Research Article
HIRİSTİYANLIĞIN ERKEN YÜZYILLARINDAKİ İSA TEOLOJİSİ TARTIŞMALARINDA ‘DİNAMİK MONARŞİYANİST’ AKIMA ÖZGÜ ‘MONOTEİST’ KRİSTOLOJİ ve BUNUN ‘EBİONİT’ KRİSTOLOJİYLE MUKAYESESİ
Abstract
Hıristiyanlığın “tevhit”
anlayışı, Tanrı’yı “Baba”, “Oğul” ve “Kutsal Ruh” şeklinde üç ayrı hypostasisten ibaret gören “teslisçi”
açılıma dayanmaktadır. Teslis hipotezi muhtemelen II. yüzyılla birlikte ortaya
çıkmış ve bazı Hıristiyan ilahiyatçıların tepkilerine karşın büyük oranda IV.
yüzyılda Hıristiyanlığın “ana akım” inancı haline gelmiştir. Bu bağlamda, “Oğul”
tabir ettiği Mesih’i ve ayrıca Kutsal Ruh’u tanrılaştıran teslis düşüncesine
karşı II. yüzyıl sonlarından itibaren ve yine Hıristiyanlık bünyesinde ortaya
çıkan “gentiles” karakterli “monoteist” bazı reaksiyonlar, modern
araştırmacılar tarafından “Monarşiyanizm” diye tanımlanmaktadır. Nitekim “Mesih”
diye anılan İsa’yı Tanrı’nın tezahürü olarak görenler “Modalist (Şekilci)
Monarşiyanistler”, İsa’yı beşer addedenler ise “Dinamik (Adaptiyonist)
Monarşiyanistler” biçiminde iki kategoride tasnif edilmişlerdir. Dinamik
Monarşiyanistler “teslis” hipotezinin yalnızca “Baba” diye anılan şahsiyetinin
“yüce” ve “eşsiz” Tanrı olduğuna inanmışlar, İsa ile Kutsal Ruh’u ise tanrısal
bir mertebeye çıkarıp Tanrı’yla eşitlemekten sakınmışlardır. Bu kristoloji,
İsa’ya “tanrı” olarak tapılmasını da kesin şekilde yasaklamıştır. Ancak bu
akıma mensup ilahiyatçılar muhtelif tarihlerde toplanan çeşitli konsiller
tarafından aforoz edilmişlerdir. Dinamik Monarşiyanizme has monoteist ilkelerin
yine İsa’nın teslis dışı takipçilerinden Ebionitler ile bazı açılardan paralellik
taşıdığı da anlaşılmaktadır.
Keywords
Dinler Tarihi Hıristiyanlık Kristoloji Dinamik Monarşiyanizm Byzantionlu Theodotos Samosatalı Paulos Sirmiumlu Photeinos Ebionitler
References
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(2002). “Hıristiyanlıkta Tevhid-Teslis Mücadelesinde Bir Portre: Antakya Patriği Samsatlı Pavlos”, Uluslararası Türk Dünyası İnanç Önderleri Kongresi, Ankara. Downey, G. (1961). A History of Antioch in Syria: From Seleucus to the Arab Conquest, Princeton. Edwards, J.R. (2009). The Hebrew Gospel & The Development of the Synoptic Tradition, B. Eerdmans Publishing. Ehrman, B. D. (2009). Jesus, Interrupted: Revealing the Hidden Contradictions in the Bible, HarperCollins. Ehrman, B. D. (2016). Jesus Before the Gospels: How the Earliest Christians Remembered, Changed and Invented Their Stories of the Savior, HarperCollins. Epiphanius (2009). The Panarion of Epiphanius of Salamis, (Çev. Frank Williams) (I. ve II. kitaplar), Brill: Leiden-Boston. Erickson, M. J. (2001). Introducing Christian Doctrine, ed. Arnold Hustad, 2. Basım, Grand Rapids: Baker Academic. Erickson, M. J. (2013). Christian Theology, 3. Basım, Grand Rapids: Baker Academic. Eusebios (1890). Ecclesiastical History (Historia Ecclesiastica=HE), NPNF, Seri 2, C. 1, ed. P. Schaff, New York. Evans, C.A. (2007). “The Jewish Christian Gospel Tradition”, The Early Centuries Jewish Believers in Jesus, (ed. O. Skarsaune-R. Hvalvik), Hendrickson Publishers. Evans, C.A. (2003). “Jewish Version of the Gospel of Matthew: Observations On Three Recent Publications”, Mishkan 38, 2003. Ezigbo, V.I. (2013). Introducing