these economies, which usually focus on exploitable resources such as cocaine production or illegal mining, include civilians, they adversely affect periods of conflict and peace. While armed organizations increase their material power thanks to these structures, the inclusion of civilians in these structures make them support armed organizations and these armed groups gain legitimacy. Civilians who profit from these activities also refuse to cooperate with the state in the fight against terrorism and this situation hinders the counter-terrorism efforts of the state. In peacetime, groups included in these economies resist the implementation of peace, and the efforts of different armed groups to fill the gap created by the organization that laid down their arms, leads to a transformation of violence. This study aims to examine the effects of these structures by focusing on the Colombian conflict and peace process.

References

  • Abierta, V. (2014), “Las Farc sobrevivieron gracias al narcotráfico”: Duncan, 11 Kasım 2014. https://verdadabierta.com/las-farc-sobrevivieron-gracias-al-narcotrafico-duncan/.
  • Baysal, B. (2019), Securitization and Desecuritization of FARC in Colombia: A Dual Perspective Analysis, Rowman Littlefield Lexington Books, Lanham.
  • Baysal, B. (2021), “Kolombiya Protestolarının Analizi: Sorunun Kökleri, Şiddetin Sebepleri, Talepler ve Olası Sonuçlar”, 27 Mayıs 2021, https://www.uikpanorama.com/blog/2021/05/27/kolombiya-protestolarinin-analizi-sorunun-kokleri-siddetin-sebepleri-talepler-ve-olasi-sonuclar/.
  • Bateson, R. (2017). The socialization of civilians and militia members: Evidence from Guatemala. Journal of Peace Research, 54(5), 634–647. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/0022343317721812.
  • BBC (2016, Ekim). “Colombia referendum: Voters reject Farc peace deal”, Elde edilme tarihi: 1 Ocak 2022. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-37537252.
  • Berman, E., Shapiro, J. N. ve Felter J. H. (2011). Can Hearts and Minds Be Bought? The Economics of Counterinsurgency in Iraq. Journal of Political Economy, 119(4), 766–819. doi: https://doi.org/10.1086/661983.
  • Berman, E. ve Matanock A. M. (2015, Mayıs). “The Empiricists’ Insurgency”, The Annual Review of Political Science, 18(1): 443-464. doi:10.1146/annurev-polisci-082312-124553.
  • Brıttaın, J. J. (2010), Revolutionary Social Change in Colombia: The Origin and Direction of the FARC-EP, Pluto Press, New York. Cedema, “Declaración Política de la Segunda Conferencia Guerrillera del Bloque Sur”, Elde edilme tarihi: 07 Kasım 2021, https://cedema.org/digital_items/4409.
  • Charles, M., Baysal B. ve Forero, J. D. (2020). “A Criminal Peace: Mapping The Murders of Ex-FARC Combatants”, OCCO Series 2, 2020, https://www.urosario.edu.co/Documentos/Facultad-de-Ciencia-Politica-Gobierno-y-Relacione/Observatorios/Crimen-organizado/DOCUMENTOS_OCCO_2_A_Criminal_Peace-18-nov-min.pdf.
  • Cockayne, J. (2015). Hidden Power: The Strategic Logic of Organized Crime. Oxford University Press, King's College London. (Yayınlanmış Doktora Tezi) http://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/files/44634722/2015_Cockayne_James_1018212_ethesis.pdf.
  • Cockroft, J. D. (1997). Latin America: History, Politics, and U.S. Policy, Nelson-Hall Publishers, Chicago.
  • Countrywatch, “Colombia”, Elde edilme tarihi: 18. 01. 2022, http://www.countrywatch.com/intelligence/countryreviews?countryid=38.
  • Crisisgroup (2017, Ekim), “Los grupos armados de Colombia y su disputa por el botín de la paz”, Elde edilme tarihi: 18 Aralık 2021, https://www.crisisgroup.org/es/latin-america-caribbean/andes/colombia/63-colombias-armed-groups-battle-spoils-peace.
