EVALUATION OF THE POTENTIAL OF BODRUM CRUISE PORT TO BECOME A HOMEPORT

Abstract

Cruise tourism is the fastest-growing sector in the travel industry. Ports are essential components of cruise operations. The contribution of the homeports to the local, regional, and national economy is higher than the ports of call. In this study, a new set of criteria has been developed by examining the necessary elements for a port of call in cruise tourism to be a homeport. The criteria set consists of 13 items that evaluate the efficiency and facility of the port and the site location and situation characteristics. Bodrum Cruise Port was chosen as the study area. It has been determined that the port does not have the potential to become a homeport because it does not meet the criteria of land structure (land slope, elevation, and cover), city facilities, and airport accessibility criteria. However, alternative recommendations have been developed that may be useful in future port-development strategies for Bodrum. This study will guide port operators, destination managers, decision-makers, and researchers in their decision-making process who wish to develop a port into a homeport, in order to get more share from the cruise industry.

Keywords

• Cruise Tourism
• Cruise Ports
• Homeport
• Port Of Call
• Bodrum.

BODRUM KRUVAZİYER LİMANI’NIN ANA LİMAN OLMA POTANSİYELİNİN DEĞERLENDİRMESİ

Abstract

Kruvaziyer turizmi, seyahat endüstrileri içerisinde en hızlı büyüyen sektördür. Limanlar, kruvaziyer faaliyetlerinin temel bileşenleridir. Ana limanların yerel, bölge ve ülke ekonomisine katkısı, uğrak limanlara göre daha fazladır. Bu çalışmada, kruvaziyer turizminde uğrak bir limanın ana liman olması için gerekli unsurlar incelenerek yeni bir kriter seti geliştirilmiştir. Kriter seti; limanın verimliliği ve olanakları ile liman yerinin mekansal (site) ve durumsal (situation) niteliklerini değerlendiren 13 kriterden oluşmaktadır. Çalışma alanı olarak Bodrum Kruvaziyer Limanı seçilmiştir. Çalışma alanının arazi yapısı (arazi eğimi, yükseltisi ve örtüsü), şehir olanakları ve hava alanına erişilebilirliği kapsamında kriterleri karşılamaması nedeniyle, ana liman olma potansiyeli bulunmadığı tespit edilmiştir. Bununla birlikte, Bodrum Kruvaziyer Limanı için ileriye dönük liman geliştirme stratejilerinde faydalı olabilecek alternatif öneriler geliştirilmiştir. Çalışmanın, rekabet gücünü arttırmak ve kruvaziyer endüstrisinden daha fazla pay almak için ana limana dönüştürülmesi düşünülen farklı liman yerlerinde de uygulanabilir olması açısından liman işletmelerine, destinasyon yöneticilerine ve araştırmacılara liman gelişim karar süreçlerinde rehberlik edeceği değerlendirilmektedir.

Keywords

• Kruvaziyer Turizmi
• Kruvaziyer Limanları
• Ana Liman
• Uğrak Liman
• Bodrum.

References

1. Ablanedo-Rosas, J.H. & Ruiz-Torres, A.J. (2009). “Benchmarking of Mexican ports with data envelopment analyses”. International Journal of Shipping and Transport Logistics. 1 (3), 276-294.
2. Altyapı Yatırımları Genel Müdürlüğü (AYGM) (2016). Kıyı yapıları planlama ve tasarım teknik esasları.
3. Anadolu Haber Ajansı (AA) (12 Mayıs, 2022). https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/ekonomi/bodrum-yabanci-turistte-2019u-asarak-1-5-milyon-ziyaretci-agirlamayi-hedefliyor/2585656
4. Bayazit, S., Sune, A. & Kirval L. (2015). “Main factors to select a cruise homeport in the Mediterranean region: A perspective from the cruise industry agents”. International Conference on Logistics Informatics and Service Sciences (LISS). IEEE Xplore, DOI: 10.1109/LISS.2015.7369622.
5. Becker, A., Nathan, T.L. Chase, PEb, Fischer, M., Schwegler, B. & Mosher, K. (2016). “A method to estimate climate-critical construction materials applied to seaport protection”. Global Environmental Change, 40 (2016), 125–136.
6. Brida, J.G. & Zapata, S. (2010). “Cruise tourism: economic, socio-cultural and environmental impacts”. Int. J. Leisure and Tourism Marketing, 3, 2010.
7. Bodrum Kruvaziyer Limanı (2022a). Bodrum Cruise Port web sitesi. Elde edilme tarihi: 25.12.2022, https://www.bodrumcruiseport.com/tr/genel-bilgiler
8. Bodrum Kruvaziyer Limanı (2022b). Bodrum Cruise Port web sitesi. Elde edilme tarihi: 25.12.2022 https://www.bodrumcruiseport.com/must-see