Christian Theologies, C. 1, Eugene: Oregon. Gibbon, E. (1776). The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, C. 1, Londra. Goodacre, M. (2005). The Synoptic Problem: A Way Through Maze, London. Guy, L. (2004). Introducing Early Christianity: A Topical Survey of It’s Life, Beliefs & Practices, Inter Varsity Press: Illinois. Gündüz, Ş. (2004). Pavlus: Hıristiyanlığın Mimarı, Ankara Okulu Yayınları: Ankara. Hagenbach, K.R. (1850). Compendium of the History of Doctrines, C. 1, (Çev. C. V. Buch), Edinburgh. Hanson, P.C. (1988). The Search for the Christian Doctrine of God: The Arian Controversy (318-381), T & T Clark: Edinburgh. Hefele, C.J. (1883). A History of the Christian Councils: From the Original Document to the Close of the Council of Nicea A. D. 325, 2. Basım, Edinburgh. Heine, R.E. (2013). Classical Christian Doctrine: Introducing the Essentials of the Ancient Faith, Grand Rapids: Baker Academic, Michigan. Hilary (1898). De Synodis, NPNF, Seri 2, C. 9, ed. P. Schaff, Edinburgh. Hippolytus (1885). The Refutation of All Heresies & Against the Heresy of One Noetus, Ante Nicene Fathers, C. 5, ed. P. Schaff, Edinburgh 1885. Howard, G. (1988). “The Gospel of the Ebionites”, Aufstieg und Niedergang Der Römischen Welt, (ed. Wolfgang Haase), Teil II: Principat, Band 25, Walter De Gruyter: Berlin-New York. Irenaeus, Adversus Haereses, ANF, C. 1, Edinburgh. Jackson, F.J.F-. (2005). A History of the Christian Church From the Earliest Times to A.D. 461, Cosimo: New York. Jerome (1893). De Viris Illustribus, NPNF, C. 3, ed. P. Schaff, Edinburgh. Justin (1885). 1. Apology, ANF, C. 1, Edinburgh. Kaçar, T. (2003). “Ebioniteler’den Arius’a: Eskiçağ Doğu Hıristiyanlığında İsa Teolojisi Tartışmaları”, Ankara Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, C. XLIV, S. 2, ss. 187-206. Kaçar, T. (2009). Geç Antikçağ’da Hıristiyanlık, Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yayınları: İstanbul. Kärkkäinen, V.-M. (2016), Christology: A Global Introduction, (2. Basım), Grand Rapids: Baker Academic. Kelly, J.N.D (1968). Early Christian Doctrines, 4. Basım, London 1968. Klijn, A. F. J. (1992). Jewish-Christian Gospel Tradition, Brill: Leiden. Koester, H. (2005). “Gospels and Gospel Tradition in the Second Century”, The New Testament and the Apostolic Fathers: Trajectories through the New Testament and the Apostolic Fathers, (ed. A. Gregory-C. Tuckett), Oxford University Press. Lampe, P. (2003). Christians at Rome in the First Two Centuries: From Paul to Valentinus, (Çev. Michael Steinhauser), ed. Marshall D. Johnson, Fortress Press: Minneapolis. Lang, U.M. (2001). John Philoponus and the Controversies Over Chalcedon in the Sixth Century: A Study and Translation of the Arbiter, Leuven Peeters. Longenecker, R.N. (1970). The Christology of Early Jewish Christianity, Naperville: Allenson, London. Luomanen, P. (2012). Recovering Jewish-Christian Sects and Gospels, Brill: Leiden-Boston. Maccoby, H. (1986). The Mythmaker: Paul and the Invention of Christianity, London. Millar, F. (1971). “Paul of Samosata, Zenobia and Aurelian: The Church, Local Culture and Political Allegiance in Third-Century Syria”, The Journal of Roman Studies, 61, 1971, ss. 1-17. Paget, J.C. (2007). “The Definition of the