DİJİTİZASYON, DİJİTALİZASYON, DİJİTAL DÖNÜŞÜM KAVRAMLARI VE TARİHSEL BİR BAKIŞ

Abstract

Kavramlar bazen çok iyi nedenlerle farklı kişilerce farklı anlamlarda kullanılabilmekte ya da anlamları zaman içinde değişebilmektedir. Dünya bilgi - bilişim çağı olarak da adlandırılan bir dönemden geçmektedir. Bilginin yaratılma, toplanma, saklanma, işlenme, iletilme yol ve yöntemlerinde analogdan sayısala bir dönüşüm olmuştur. Otomasyon, nesneler interneti, dijitizasyon, dijitalizasyon, dijital dönüşüm, bilgi sistemleri, bilgi işlem, bilişim günümüzde sık kullanılan, ekonomi ve toplum üzerindeki etkileri yüksek sözcüklerdir. Bunlardan dijitizasyon, dijitalizasyon ve dijital dönüşüm sıklıkla biri diğeri yerine kullanılabilen, ara sıra uygunsuz ya da yanlış anlamlarda kullanılan üç kavramdır. Bu üç kavram için literatür ve günlük konuşma dilinde bir kavram kargaşası vardır. Çalışmada insanlığın zaman içindeki teknolojik birikimine, yıkıcı toplumsal dönüşümdeki etkili bilgi keşiflerine göz atılmış, dijitizasyon, dijitalizasyon ve dijital dönüşüm sözcüklerinin anlam ve tanımlarına yönelik literatür taraması yapılıp bulgular sunulmuştur. Kavramlar arasındaki kargaşanın giderilmesine destek amaçlı; dijitizasyon, dijitalizayon ve dijital dönüşüm aralarındaki farklar tartışılıp, belirginleştirilmeye çalışılmıştır. Son olarak dijital dönüşümün ekonomi ve toplum üzerindeki etkileri ile dönüşümde stratejinin önemine değinilmiştir.

Keywords

• Dijtizasyon
• Dijitalizasyon
• Dijital Dönüşüm. Dijitalizasyonun Sosyo-Ekonomik Etkisi
• Dijitalizasyon Stratejisi

A DISCUSSION ON CONCEPTS OF DIGITIZATION, DIGITALIZATION, DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION

Abstract

Concepts are sometimes used in different ways by different people for very good reasons or their meanings can change over time. The world is going through a period that is also called the information age or computer technology or sciences era. There has been a transformation from analog to digital in the ways and methods of creating, collecting, storing, processing and transmitting information. Automation, internet of things, digitization, digitalization, digital transformation, information systems, computing, informatics are frequently used words in this era. Nowadays digitization, digitalization and digital transformation are the prominent concepts which are sometimes used interchangeably, instead of one another. In addition these three concepts can occasionally be used in inappropriate or misleading meanings too. There is confusion in the literature and colloquial language for these three concepts. In this study, firstly, a historical view is taken to the technological accumulation of humanity, in other words, the knowledge discovery leading to disruptive social transformations over time were examined. A literature review was conducted on the meaning and definitions of the words digitization, digitalization and digital transformation and the findings were presented. Later, to support the elimination of confusion between concepts, digitization, digitalization and digital transformation are discussed and the difference among them is emphasized. Finally, the effects of digital transformation on the economy and society and the importance of strategy in transformation are stated.

Keywords

• Digitization
• Digitalization
• Digital Transformation
• Socio-Economic Impact of Digitalization
• Digitalization Strategy.

References

1. 1. Abou-Foul, M., Ruiz-Alba, J. L., & Soares, A. (2020). The impact of digitalization and servitization on the financial performance of a firm: an empirical analysis. Production Planning & Control, 1-15.
2. 2. Bresciani, S., Ferraris, A., & Del Giudice, M. (2018). The management of organizational ambidexterity through alliances in a new context of analysis: Internet of Things (IoT) smart city projects. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 136, 331–338.
3. 3. Bloomberg, J. (2018). Digitization, Digitalization, and Digital Transformation: Confuse Them at Your Peril, recieved from https://www.forbes.com/sites/jasonbloomberg/2018/04/29/digitizationdigitalization-and-digital-transformation-confuse-them-at-yourperil/#3f4222a72f2c
4. 4. Bresciani, S., Ferraris, A., & Del Giudice, M. (2018). The management of organizational ambidexterity through alliances in a new context of analysis: Internet of Things (IoT) smart city projects. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 136, 331-338.
5. 5. European Commission (2013). Powering European public sector innovation: Towards anew architecture. https://ec.europa.eu/digital-single-market/en/news/powering-european-public-sector-innovation-towards-new-architecture (Erişim Tarihi: 10.10.2020).
6. 6. Fitzgerald, M., Kruschwitz, N., Bonnet, D., Welch, M., 2014. Embracing digital technology: a new strategic imperative. MIT Sloan Manag. Rev. 55 (2), 1.
7. 7. Fletcher, G., & Griffiths, M. (2020). Digital transformation during a lockdown. International Journal of Information Management, 55, 102185.
8. 8. Ghobakhloo, M. (2020). Industry 4.0, digitization, and opportunities for sustainability. Journal of Cleaner Production, 252, 119869.