9. Bodrum Ticaret Odası (2022). Bodrum’un coğrafi konumu. Elde edilme tarihi: 25.12.2022 https://www.bodto.org.tr/
10. Capocaccia, F. (2001). ”Cruising in the Mediterranean”, Portus, September, pp. 14–19.
11. Ceylan, S., Kamakcı, A. & Peçe M. A. (2017). “Filyos Liman Projesinin Kruvaziyer Gemi Turizmi Açısından Değerlendirilmesi ve Bölge Ekonomisine Katkısı”. Uluslararası Yönetim İktisat ve İşletme Dergisi, ICMEB17 Özel Sayısı.
12. Chaos, S. R. (2020). Transport and the environmental impacts of cruise ships. Application to the Port of Barcelona. Thesis Doctoral, Marine Science by Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya.
13. Chen, J., Fei, Y., Zhu, Y., & Zhang, F. (2018). “Allometric relationship between port throughput growth and urban population: A case study of Shanghai port and Shanghai city”. Advances in Mechanical Engineering. 10(3), 111.
14. CLIA (Cruise Lines Intarnational Association), (2015). The Global Economic Contribution of Cruise Tourism. BREA Business Research & Economic Advisors P.O. Box 955, Exton, PA 19341.
15. CLIA (Cruise Lines Intarnational Association), (2021). State of the Cruise Industry Outlook. Cruisetimetables (kruvaziyer güzergah planları). Elde edilme tarihi: 10.02.2023. https://www.cruisetimetables.com
16. Deniz Ticareti Genel Müdürlüğü (DTGM) (2014). Kruvaziyer Sektör Raporu, 2013.
17. Deniz Ticareti Genel Müdürlüğü (DTGM) (2022). Kruvaziyer istatistikleri. Elde edilme tarihi: 01.02.2023 https://denizcilikistatistikleri.uab.gov.tr .
18. Demiryolları Limanlar ve Hava Meydanları İnşaatı Genel Müdürlüğü (DLH) (2010). Turizm Kıyı Yapıları Master Plan Çalışması –Sonuç Raporu, 27.07.2010.
19. Dwyer, L. & Forsyth, P. (1998). “Economic significance of cruise tourism”. Annals of Tourism Research. 25(2), 393-415.
20. Global Ports Holding (GLP) (2022). Liman İşletmecis Resmi Web Sitesi. Elde edilme tarihi: 14.02.2023, https://www.globalportsholding.com/ports/6/bodrum-cruise-port
21. Gui, L. & Russo, A.P. (2011). “Cruise ports: a strategic nexus between regions and global lines evidence from the Mediterranean”. Maritime Policy & Management. 38:2, 129-150, DOI: 10.1080/03088839.2011.556678
22. Jeon, J. W., Duru, O. & Yeo, G. T. (2019). “Cruise port centrality and spatial patterns of cruise shipping in the Asian market”. Maritime Policy & Management. 46:3, 257-276, DOI: 10.1080/03088839.2019.1570370.
23. Karlis, T. & Polemis, D. (2018). “Cruise homeport competition in the Mediterranean”. Tourism Management. 68, 168-176.
24. Karolak, M. (2018). “Cruise tourism in the Middle East”, Routledge Handbook on Tourism in the Middle East and North Africa”, (Ed: Dallen Timothy), 1st ed. Routledge. ISBN: 9781315624525.
25. Kofjac, D., Skuric, M., Dragovic, B. & Skraba, A. (2013). “Traffic Modelling and Performance Evaluation in the Kotor Cruise Port”. Strojniški vestnik - Journal of Mechanical Engineering 59(2013)9, 526-535
26. Lau, Y. & Yip, T. L. (2020). “The Asia cruise tourism industry: Current trend and future Outlook”. The Asian Journal of Shipping and Logistics, 36, 190–201.
27. Lekakou, M.B., Pallis, A.A. & Vaggelas, G.K. (2009). “Which homeport in Europe: thecruise industry’s selection criteria.” TOURISMOS: An International Multidisciplinary Journal of Tourism. 4(4), 215–240.
