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A TALE OF TWO NATIONS: CHAUCER, HENRYSON, SHAKESPEARE, TROILUS AND CRISEYDE

Year 2019, Issue: 34, 183 - 189, 21.01.2019

Murat Öğütcü

https://doi.org/10.30794/pausbed.428460

Abstract

The matter of Troilus and Criseyde had been dealt in both England and Scotland in similar yet different ways from the late 14th to the early 17th century. In Chaucer’s Troilus and Criseyde (ca. 1385), the conflict between worldly and heavenly love is depicted in a controversial way. Henryson’s Testament of Cresseid (ca. 1480) seems to give a Scottish, or rather Catholic, answer and after thought to the loose ends he inherited from Chaucer. However, a new twist in the literary relation between England and Scotland occurs when the Matter of Troy is put on stage. Shakespeare’s Troilus and Cressida (ca. 1602) combines Chaucer and Henryson’s versions. In the former, Shakespeare merely continues the English tradition, yet in the latter, Shakespeare seems to deviate from that tradition in embracing Scottish literature at a time when England was ruled by Elizabeth I and James VI of Scotland was a strong candidate for the succession to the English throne. Thus, through the work, the unification of the two countries is maintained on a literary level, which would be maintained later also practically under the future James I of England. Thus, the Troilus and Criseyde story sheds light into the Anglo-Scottish relations and the reciprocal influence of each side on the other reflected in literature. Therefore, this paper will compare and contrast Chaucer’s, Henryson’s and Shakespeare’s dealing of Troilus and Criseyde. 