  • Daşlı, G., Alıcı, N. ve Figueras, J. P. (2018). Barış ve Toplumsal Cinsiyet: Kolombiya Barış Süreci, Demos Yayınları, Ankara.
  • Defensoria, “Economias İllages”, https://www.defensoria.gov.co/public/pdf/economiasilegales.pdf. Elde edilme tarihi: 13 Şubat 2022.
  • Deglow, A. (2016). Localized legacies of civil war: Postwar violent crime in Northern Ireland. Journal of Peace Research, 53(6), 786–799. http://www.jstor.org/stable/44510460.
  • Dilek, E. ve Baysal, B., (2021, Aralık). “Peace Negotiation Process and Outcome: Considering Colombia and Turkey In Comparative Perspective”. Peacebuilding, s. 1-21. doi: 10.1080/21647259.2021.2019467.
  • Fazio, H. (2002). La globalización en su historia, Universidad Nacional. Bogotá.
  • Findley, M. G. ve Young, J. K. (2007). Fighting Fire with Fire? How (Not) to Neutralize an Insurgency, Civil Wars, 9:4, 378-401, doi: 10.1080/13698240701699482.
  • Fortna, V. P. (2004). Does Peacekeeping Keep Peace? International Intervention and the Duration of Peace after Civil War. International Studies Quarterly, 48(2), 269–292. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3693574.
  • Galanova, M. (2017). Colombia's Coca Growers Feel Left Behind Despite FARC Deal, Haziran 2017, https://www.dw.com/en/colombias-coca-growers-feel-left-behind-despite-farc-deal/a-39419044.
  • Gartner, S. (2008). The Multiple Effects of Casualties on Public Support for War: An Experimental Approach. American Political Science Review, 102(1), 95-106. doi:10.1017/S0003055408080027.
  • Gates, S., Hegre, H., Jones, M. P. ve Strand, H. (2006). Institutional Inconsistency and Political Instability: Polity Duration, 1800-2000. American Journal of Political Science, 50(4), 893–908. http://www.jstor.org/stable/4122922.
  • Goodhand, J. (2004). From War Economy To Peace Economy? Reconstructıon And State Buıldıng In Afghanıstan. Journal of International Affairs, 58(1), 155–174. http://www.jstor.org/stable/24357940.
  • Granada, S., Restrepo, J. ve Vargas, A. (2009). El agotamiento de la política de seguridad: evolución y transformaciones recientes en el conflicto armado colombiano. Guerra y violencias en Colombia: Herramientas e interpretaciones, 27-124.
  • Harrowell, E. ve Başer, B. (2021, Mart), “Kolombiya Barış Sürecinde Son Durum: Sürdürülebilir Barışa Ulaşmak Mümkün mü?”, https://birikimdergisi.com/guncel/10505/kolombiya-baris-surecinde-son-durum-surdurulebilir-barisa-ulasmak-mumkun-mu.
  • Hartzell, C., ve Hoddie, M. (2003). Institutionalizing Peace: Power Sharing and Post-Civil War Conflict Management. American Journal of Political Science, 47(2), 318–332. https://doi.org/10.2307/3186141.
  • Herbolzheimer, K. (2016). Innovations in the Colombian peace process. NOREF, Norwegian Peacebuilding Resource Centre.
  • Jayasundara-Smits, S. (2018, Mayıs), “Lost in Transition: Linking War, War Economy and Post-war Crime in Sri Lanka.” Third World Thematics, 3(1), 63-79. doi: 10.1080/23802014.2018.1473046.
  • Kaldor, M. (2012), New and Old Wars: Organised Violence in a Global Era. Polity Press, Cambridge.
  • Kalyvas, S. N. (2006), The Logic of Violence in Civil War. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
  • Karim, S. (2020). Relational State Building in Areas of Limited Statehood: Experimental Evidence on the Attitudes of the Police. American Political Science Review, 114(2), 536-551. doi:10.1017/S0003055419000716
  • Keen, D. (2007, Kasım), “War and Peace: What’s the Difference?” International Peacekeeping, 7(4), 1–22.
  • Kline, H. F. (2012), Historical Dictionary of Colombia Covers the History of Colombia, Lanham: Scarecrow Press, Inc.
  • Kroc Institute for International Peace Studies, “Peace Accord Implementation in Colombia Continues to Progress Two Years in Media Advisory”, Nisan 2019.