28. Lekakou, M., Stefanidaki, E. & Vaggelas, G. K. (2011). “The economic impact of cruise to local economies. The case of an island.” Paper presented at Athens Tourism Conference, 2-3 February 2011, Athens, Greece.
29. Lopez, P., (2011). “Explosion del trafico de cruceros en el Mediterraneo y su impacto en las ciudades portuarias”. PortPlus.
30. Ma, M. Z., Fan, H. M. & Zhang, E. Y. (2018). C”ruise homeport location selection evaluation based on grey-cloud clustering model”, Current Issues in Tourism, 21:3, 328-354, DOI: 10.1080/13683500.2015.1083951
31. Manning, T., (2006). “Managing Cruise Ship Impacts: Guidelines for Current and Potential Destination Communities. Elde edilme tarihi: 7 Şubat 2022, http://tourisk.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/Managing-Cruise-Ship-Impacts.pdf
32. Marti, B. E. (1990). “Geography and the cruise ship port selection process”. Maritime Policy & Management. 17 (3), 157-164.
33. McCalla, R. (1998). “An investigation into site and situation: cruise ship ports”. Tijdschrift voor economische en sociale geografie. 89 (1), 44-55.
34. MedCruise (2017). Cruise activities in MedCruise ports. 2017 Statistics A MedCruise Report. First Published: March 2018. Piraeus, Greece.
35. MedCruise (2021). Yearbook 2021/2022. A directory of cruise ports & professionals in the Mediterranean and adjoining seas.
36. MedCruise (2022). Statistics Cruise activities in MedCruise ports. A MedCruise Report. First Edition Published: April 2022. Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain.
37. Mendiluce, M., Schipper, L., (2011). Trends in passenger transport and freight energy use in Spain. Energ Policy 39, 6466–6475. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2011.07.048.
38. Messner, S.F., Moran, L., Reub, G. & Campbell, J. (2013). “Climate change and sea level rise impacts at ports and a consistent methodology to evaluate vulnerability and risk”. WIT Transactions on Ecology and the Environment, Vol 169, pp. 141-153. WIT Press
39. Niavis, S. & Vaggelas, G. (2016),”An empirical model for assessing the effect of ports’ and hinterlands’ characteristics on homeports’ potential The case of Mediterranean ports “, Maritime Business Review, Vol. 1 Iss 3 pp. 186 – 207 Permanent link to this document: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/MABR-06-2016-0013
40. Nguyen, T. T. M., Nguyen, D. T., Truong, M. H. & Nguyen, A. D. (2021). “GIS-based simulation for deep-water port site selection using analytic hierarchy process: a case study from Southern East of Vietnam” Applied Geomatics 13, 107–118. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12518-020-00319-2.
41. Notteboom, T., Pallis, A. & Rodrigue, J.P (2022) Port Economics, Management and Policy, New York: Routledge, 690 pages / 218 illustrations. ISBN 9780367331559.
42. Nyoman, B. Achmadi, T. & Manfaat, D. (2015). “Port Location Selection Model: Case Study Of Tourism Sector In Bali”. Applied Mechanics and Materials Submitted: 2015-02-19, ISSN: 1662-7482, Vol. 776, pp 87-94 Accepted: 2015-04-10. doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.776.87 Online: 2015-07-23.
43. OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development). 2016, The Ocean Economy in 2030, OECD Publishing, Paris. http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264251724-en.