Keywords

Chaucer Henryson Shakespeare Troilus and Criseyde Anglo-Scottish Interactions

References

  • Apfelbaum, Roger (2004). Shakespeare’s Troilus and Cressida: Textual Problems and Performance Solutions, University of Delaware Press, Newark.
  • Baugh, A. C., ed (1948). A Literary History of England, 4 Vols., Prentice-Hall, New Jersey.
  • Bellamy, Elizabeth J. (1992). Translations of Power: Narcissism and the Unconscious in Epic History, Cornell University Press, Ithaca.
  • Bennett, J. A. W. (1982). The Humane Medievalist and Other Essays in English Literature and Learning from Chaucer to Eliot, (Ed: Piero Boitani), Edizioni Di Storia E Letteratura, Rome.
  • The Bible Tranſlated according to the Ebrew and Greeke (1581), Chriſtopher Barker, London.
  • Black, John Bennet (1959). The Reign of Elizabeth: 1558-1603, 2nd ed., Clarendon, Oxford.
  • Boccaccio, Giovanni (1967). The Filostrato of Giovanni Boccaccio, (Trans.: Nathaniel Edward Griffin and Arthur Beckwith Myrick), Biblo and Tannen, New York.
  • Bruce, John, ed (1861). Correspondence of King James VI. of Scotland with Sir Robert Cecil and Others in England, During the Reign of Queen Elizabeth, Camden Society, Westminster.
  • Carney, Cliodhna (2009). “Chaucer’s ‘litel bok’, Plotinus, and the Ending of Troilus and Criseyde.” Neophilologus 93/2, 357–368.
  • Carruthers, Gerard (2009). Scottish Literature, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh.
  • Chapman, George (Trans.) (1598). Seauen Bookes of the Iliades of Homere, Iohn Windet, London.
  • Chaucer, Geoffrey (1988). The Riverside Chaucer, (Ed: L. D. Benson), 3rd ed., Oxford University Press, Suffolk.
  • Devereux, Walter B (Ed.) (1853). Lives and Letters of the Devereux, Earls of Essex in the Reigns of Elizabeth, James I., and Charles I.: 1540-1646, Vol. 1, John Murray, London.
  • Doğan Adanur, Evrim. (2017). “The Uses of Anachronism in Shakespeare’s Troilus and Cressida.” Gaziantep University Journal of Social Sciences, 16/4, 1048-1056.
  • Donaldson, Talbot E. (1970). Speaking of Chaucer, University of London The Athlone Press, London.
  • Dryden, John (1928). Preface to the Fables, (Ed: W. P. Ker and M. G. Lloyd Thomas), Clarendon, Oxford.
  • Dunbar, William (1863). “The Thistle and the Rose.” (Ed. James Paterson), The Works of William Dunbar, Including His Life, 1465-1536, with Notes, and Glossarial Explanations, James Stillie, Edinburgh, 118-126.
  • Ege, Ufuk (2000). “The Portrayals of the Universe in Medieval Literature.” Ankara Üniversitesi Dil ve Tarih-Coğrafya Fakültesi Dergisi 40/3-4, 255-274.
  • Forni, Kathleen (2001). The Chaucerian Apocrypha: A Counterfeit Canon, University Press of Florida, Gainesville.
  • Fox, Denton (1964). “The Scottish Chaucerians.” (Ed: D. S. Brewer), Chaucer and Chaucerians: Critical Studies in Middle English Literature, Nelson, London, 164-200.
  • Gajda, Alexandra (2012). The Earl of Essex and Late Elizabethan Political Culture, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
  • Goldstein, R. James (1999). “Writing in Scotland, 1058–1560.” (Ed: David Wallace), The Cambridge History of Medieval English Literature, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 229-54.
  • Goodman, Godfrey (1839). The Court of King James the First, Vol. 2, Samuel Bentley, London. Google Books. Retrieved June 18, 2011.
  • Hall, Stuart (2007). “Who Needs ‘Identity’?” (Ed: Stuart Hall and Paul du Gay), Questions of Cultural Identity, Sage Publications, London, 1-17.
  • Hammer, Paul E. J. (1999). The Polarisation of Elizabethan Politics: The Political Career of Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex, 1585-1597, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
  • Harrison, G. B. (1974). A Second Journal: Being a Record of Those Things Most Talked About During the Years 1595-8, Routledge and Keagan Paul, London.
  • Henryson, Robert (1958). The Poems and Fables of Robert Henryson: Schoolmaster of Dunfermline, (Ed: H. Harvey Wood), Oliver and Boyd, Edinburgh.
  • Highet, Gilbert (1962). The Anatomy of Satire, Princeton University Press, Princeton.
  • James, Heather (1997). Shakespeare’s Troy: Drama, Politics, and the Translation of Empire, Cambridge University Press, New York.
  • James, King of England (1969/1597). Daemonologie, Da Capo Press, New York.
  • James, Mervyn Evans (1986). Society, Politics and Culture: Studies in Early Modern England, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
  • Johnson, Lesley (1990). “Whatever Happened to Criseyde? Henryson’s Testament of Cresseid.” (Ed: Keith Busby and Erik Kooper), Courtly Literature: Culture and Context, Benjamins, Amsterdam, 313-322.
  • Kittredge, G. L. (1915). Chaucer and His Poetry, Harvard University Press, Cambridge.
  • Kratzmann, Gregory (1980). Anglo-Scottish Literary Relations, 1430-1550, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
  • Lewis, C. S. (1979). The Allegory of Love: A Study of Medieval Tradition, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
  • Lockyer, Roger (1998). James VI and I, Longman, London and New York.
  • MacCaffrey, Wallace T. (1994). Elizabeth I: War and Politics, 1588-1603, Princeton University Press, Princeton.
  • Mann, Jill (1980). “Troilus’s Swoon.” Chaucer Review, 14, 319-35.
  • Mapstone, Sally (1985). “The Testament of Cresseid, lines 561-7: A New Manuscript Witness.” Notes and Queries, 230, 307-10.
  • McCoy, Richard C. (1989). The Rites of Knighthood: The Literature and Politics of Elizabethan Chivalry, University of California Press, Berkeley.
  • McKim, Anne (2006). “Orpheus and Eurydice and The Testament of Cresseid: Robert Henryson’s `fine Poetical Way’.” (Ed: Priscilla J. Bawcutt and Janet Hadley Williams), A Companion to Medieval Scottish Poetry, D. S. Brewer, Cambridge, 105-118.
  • Montrose, Louis (2006). The Subject of Elizabeth: Authority, Gender, and Representation, University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
  • Öğütcü, Murat (2011). “How to Handle with ‘Bliss’ in Chaucer’s Troilus and Criseyde in Turkey.” (Ed: Evrim Doğan Adanur), IDEA: Studies in English, Cambridge Scholars Publishing, Newcastle, 289-298.
  • Robertson, D. W. (1962). A Preface to Chaucer: Studies in Medieval Perspectives, Princeton University Press, Princeton.
  • Robinson, Ian (1972). Chaucer and the English Tradition, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
  • Rollins, Hyder Edwards (1972). The Troilus-Cressida Story from Chaucer to Shakespeare, Haskell, New York.
  • Root, Robert K. (1906). The Poetry of Chaucer: A Guide to Its Study and Appreciation, Houghton Mifflin, Boston.
  • Shakespeare, William (1609a). The Famous Hiſtorie of Troylus and Creſſeid, G. Eld, London.
  • Shakespeare, William (1609b). The Hiſtorie of Troylus and Creſſeida, G. Eld, London.
  • Shakespeare, William (1967). Henry IV: Part 2, (Ed: A. R. Humphreys), Methuen, London.
  • Shakespeare, William (1975). Twelfth Night, (Ed: J. M. Lothian and T. W. Craik), Methuen, London and New York.
  • Shakespeare, William (1994). Troilus and Cressida, (Ed: Kenneth Palmer), Routledge, London.
  • Shakespeare, William (1995). Henry V, (Ed: T. W. Craik), Arden, London.
  • Shakespeare, William (2002). Henry IV: Part 1, (Ed: David Scott Kastan), Arden, London.
  • Speirs, John (1982). “A Survey of Medieval Verse and Drama.” (Ed: Boris Ford), Medieval Literature: Chaucer and the Alliterative Tradition, Penguin, Harmondsworth, 43-96.
  • Sutherland, James (1967). English Satire, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
  • Sweney, Matthew (2000). “Robert Henryson’s Testament of Cresseid.” Acta Universitatis Palackianae Olomucensis, 73, 123-8.
  • Tatlock, J. S. P. (1916). “The Chief Problem in Shakespeare.” The Sewanee Review, 24, 129-47.
  • Thompson, Ann (1978). Shakespeare’s Chaucer: A Study in Literary Origins, Liverpool University Press, Liverpool.
  • Waterfield, John (2009). Heart of His Mystery: Shakespeare and the Catholic Faith in England under Elizabeth and James, iUniverse, Bloomington.
  • Windeatt, Barry (1992). Oxford Guides to Chaucer: Troilus and Criseyde, Clarendon, Oxford.
  • Wood, Henry Harvey (1967). Two Scots Chaucerians Robert Henryson, William Dunbar, Longmans, London.
  • Yüksel, Ayşegül (2013). “Ne Komik Ne Trajik: Troilus ve Cressida.” Dram Sanatında Sınırları Zorlamak, Mitos-Boyut Yayınları, İstanbul, 69-76.