Terms Jewish Christian and Jewish Christianity in the History of Research”, The Early Centuries Jewish Believers in Jesus, (ed. O. Skarsaune-R. Hvalvik), Hendrickson Publishers. Pines, S. (1966). “The Jewish Christians of the Early Centuries of Christianity According to a New Source”, The Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities, II, No: 13, Jerusalem. Pseudo-Clementine Literature (Recognitions Bölümü). (1885-1887). ANF, C. 8. Rogers, J. (2016). Why Creeds and Confessions: Foundations in Biblical Orthodoxy, Clermont. Schneemelcher, W. (2003). New Testament Apocrypha, C. 1: Gospels and Related Writings, (İngilizce çev.-ed. R. McL. Wilson), Westminster: John Knox Press. Seeberg, R. (1905). Text-Book of the History of Doctrines, (Çev. C. E. Hay), Lutheran Publication: Philadelphia. Sharrock, R. (2012), The Triunity of God, Morrisville. Socrates (1886). Ecclesiastical History (Historia Ecclesiastica=HE), NPNF, Seri 2, C. 2, ed. P. Schaff, New York. Sozomenus (1886). Ecclesiastical History (Historia Ecclesiastica=HE), NPNF, Seri 2, C. 2, ed. P. Schaff, New York. Stanton, Graham (2002). The Gospels and Jesus, (2. Basım) Oxford University Press. Streeter, T. (2012), The Church and Western Culture: An Introduction to Church History, Booktango. Theodoretos (1886). Ecclesiastical History (Historia Ecclesiastica=HE), NPNF, Seri 2, C. 2, ed. P. Schaff, New York. Walker, W.-Norris, R.A.-Lotz, D.W.-Handy, R.T. (1985), A History of the Christian Church, 4. Basım, New York. Weedman, M. (2007). The Trinitarian Theology of Hilary of Poitiers, Brill: Leiden. Weinandy, T.G. (2003), Jesus the Christ, Huntington: Indiana. Williams, D.H. (2006), “Monarchianism and Phonitus of Sirmium as the Persistent Heretical Face of the Fourth Century”, The Harvard Theological Review, 99. 2, 187-206. Williams, D.H. (2001), “Defining Orthodoxy in Hilary of Poitiers’ Commentarium in Matthaeum”, Journal of Early Christian Studies, 9. 2, 151-171.
Year 2018,
, 329 - 343, 13.04.2018
Abstract
References
- Ambrose (1898). De Paradiso, NPNF, Seri 2, C. 9, ed. P. Schaff, Edinburgh. Aydın, M. (2001). “Tarihsel İsa Araştırmaları ve Onların Bulguları Üzerine Bazı Mülahazalar”, İslam Araştırmaları Dergisi, 5, 2001, ss. 1-41. Barnes, T.D. (1993). Athanasius and Constantius: Theology and Politics in the Constantinian Empire, Harvard University Press. Benedetto R. (ed.) (2008). The New Westminster Dictionary of Church History, C. I, John Knox Press: Kentucky. Brown, E.B. (1994). An Introduction to New Testament Christology, Paulist Press: New York. Chadwick, H. (2004). The Church in Ancient Society: From Gelilee to Gregory the Great, Clarendon: Oxford. Chapman, H.P. (1913). “Paul of Samosata”, Catholic Encyclopedia, C. 11, New York. Çelgin, G. (2011). Eski Yunanca-Türkçe Sözlük, Kabalcı: İstanbul. Çelik, M. (1987). Süryani Kilisesi Tarihi, İstanbul. Çelik, M. (2002). “Hıristiyanlıkta Tevhid-Teslis Mücadelesinde Bir Portre: Antakya Patriği Samsatlı Pavlos”, Uluslararası Türk Dünyası İnanç Önderleri Kongresi, Ankara. Downey, G. (1961). A History of Antioch in Syria: From Seleucus to the Arab Conquest, Princeton. Edwards, J.R. (2009). The Hebrew Gospel & The Development of the Synoptic Tradition, B. Eerdmans