  • Kurtenbach, S. ve Rettberg A. (2018, Ağustos), “Understanding the Relation Between War Economies and Post-war Crime”, Third World Thematics: A TWQ Journal, 3(1), 1-8.
  • Larosa, M. J. ve Mejía, G. R. (2014), Historia Concisa de Colombia (1810-2013), Editorial Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá. Le Billon, P. (2008), “Corrupting Peace? Peacebuilding and Post-conflict Corruption”, International Peacekeeping, 15:3, 344-361, doi: 10.1080/13533310802058851.
  • Leech, G. (2011), The FARC the Longest Insurgency, New York, Zed Books, New York. Lyall, J. ve Wilson, I. (2009, Ocak), “Rage Against the Machines: Explaining Outcomes in Counterinsurgency Wars”, International Organization, 63(1), 67-106.
  • Lyall, J., Blair, G. ve Imai, K. (2013, Kasım), “Explaining Support for Combatants during Wartime: A Survey Experiment in Afghanistan”. American Political Science Review, 107(4), 679-705.
  • Mantılla Valbuena, S. (2012, Kasım), “Economía y conflicto armado en Colombia: los efectos de la globalización en la transformación de la guerra”, Latinoamérica, (online), s.35-73.
  • Massé F. ve Le Billon, P. (2017, Haziran), “Gold mining in Colombia, post-war crime and the peace agreement with the FARC”, Third World Thematics: A TWQ Journal, 3(1), 116-134. doi: 10.1080/23802014.2017.1362322.
  • Neumann, P. (2013). (Un)exceptional Violence(s) in Latin America. Latin American Politics and Society, 55(1), 168-175. doi:10.1111/j.1548-2456.2013.00188.x.
  • Nilsson, D. (2008). Partial Peace: Rebel Groups Inside and Outside of Civil War Settlements. Journal of Peace Research, 45(4), 479–495. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022343308091357.
  • Parada-Hernández, M. M., ve Marín-Jaramillo, M. (2021). “Cocalero women and peace policies in Colombia”. The International journal on drug policy, 89, 103157. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2021.103157.
  • Parıs, R. V ve Sisk, T. D. (der) (2009). The Dilemmas of Statebuilding: Confronting the Contradictions of Postwar Peace Operations. Routledge, London.
  • Pérez-Contreras, Y. P. ve Ramírez-Alfonso, Y. S. (2021), ¿PNIS, Una solución al problema de las drogas ilícitas en Colombia?. Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Administrativas, Universidad Católica de Colombia, Bogota.
  • Rempe, D. M. (2002), The Past as Prologue? A History of U.S. Counterinsurgency Policy in Colombia, 1958-66, US Army War College Strategic Studies Institute, Carlisle.
  • Rettberg, A., Leiteritz, R. J. , Nasi, C. ve Prieto, J. D. (2020). Different resources, different conflicts? A framework for understanding the political economy of the armed conflict and crime in the regions of Colombia. In R. L., A. R., C. N., & J. D. P. (Eds.), Different Resources, Different Conflicts? The Subnational Political Economy of Armed Conflict and Crime in Colombia (pp. 3-44). Universidad de los Andes Colombia. https://doi.org/10.30778/2019.116.
  • Rıchanı, N. (2003), Sistemas de violencia. La economía política de la guerra y la paz en Colombia. (çev. María Mercedes Moreno ve María Victoria Mejía), IEPRI, Bogotá.
  • Saavedra-Lux, L. M. (2021), The Economics of Violence and Development in Post-Conflict Societies, University of Essex, Department of Government, Essex, (Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi).
  • Sala, M. R. (2019, Nisan), “El narcotráfico en la ‘paz’ colombiana”, https://www.esglobal.org/el-narcotrafico-en-la-paz-colombiana/.
  • Salas-Salazar, L. G. (2016), “Conflicto Armado y Configuración Territorial: Elementos para la Consolidación de la Paz en Colombia”, Bitacora, 26(2), 45-57.
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There are 59 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Political Science
Journal Section Articles
Authors