İKİ ULUSUN HİKAYESİ: CHAUCER, HENRYSON, SHAKESPEARE, TROİLUS VE CRİSEYDE

Year 2019, Issue: 34, 183 - 189, 21.01.2019

Murat Öğütcü

https://doi.org/10.30794/pausbed.428460

Abstract

14. yüzyılın sonlarından 17. yüzyılın başlarına kadar, Troilus ve Criseyde konusu hem İngiltere hem de İskoçya’da benzer ama birbirinden farklı olarak ele alınmıştı. Chaucer’ın Troilus ve Criseyde (1385 civarı) adlı eserinde dünyevi ve ilahi aşkın çatışması tartışmalı biçimde tasvir edilmektedir. Henryson’ın Cresseid’in İfadesi (1480 civarı) adlı eseri ise Chaucer’dan kendisine intikal eden boşlukları doldurmak için bir İskoç veya daha doğrusu bir Katolik bakış açısıyla cevap verdiği ve fikrini beyan ettiği görülmektedir. Ancak, İngiltere ve İskoçya ilişkilerinde yeni bir dönemeç Truva konusunun sahneye taşınmasıyla görülecektir. Shakespeare’in Troilus ve Cressida (1602 civarı) adlı eseri Chaucer ve Henryson’un yorumlarını birleştirmektedir. Chaucer’ı kullanarak sadece İngiliz geleneğini devam ettirdiği düşünülse de, Henryson’u kullanarak bu gelenekten uzaklaştığı ve I. Elizabeth tarafından yönetilip İskoçya Kralı VI. James’in İngiliz tahtının en güçlü varislerinden olduğu bir dönemde İskoç geleneğini benimsediği görülmektedir. Böylece eser sayesinde iki ülke edebi anlamda birleşmektedir, ki bu birleşme siyasi olarak İngiltere Kralı I. James sayesinde de gerçekleşecektir. Böylece, Troilus ve Criseyde konusu İskoç-İngiliz ilişkilerini ve karşılıklı edebi etkileşimleri aydınlatmaktadır. Bundan dolayı bu makalenin amacı Chaucer, Henryson ve Shakespeare’in Troilus ve Criseyde konusunu ele alışlarını karşılaştırmaktır.