Publishing. Ehrman, B. D. (2009). Jesus, Interrupted: Revealing the Hidden Contradictions in the Bible, HarperCollins. Ehrman, B. D. (2016). Jesus Before the Gospels: How the Earliest Christians Remembered, Changed and Invented Their Stories of the Savior, HarperCollins. Epiphanius (2009). The Panarion of Epiphanius of Salamis, (Çev. Frank Williams) (I. ve II. kitaplar), Brill: Leiden-Boston. Erickson, M. J. (2001). Introducing Christian Doctrine, ed. Arnold Hustad, 2. Basım, Grand Rapids: Baker Academic. Erickson, M. J. (2013). Christian Theology, 3. Basım, Grand Rapids: Baker Academic. Eusebios (1890). Ecclesiastical History (Historia Ecclesiastica=HE), NPNF, Seri 2, C. 1, ed. P. Schaff, New York. Evans, C.A. (2007). “The Jewish Christian Gospel Tradition”, The Early Centuries Jewish Believers in Jesus, (ed. O. Skarsaune-R. Hvalvik), Hendrickson Publishers. Evans, C.A. (2003). “Jewish Version of the Gospel of Matthew: Observations On Three Recent Publications”, Mishkan 38, 2003. Ezigbo, V.I. (2013). Introducing Christian Theologies, C. 1, Eugene: Oregon. Gibbon, E. (1776). The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, C. 1, Londra. Goodacre, M. (2005). The Synoptic Problem: A Way Through Maze, London. Guy, L. (2004). Introducing Early Christianity: A Topical Survey of It’s Life, Beliefs & Practices, Inter Varsity Press: Illinois. Gündüz, Ş. (2004). Pavlus: Hıristiyanlığın Mimarı, Ankara Okulu Yayınları: Ankara. Hagenbach, K.R. (1850). Compendium of the History of Doctrines, C. 1, (Çev. C. V. Buch), Edinburgh. Hanson, P.C. (1988). The Search for the Christian Doctrine of God: The Arian Controversy (318-381), T & T Clark: Edinburgh. Hefele, C.J. (1883). A History of the Christian Councils: From the Original Document to the Close of the Council of Nicea A. D. 325, 2. Basım, Edinburgh. Heine, R.E. (2013). Classical Christian Doctrine: Introducing the Essentials of the Ancient Faith, Grand Rapids: Baker Academic, Michigan. Hilary (1898). De Synodis, NPNF, Seri 2, C. 9, ed. P. Schaff, Edinburgh. Hippolytus (1885). The Refutation of All Heresies & Against the Heresy of One Noetus, Ante Nicene Fathers, C. 5, ed. P. Schaff, Edinburgh 1885. Howard, G. (1988). “The Gospel of the Ebionites”, Aufstieg und Niedergang Der Römischen Welt, (ed. Wolfgang Haase), Teil II: Principat, Band 25, Walter De Gruyter: Berlin-New York. Irenaeus, Adversus Haereses, ANF, C. 1, Edinburgh. Jackson, F.J.F-. (2005). A History of the Christian Church From the Earliest Times to A.D. 461, Cosimo: New York. Jerome (1893). De Viris Illustribus, NPNF, C. 3, ed. P. Schaff, Edinburgh. Justin (1885). 1. Apology, ANF, C. 1, Edinburgh. Kaçar, T. (2003). “Ebioniteler’den Arius’a: Eskiçağ Doğu Hıristiyanlığında İsa Teolojisi Tartışmaları”, Ankara Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, C. XLIV, S. 2, ss. 187-206. Kaçar, T. (2009). Geç Antikçağ’da Hıristiyanlık, Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yayınları: İstanbul. Kärkkäinen, V.