YUNANİSTAN’DA ORTA VE GEÇ TUNÇ ÇAĞLARI: TOPLUMSAL ÇÖKÜŞ MÜ, DÖNÜŞÜM MÜ?

Year 2026, Issue: 72, 329 - 351, 19.01.2026

Şükrü Ünar

https://doi.org/10.30794/pausbed.1732423

Abstract

Bu çalışma, MÖ 3. binyılın sonlarından itibaren Yunanistan, Kiklad Adaları ve Girit’te gözlenen kültürel, sosyo-ekonomik ve çevresel dönüşümleri, arkeolojik ve paleoiklimsel veriler ışığında değerlendirmektedir. Erken Tunç Çağı’nın son evresinde (yaklaşık MÖ 2200–2000) Akdeniz ve Batı Asya genelinde gözlenen 4.2 ka iklim olayı, bölgesel ölçekte yerleşimlerin terk edilmesi, sosyo-ekonomik çöküşler ve toplumsal yeniden yapılanmalarla ilişkilendirilmiştir. Ancak çalışma, bu döneme ilişkin arkeolojik ve iklimsel verilerin homojen bir tablo sunmadığını; özellikle Yunan anakarası ve Ege adalarında bölgesel farklılıkların belirgin olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır. Argolis, Korint ve Boeotia gibi bölgelerde Erken Hellas II–III geçişine denk gelen dönemde küçük yerleşimlerin terk edilmesi ve nüfus azalması görülürken; bazı merkezlerde kültürel devamlılık ve yeniden iskân süreçleri belgelenmiştir. Bölgedeki yerleşimlerde hem sosyo-politik örgütlenmede hem de maddi kültürde yerel sürekliliğin izleri sürülmektedir. Girit’te ise aynı süreç, erken devlet biçimlerinin ve toplumsal karmaşıklığın gelişimiyle sonuçlanmıştır. Bölgede son yıllarda gerçekleştirilen çalışmalar Ege Tunç Çağı toplumlarındaki değişim için ani bir “çöküş” veya “göç” tanımlamalarının ötesindeki açıklamalara ihtiyaç olduğunu göstermektedir. Bu çalışmada söz konusu süreç, yerel adaptasyon ve kültürel etkileşimlerin iç içe geçtiği çok katmanlı bir dönüşüm süreci olarak değerlendirmektedir. Bu yaklaşım, Ege dünyasında erken devletleşme, toplumsal karmaşıklık ve kültürel süreklilik tartışmalarına yeni bir bütüncül çerçeve sunmaktadır.

Keywords

Tunç Çağı Geçişi , Yerleşim Dinamikleri , Minoslaşma , Sosyo-Politik Karmaşıklık , Kültürel Etkileşim

THE MIDDLE AND LATE BRONZE AGES IN GREECE: SOCIAL COLLAPSE OR TRANSFORMATION?

Abstract

This study examines the cultural, socio-economic, and environmental transformations observed in Greece, the Cyclades, and Crete from the late third millennium BC onwards, based on archaeological and palaeoclimatic evidence. The 4.2 ka climatic event, identified across the Mediterranean and Western Asia during the final phase of the Early Bronze Age (ca. 2200–2000 BC), has been associated with regional settlement abandonments, socio-economic disruptions, and processes of social reorganization. However, the evidence reveals a non-uniform pattern, with pronounced regional variability across mainland Greece and the Aegean islands. While areas such as Argolis, Corinth, and Boeotia witnessed the abandonment of smaller settlements and population decline during the Early Helladic II–III transition, some centres exhibit cultural continuity and phases of reoccupation. Archaeological data indicate traces of local persistence in both socio-political organization and material culture. In Crete, the same period culminated in the emergence of early state forms and increasing social complexity. Recent research demonstrates that the transformation of Aegean Bronze Age societies cannot be adequately explained by notions of abrupt “collapse” or “migration.” Instead, this study interprets the process as a multilayered transformation shaped by local adaptation and cultural interaction, offering a holistic framework for understanding early state formation, social complexity, and cultural continuity in the Aegean world.

Keywords

Bronze Age Transition , Settlement Dynamics , Minoanization , Socio-Political Complexity , Cultural Interaction

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