Keywords

Chaucer Henryson Shakespeare Troilus and Criseyde İskoç-İngiliz İlişkileri

References

  • Apfelbaum, Roger (2004). Shakespeare’s Troilus and Cressida: Textual Problems and Performance Solutions, University of Delaware Press, Newark.
  • Baugh, A. C., ed (1948). A Literary History of England, 4 Vols., Prentice-Hall, New Jersey.
  • Bellamy, Elizabeth J. (1992). Translations of Power: Narcissism and the Unconscious in Epic History, Cornell University Press, Ithaca.
  • Bennett, J. A. W. (1982). The Humane Medievalist and Other Essays in English Literature and Learning from Chaucer to Eliot, (Ed: Piero Boitani), Edizioni Di Storia E Letteratura, Rome.
  • The Bible Tranſlated according to the Ebrew and Greeke (1581), Chriſtopher Barker, London.
  • Black, John Bennet (1959). The Reign of Elizabeth: 1558-1603, 2nd ed., Clarendon, Oxford.
  • Boccaccio, Giovanni (1967). The Filostrato of Giovanni Boccaccio, (Trans.: Nathaniel Edward Griffin and Arthur Beckwith Myrick), Biblo and Tannen, New York.
  • Bruce, John, ed (1861). Correspondence of King James VI. of Scotland with Sir Robert Cecil and Others in England, During the Reign of Queen Elizabeth, Camden Society, Westminster.
  • Carney, Cliodhna (2009). “Chaucer’s ‘litel bok’, Plotinus, and the Ending of Troilus and Criseyde.” Neophilologus 93/2, 357–368.
  • Carruthers, Gerard (2009). Scottish Literature, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh.
  • Chapman, George (Trans.) (1598). Seauen Bookes of the Iliades of Homere, Iohn Windet, London.
  • Chaucer, Geoffrey (1988). The Riverside Chaucer, (Ed: L. D. Benson), 3rd ed., Oxford University Press, Suffolk.
  • Devereux, Walter B (Ed.) (1853). Lives and Letters of the Devereux, Earls of Essex in the Reigns of Elizabeth, James I., and Charles I.: 1540-1646, Vol. 1, John Murray, London.
  • Doğan Adanur, Evrim. (2017). “The Uses of Anachronism in Shakespeare’s Troilus and Cressida.” Gaziantep University Journal of Social Sciences, 16/4, 1048-1056.
  • Donaldson, Talbot E. (1970). Speaking of Chaucer, University of London The Athlone Press, London.
  • Dryden, John (1928). Preface to the Fables, (Ed: W. P. Ker and M. G. Lloyd Thomas), Clarendon, Oxford.
  • Dunbar, William (1863). “The Thistle and the Rose.” (Ed. James Paterson), The Works of William Dunbar, Including His Life, 1465-1536, with Notes, and Glossarial Explanations, James Stillie, Edinburgh, 118-126.
  • Ege, Ufuk (2000). “The Portrayals of the Universe in Medieval Literature.” Ankara Üniversitesi Dil ve Tarih-Coğrafya Fakültesi Dergisi 40/3-4, 255-274.
  • Forni, Kathleen (2001). The Chaucerian Apocrypha: A Counterfeit Canon, University Press of Florida, Gainesville.
  • Fox, Denton (1964). “The Scottish Chaucerians.” (Ed: D. S. Brewer), Chaucer and Chaucerians: Critical Studies in Middle English Literature, Nelson, London, 164-200.
  • Gajda, Alexandra (2012). The Earl of Essex and Late Elizabethan Political Culture, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
  • Goldstein, R. James (1999). “Writing in Scotland, 1058–1560.” (Ed: David Wallace), The Cambridge History of Medieval English Literature, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 229-54.
  • Goodman, Godfrey (1839). The Court of King James the First, Vol. 2, Samuel Bentley, London. Google Books. Retrieved June 18, 2011.
  • Hall, Stuart (2007). “Who Needs ‘Identity’?” (Ed: Stuart Hall and Paul du Gay), Questions of Cultural Identity, Sage Publications, London, 1-17.
  • Hammer, Paul E. J. (1999). The Polarisation of Elizabethan Politics: The Political Career of Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex, 1585-1597, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
  • Harrison, G. B. (1974). A Second Journal: Being a Record of Those Things Most Talked About During the Years 1595-8, Routledge and Keagan Paul, London.
  • Henryson, Robert (1958). The Poems and Fables of Robert Henryson: Schoolmaster of Dunfermline, (Ed: H. Harvey Wood), Oliver and Boyd, Edinburgh.
  • Highet, Gilbert (1962). The Anatomy of Satire, Princeton University Press, Princeton.
  • James, Heather (1997). Shakespeare’s Troy: Drama, Politics, and the Translation of Empire, Cambridge University Press, New York.
  • James, King of England (1969/1597). Daemonologie, Da Capo Press, New York.