-M. (2016), Christology: A Global Introduction, (2. Basım), Grand Rapids: Baker Academic. Kelly, J.N.D (1968). Early Christian Doctrines, 4. Basım, London 1968. Klijn, A. F. J. (1992). Jewish-Christian Gospel Tradition, Brill: Leiden. Koester, H. (2005). “Gospels and Gospel Tradition in the Second Century”, The New Testament and the Apostolic Fathers: Trajectories through the New Testament and the Apostolic Fathers, (ed. A. Gregory-C. Tuckett), Oxford University Press. Lampe, P. (2003). Christians at Rome in the First Two Centuries: From Paul to Valentinus, (Çev. Michael Steinhauser), ed. Marshall D. Johnson, Fortress Press: Minneapolis. Lang, U.M. (2001). John Philoponus and the Controversies Over Chalcedon in the Sixth Century: A Study and Translation of the Arbiter, Leuven Peeters. Longenecker, R.N. (1970). The Christology of Early Jewish Christianity, Naperville: Allenson, London. Luomanen, P. (2012). Recovering Jewish-Christian Sects and Gospels, Brill: Leiden-Boston. Maccoby, H. (1986). The Mythmaker: Paul and the Invention of Christianity, London. Millar, F. (1971). “Paul of Samosata, Zenobia and Aurelian: The Church, Local Culture and Political Allegiance in Third-Century Syria”, The Journal of Roman Studies, 61, 1971, ss. 1-17. Paget, J.C. (2007). “The Definition of the Terms Jewish Christian and Jewish Christianity in the History of Research”, The Early Centuries Jewish Believers in Jesus, (ed. O. Skarsaune-R. Hvalvik), Hendrickson Publishers. Pines, S. (1966). “The Jewish Christians of the Early Centuries of Christianity According to a New Source”, The Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities, II, No: 13, Jerusalem. Pseudo-Clementine Literature (Recognitions Bölümü). (1885-1887). ANF, C. 8. Rogers, J. (2016). Why Creeds and Confessions: Foundations in Biblical Orthodoxy, Clermont. Schneemelcher, W. (2003). New Testament Apocrypha, C. 1: Gospels and Related Writings, (İngilizce çev.-ed. R. McL. Wilson), Westminster: John Knox Press. Seeberg, R. (1905). Text-Book of the History of Doctrines, (Çev. C. E. Hay), Lutheran Publication: Philadelphia. Sharrock, R. (2012), The Triunity of God, Morrisville. Socrates (1886). Ecclesiastical History (Historia Ecclesiastica=HE), NPNF, Seri 2, C. 2, ed. P. Schaff, New York. Sozomenus (1886). Ecclesiastical History (Historia Ecclesiastica=HE), NPNF, Seri 2, C. 2, ed. P. Schaff, New York. Stanton, Graham (2002). The Gospels and Jesus, (2. Basım) Oxford University Press. Streeter, T. (2012), The Church and Western Culture: An Introduction to Church History, Booktango. Theodoretos (1886). Ecclesiastical History (Historia Ecclesiastica=HE), NPNF, Seri 2, C. 2, ed. P. Schaff, New York. Walker, W.-Norris, R.A.-Lotz, D.W.-Handy, R.T. (1985), A History of the Christian Church, 4. Basım, New York. Weedman, M. (2007). The Trinitarian Theology of Hilary of Poitiers, Brill: Leiden. Weinandy, T.G. (2003), Jesus the Christ, Huntington: Indiana. Williams, D.H. (2006), “Monarchianism and Phonitus of Sirmium as the Persistent Heretical Face of the Fourth Century”, The Harvard Theological Review, 99. 2, 187-206. Williams, D.H. (2001), “Defining Orthodoxy in Hilary of Poitiers’ Commentarium in Matthaeum”, Journal of Early Christian Studies, 9. 2, 151-171.
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Details
| Primary Language | Turkish |
|---|---|
| Journal Section | Articles |
| Authors | |
| Publication Date | April 13, 2018 |
| Acceptance Date | September 25, 2017 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2018 |