E. Nur Sezek 0000-0003-3399-5721

Yelda Yenel 0000-0001-6211-3076

Başar Baysal 0000-0001-9205-9234

Early Pub Date May 10, 2023
Publication Date May 22, 2023
Acceptance Date November 3, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2023

Cite

APA Sezek, E. N., Yenel, Y., & Baysal, B. (2023). KOLOMBİYA BAĞLAMINDA ÇATIŞMA DÖNEMİ EKONOMİLERİNİN ÇATIŞMANIN ŞİDDETLENMESİ, TERÖRLE MÜCADELE VE BARIŞ SÜRECİNE ETKİLERİNİN İNCELENMESİ. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi(56), 297-308. https://doi.org/10.30794/pausbed.1170296
AMA Sezek EN, Yenel Y, Baysal B. KOLOMBİYA BAĞLAMINDA ÇATIŞMA DÖNEMİ EKONOMİLERİNİN ÇATIŞMANIN ŞİDDETLENMESİ, TERÖRLE MÜCADELE VE BARIŞ SÜRECİNE ETKİLERİNİN İNCELENMESİ. PAUSBED. May 2023;(56):297-308. doi:10.30794/pausbed.1170296
Chicago Sezek, E. Nur, Yelda Yenel, and Başar Baysal. “KOLOMBİYA BAĞLAMINDA ÇATIŞMA DÖNEMİ EKONOMİLERİNİN ÇATIŞMANIN ŞİDDETLENMESİ, TERÖRLE MÜCADELE VE BARIŞ SÜRECİNE ETKİLERİNİN İNCELENMESİ”. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, no. 56 (May 2023): 297-308. https://doi.org/10.30794/pausbed.1170296.
EndNote Sezek EN, Yenel Y, Baysal B (May 1, 2023) KOLOMBİYA BAĞLAMINDA ÇATIŞMA DÖNEMİ EKONOMİLERİNİN ÇATIŞMANIN ŞİDDETLENMESİ, TERÖRLE MÜCADELE VE BARIŞ SÜRECİNE ETKİLERİNİN İNCELENMESİ. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi 56 297–308.
IEEE E. N. Sezek, Y. Yenel, and B. Baysal, “KOLOMBİYA BAĞLAMINDA ÇATIŞMA DÖNEMİ EKONOMİLERİNİN ÇATIŞMANIN ŞİDDETLENMESİ, TERÖRLE MÜCADELE VE BARIŞ SÜRECİNE ETKİLERİNİN İNCELENMESİ”, PAUSBED, no. 56, pp. 297–308, May 2023, doi: 10.30794/pausbed.1170296.
ISNAD Sezek, E. Nur et al. “KOLOMBİYA BAĞLAMINDA ÇATIŞMA DÖNEMİ EKONOMİLERİNİN ÇATIŞMANIN ŞİDDETLENMESİ, TERÖRLE MÜCADELE VE BARIŞ SÜRECİNE ETKİLERİNİN İNCELENMESİ”. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi 56 (May 2023), 297-308. https://doi.org/10.30794/pausbed.1170296.
JAMA Sezek EN, Yenel Y, Baysal B. KOLOMBİYA BAĞLAMINDA ÇATIŞMA DÖNEMİ EKONOMİLERİNİN ÇATIŞMANIN ŞİDDETLENMESİ, TERÖRLE MÜCADELE VE BARIŞ SÜRECİNE ETKİLERİNİN İNCELENMESİ. PAUSBED. 2023;:297–308.
MLA Sezek, E. Nur et al. “KOLOMBİYA BAĞLAMINDA ÇATIŞMA DÖNEMİ EKONOMİLERİNİN ÇATIŞMANIN ŞİDDETLENMESİ, TERÖRLE MÜCADELE VE BARIŞ SÜRECİNE ETKİLERİNİN İNCELENMESİ”. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, no. 56, 2023, pp. 297-08, doi:10.30794/pausbed.1170296.
Vancouver Sezek EN, Yenel Y, Baysal B. KOLOMBİYA BAĞLAMINDA ÇATIŞMA DÖNEMİ EKONOMİLERİNİN ÇATIŞMANIN ŞİDDETLENMESİ, TERÖRLE MÜCADELE VE BARIŞ SÜRECİNE ETKİLERİNİN İNCELENMESİ. PAUSBED. 2023(56):297-308.