  • James, Mervyn Evans (1986). Society, Politics and Culture: Studies in Early Modern England, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
  • Johnson, Lesley (1990). “Whatever Happened to Criseyde? Henryson’s Testament of Cresseid.” (Ed: Keith Busby and Erik Kooper), Courtly Literature: Culture and Context, Benjamins, Amsterdam, 313-322.
  • Kittredge, G. L. (1915). Chaucer and His Poetry, Harvard University Press, Cambridge.
  • Kratzmann, Gregory (1980). Anglo-Scottish Literary Relations, 1430-1550, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
  • Lewis, C. S. (1979). The Allegory of Love: A Study of Medieval Tradition, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
  • Lockyer, Roger (1998). James VI and I, Longman, London and New York.
  • MacCaffrey, Wallace T. (1994). Elizabeth I: War and Politics, 1588-1603, Princeton University Press, Princeton.
  • Mann, Jill (1980). “Troilus’s Swoon.” Chaucer Review, 14, 319-35.
  • Mapstone, Sally (1985). “The Testament of Cresseid, lines 561-7: A New Manuscript Witness.” Notes and Queries, 230, 307-10.
  • McCoy, Richard C. (1989). The Rites of Knighthood: The Literature and Politics of Elizabethan Chivalry, University of California Press, Berkeley.
  • McKim, Anne (2006). “Orpheus and Eurydice and The Testament of Cresseid: Robert Henryson’s `fine Poetical Way’.” (Ed: Priscilla J. Bawcutt and Janet Hadley Williams), A Companion to Medieval Scottish Poetry, D. S. Brewer, Cambridge, 105-118.
  • Montrose, Louis (2006). The Subject of Elizabeth: Authority, Gender, and Representation, University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
  • Öğütcü, Murat (2011). “How to Handle with ‘Bliss’ in Chaucer’s Troilus and Criseyde in Turkey.” (Ed: Evrim Doğan Adanur), IDEA: Studies in English, Cambridge Scholars Publishing, Newcastle, 289-298.
  • Robertson, D. W. (1962). A Preface to Chaucer: Studies in Medieval Perspectives, Princeton University Press, Princeton.
  • Robinson, Ian (1972). Chaucer and the English Tradition, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
  • Rollins, Hyder Edwards (1972). The Troilus-Cressida Story from Chaucer to Shakespeare, Haskell, New York.
  • Root, Robert K. (1906). The Poetry of Chaucer: A Guide to Its Study and Appreciation, Houghton Mifflin, Boston.
  • Shakespeare, William (1609a). The Famous Hiſtorie of Troylus and Creſſeid, G. Eld, London.
  • Shakespeare, William (1609b). The Hiſtorie of Troylus and Creſſeida, G. Eld, London.
  • Shakespeare, William (1967). Henry IV: Part 2, (Ed: A. R. Humphreys), Methuen, London.
  • Shakespeare, William (1975). Twelfth Night, (Ed: J. M. Lothian and T. W. Craik), Methuen, London and New York.
  • Shakespeare, William (1994). Troilus and Cressida, (Ed: Kenneth Palmer), Routledge, London.
  • Shakespeare, William (1995). Henry V, (Ed: T. W. Craik), Arden, London.
  • Shakespeare, William (2002). Henry IV: Part 1, (Ed: David Scott Kastan), Arden, London.
  • Speirs, John (1982). “A Survey of Medieval Verse and Drama.” (Ed: Boris Ford), Medieval Literature: Chaucer and the Alliterative Tradition, Penguin, Harmondsworth, 43-96.
  • Sutherland, James (1967). English Satire, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
  • Sweney, Matthew (2000). “Robert Henryson’s Testament of Cresseid.” Acta Universitatis Palackianae Olomucensis, 73, 123-8.
  • Tatlock, J. S. P. (1916). “The Chief Problem in Shakespeare.” The Sewanee Review, 24, 129-47.
  • Thompson, Ann (1978). Shakespeare’s Chaucer: A Study in Literary Origins, Liverpool University Press, Liverpool.
  • Waterfield, John (2009). Heart of His Mystery: Shakespeare and the Catholic Faith in England under Elizabeth and James, iUniverse, Bloomington.
  • Windeatt, Barry (1992). Oxford Guides to Chaucer: Troilus and Criseyde, Clarendon, Oxford.
  • Wood, Henry Harvey (1967). Two Scots Chaucerians Robert Henryson, William Dunbar, Longmans, London.
  • Yüksel, Ayşegül (2013). “Ne Komik Ne Trajik: Troilus ve Cressida.” Dram Sanatında Sınırları Zorlamak, Mitos-Boyut Yayınları, İstanbul, 69-76.
There are 63 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Creative Arts and Writing
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Murat Öğütcü 0000-0003-1523-8321