44. PIANC (the World Association for Waterborne Transport Infrastructure). (2019). MarCom WG Report 185 – 2019. Ports on Greenfield sites – Guidelines for site selection and master planning. PIANC.
45. Reyna, M. (November 15, 2013). Director Royal Caribbean’s 2013 Update, Port Business Development & Asset Management, 43d MedCruise General Assembly Alanya 13-17 Nov 2013.
46. Rodrigue, J. P. & Notteboom, T. (2013). “The geography of cruises: Itineraries, not destinations”. Applied Geography. 38, 31-42.
47. Rosa-Jimenez, C. Perea-Medina B. J.Andradea, M. & Nebota, N. (2018). “An examination of the territorial imbalance of the cruising activity in the main Mediterranean port destinations: Effects on sustainable transport”. Journal of Transport Geography. 68, p. 94-101.
48. Song, D., Chen, J.S. & Dong, K. (2018). “Competitiveness Analyzes of Cruise Ports: A Case in China”. Advances in Hospitality and Leisure. 14, 75-91. https://doi.org/10.1108/S1745-354220180000014005.
49. Soriani, S., Bertazzon, S., Cesare, F.D.I & Rech, G., (2009). “Cruising in the Mediterranean: structural aspects and evolutionary trends”. Maritime Policy & Management. 36 (3), 235-251, DOI: 10.1080/03088830902861128.
50. Tamajon, L.A.G. & Valiente, C. G., (2012). “Cruise tourism in Barcelona: from marginality to Interantional leadership”. Boletin de la Asociacion de Geografos, 60, 253–271.
51. Taneja, P., Oosterwegel, M. (2022). “Towards a Framework for Sustainable Port Site Selection”. In Austalasian Coasts & Ports (pp. 1-5). Australasian Coasts and Ports. https://www.coastsandports.org/papers/2021/226_oosterwegel_finalpaper.pdf.
52. Timms, B. T. & Conway, T. (2012). “Slow Tourism at the Caribbean’s Geographical Margins”. Tourism Geographies, 14:3, 396-418, DOI: 10.1080/14616688.2011.610112
53. Tseng, P. H. & Yip, T. L. (2020). “An evaluation model of cruise ports using fuzzy analytic hierarchy process”. Maritime Business Review. 6 (1), 22-48.
54. Türkiye Turizmi Tanıtım ve Geliştirme Ajansı (TGA) (2022). Erişim tarihi: 15.01.2023. https://www.tga.gov.tr/bultenler/the-best-mediterranean-cruise-destination-award-goes-to-turkiye/
55. Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu (TÜİK). Adrese Dayalı Nüfus Kayıt Sistemi Sonuçları, 2022. Erişim tarihi, 06.02.2023, https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Adrese-Dayali-Nufus-Kayit-Sistemi-Sonuclari-2022-49685
56. Türk Loydu (2023). Türk Loydu’ndan yat raporu. Denizcilik Dergisi. Erişim tarihi: 14.01.2023, https://www.denizcilikdergisi.com/denizcilik-gundem-haberleri/turk-loydundan-yat-pazarina-genel-bir-bakis/
57. UN (United Nations) (2001). UNCTAD Monographs on Port Management, A series of monographs prepared for UNCTAD in collaboration with the International Association of Ports and Harbors (IAPH). The economic impact of cruise ports: The case of Miami, UN New York and Geneva, 2001.
58. Wang, Y., Jung, K.A., Yeo, G.T and Chou, C.C. (2014). “Selecting a cruise port of call location using the fuzzy-AHP method: A case study in East Asia”. Tourism Management. 42, 262-270.
59. Zhu, Y. & Cheng, J. (2020). “Selecting a coastal cruise port of call location in mainland China using the AHP” Method”. Journal of Shipping and Trade. 5 (3).