9. 9. Gray, J., & Rumpe, B. (2015). “Models for digitalization”, Softw Syst Model, 14:1319–1320.
10. 10. Hess, T., Matt, C., Benlian, A., Wiesböck, F., 2016. Options for formulating a digital transformation strategy. MIS Q. Exec. 15 (2).
11. 11. Korachi, Z., & Bounabat, B. (2020). General Approach for Formulating a Digital Transformation Strategy. Journal of Computer Science, 16(4), 493-507.
12. 12. Li, L., Su, F., Zhang, W., & Mao, J. Y. (2018). Digital transformation by SME entrepreneurs: A capability perspective. Information Systems Journal, 28(6), 1129–1157.
13. 13. Luz Martín-Peña, M.; Díaz-Garrido, E. (2018). Sánchez-López, J.M. The digitalization and servitization of manufacturing: A review on digital business models. Strateg. Chang., 27, 91–99.
14. 14. Matarazzo, M., Penco, L., Profumo, G., & Quaglia, R. (2020). Digital transformation and customer value creation in Made in Italy SMEs: A dynamic capabilities perspective. Journal of Business Research, 123, 642-656.
15. 15. Mergel, I., Edelmann, N., & Haug, N. (2019). Defining digital transformation: Results from expert interviews. Government Information Quarterly, 36(4), 101385.
16. 16. Mitroulis, D. and F. Kitsios, (2019. Digital transformation strategy: A literature review.
17. 17. Parida, V., Sjödin, D., Reim, W. (2019). Reviewing Literature on Digitalization, Business Model Innovation, and Sustainable Industry: Past Achievements and Future Promises. Sustainability , 11, 391.)
18. 18. Rachinger, M.; Rauter, R.; Müller, C. (2018). Vorraber, W.; Schirgi, E. Digitalization and its influence on business model innovation. J. Manuf. Technol. Manag.
19. 19. Ritter, T., & Pedersen, C. L. (2020). Digitization capability and the digitalization of business models in business-to-business firms: Past, present, and future. Industrial Marketing Management, 86, 180-190.
20. 20. Scuotto, V., Arrigo, E., Candelo, E., & Nicotra, M. (2019). Ambidextrous innovation orientation effected by the digital transformation. Business Process Management Journal. https://doi.org/10.1108/BPMJ-03-2019-0135.
21. 21. Sestino, A., Prete, M. I., Piper, L., & Guido, G. (2020). Internet of Things and Big Data as enablers for business digitalization strategies. Technovation, 102173.
22. 22. Singh, A., Hess, T., 2017. How chief digital officers promote the digital transformation of their companies. MIS Q. Exec. 16 (1).
23. 23. Scuotto, V., Santoro, G., Bresciani, S., & Del Giudice, M. (2017). Shifting intra-and inter-organizational innovation processes towards digital business: An empirical analysis of SMEs. Creativity and Innovation Management, 26(3), 247–255.
24. 24. Urbach N., Roeglinger M., 2019. “Introduction to Digitalization Cases: How Organizations Rethink Their Business for the Digital Age”, Digitalization Cases (pp.1-12).
25. 25. Verhoef, P. C., Broekhuizen, T., Bart, Y., Bhattacharya, A., Dong, J. Q., Fabian, N., & Haenlein, M. (2019). Digital transformation: A multidisciplinary reflection and research agenda. Journal of Business Research. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. jbusres.2019.09.022.
26. 26. Warner, K. S., & Wäger, M. (2019). Building dynamic capabilities for digital transformation: An ongoing process of strategic renewal. Long Range Planning, 52(3), 326-349.
27. 27. https://www.pysdens.com/wp-content/uploads/250- digitization-and- digitalization.pdf
28. 28. https://www.i-scoop.eu/digital-transformation/digitization-digitalization-digital-transformation-disruption/ (Erişim Tarihi: 11.08.2020).
29. 29. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/327799867_Introduction_to_ Digitalization_ Cases_How_Organizations_Rethink_Their_Business_for_the_Digital_Age (Nills ) (Erişim tarihi: 12.10.2020).
30. 30. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disruptive_innovation (Erişim tarihi: 12.10.2020).
31. 31. Sezen H.Kemal, Eteman Fatma, Senaras Arzu, Beyond Lean Management Applications, XVIII. Uluslararası Ekonometri, Yöneylem Araştırması ve İstatistik Sempozyumu, 2017, Trabzon.
32. 32. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bit (Erişim Tarihi: 05.10.2020).
33. 33. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byte (Erişim Tarihi: 05.10.2020).
34. 34. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitization#cite_note-wi-1 (Erişim Tarihi: 05.10.2020).
35. 35. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_transformation (Erişim Tarihi: 05.10.2020).
36. 36. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_preservation (Erişim Tarihi: 05.10.2020).
37. 37. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_technology (Erişim Tarihi: 05.10.2020).
38. 38. file:///C:/Users/kemal.sezen/Downloads/2023e-Dogru-Turkiye-de-STEM-Gereksinimi-Raporu.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 01.10.2020).
39. 39. Accentura Turkey Digization index 2016, Türkiye Bişim Vakfı,2017, http://tbv.org.tr/en/accenture-Türkiye-dijitallesme-endeksi-2/ ((Erişim Tarihi:.08.10.2020)
40. 40. http://turkonfed.org/detay/1950/dijital-anadolu-2-sektor-bazli-dijital-donusum-yol-haritasi/ Digital Anadolu 2, Sektör Bazlı Digital Dönüşüm Yol Haritası, TURKONFED, 2018 (Erişim Tarihi: 02.10.2020).
41. 41. https://www.thedigitaltransformationpeople.com/channels/the-case-for-digital-transformation/disruption-mindset-an-interview-with-charlene-li/ (Erişim Tarihi: 22.09.2020).