Publication Date January 21, 2019
Acceptance Date October 26, 2018
Published in Issue Year 2019 Issue: 34

Cite

APA Öğütcü, M. (2019). A TALE OF TWO NATIONS: CHAUCER, HENRYSON, SHAKESPEARE, TROILUS AND CRISEYDE. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi(34), 183-189. https://doi.org/10.30794/pausbed.428460
AMA Öğütcü M. A TALE OF TWO NATIONS: CHAUCER, HENRYSON, SHAKESPEARE, TROILUS AND CRISEYDE. PAUSBED. January 2019;(34):183-189. doi:10.30794/pausbed.428460
Chicago Öğütcü, Murat. “A TALE OF TWO NATIONS: CHAUCER, HENRYSON, SHAKESPEARE, TROILUS AND CRISEYDE”. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, no. 34 (January 2019): 183-89. https://doi.org/10.30794/pausbed.428460.
EndNote Öğütcü M (January 1, 2019) A TALE OF TWO NATIONS: CHAUCER, HENRYSON, SHAKESPEARE, TROILUS AND CRISEYDE. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi 34 183–189.
IEEE M. Öğütcü, “A TALE OF TWO NATIONS: CHAUCER, HENRYSON, SHAKESPEARE, TROILUS AND CRISEYDE”, PAUSBED, no. 34, pp. 183–189, January 2019, doi: 10.30794/pausbed.428460.
ISNAD Öğütcü, Murat. “A TALE OF TWO NATIONS: CHAUCER, HENRYSON, SHAKESPEARE, TROILUS AND CRISEYDE”. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi 34 (January 2019), 183-189. https://doi.org/10.30794/pausbed.428460.
JAMA Öğütcü M. A TALE OF TWO NATIONS: CHAUCER, HENRYSON, SHAKESPEARE, TROILUS AND CRISEYDE. PAUSBED. 2019;:183–189.
MLA Öğütcü, Murat. “A TALE OF TWO NATIONS: CHAUCER, HENRYSON, SHAKESPEARE, TROILUS AND CRISEYDE”. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, no. 34, 2019, pp. 183-9, doi:10.30794/pausbed.428460.
Vancouver Öğütcü M. A TALE OF TWO NATIONS: CHAUCER, HENRYSON, SHAKESPEARE, TROILUS AND CRISEYDE. PAUSBED. 2019(34):183-9.