Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

DIVERGENT MODELS OF COVID-19 PANDEMIC MANAGEMENT AND THEIR INTERNATIONAL RECEPTION: CASES OF CHINA AND SOUTH KOREA

Year 2023, Issue: 56, 101 - 122, 22.05.2023
https://doi.org/10.30794/pausbed.1119216

Abstract

The Covid-19 pandemic has presented an extraordinary and unprecedented situation. Countries worldwide have been trying to find the most effective solutions to end the pandemic. Different approaches to combat the virus have emerged. Among these, China has become the prime example of an authoritarian model of virus management, whereas South Korea managed to slow down the pandemic with a liberal approach. The two countries, albeit both highly successful in pandemic management, have different and even contrasting images in the international area. This study analyzes how China’s and Korea’s pandemic management models and their international reception differ from each other. While both models were largely applauded domestically, in the international sphere, China, after early acclaim, ended up with a more negative and controversial image, whereas South Korea created a relatively more positively regarded model. Still, compared to the Korean model, the Chinese model was emulated and implemented by many more countries worldwide.

References

  • Bae, Y. (2016). “Ideas, Interests and Practical Authority in Reform Politics: Decentralization Reform in South Korea in the 2000s”, Asian Journal of Political Science, 24/1, 63-86.
  • BBC (2020a). Coronavirus: China Says Disease ‘Curbed’ in Wuhan and Hubei. Retrieved April 10, 2021, from https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-51813876.
  • BBC (2020b). Coronavirus: Trump Moves to Pull US Out of World Health Organization. Retrieved April 17, 2021, from https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-53327906.
  • BBC (2020c). Australia Accuses China of Undermining Trade Agreement. Retrieved April 17, 2021, from https://www.bbc.com/news/world-australia-55240898.
  • BBC (2020d). China Covid-19: How State Media and Censorship Took on Coronavirus. Retrieved April 12, 2021, from bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-55355401.
  • BBC (2021). Chinese Official Says Local Vaccines ‘Don’t Have High Protection Rates. Retrieved April 17, 2021, from https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-56713663.
  • Bulman, D. J. & K. A. Jaros (2021). “Localism in Retreat? Central-Provincial Relations in the Xi Jinping Era”, Journal of Contemporary China. DOI: 10.1080/10670564.2021.1889228.
  • Bouey, J. (2020). China’s Health System Reform and Global Health Strategy in the Context of COVID-19, Retrieved May 25, 2021, from https://www.rand.org/pubs/testimonies/CTA321-1.html.
  • Cha, V. (2020). “Asia’s COVID-19 Lessons for the West: Public Goods, Privacy, and Social Tagging”, The Washington Quarterly, 43/2, 1-18.
  • Cheong Wa Dae (2020a). Remarks by President Moon Jae-in at G20 2020 Extraordinary Virtual Leaders Summit, Retrieved March 1, 2022, from https://english1.president.go.kr/Briefingspeeches/Speeches/786.
  • Cheong Wa Dae (2020b). Remarks by President Moon Jae-in at Special ASEAN Plus Three Summit, Retrieved March 3, 2022, from https://english1.president.go.kr/BriefingSpeeches/Speeches/798.
  • Cheong Wa Dae (2020c). Address by President Moon Jae-in to the 73rd World Health Assembly, Retrieved March 10, 2022, from https://english1.president.go.kr/BriefingSpeeches/Speeches/826.
  • Cheong Wa Dae (2020d). Address by President Moon Jae-in at 75th Session of United Nations General Assembly, Retrieved March 11, 2022, from https://english1.president.go.kr/Briefingspeeches/Speeches/881.
  • Cheong Wa Dae (2021). Remarks by President Moon Jae-in at Presentation on Korea’s Vision and Strategy for Becoming Global Vaccine Hub, Retrieved April 1, 2022, from http://english1.president.go.kr/BriefingSpeeches/Speeches/1041.
  • Do, J. (2020). “G20 Virtual Summit: 'Global Cooperation Key to Fight COVID-19”, Retrieved March 12, 2022, from https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/nation/2020/08/356_286877.html.
  • Global Times (2020). 16 Provinces to Help Hubei Cities Fight Coronavirus, Retrieved December 12, 2020, from https://www.globaltimes.cn/content/1178997.shtml.
  • Guang, L., M. Roberts, Y. Xu & J. Zhao (2020). Pandemic Sees Increase in Chinese Support for Regime, Decrease in Views Towards the U.S., Retrieved March 27, 2021, from http://chinadatalab.ucsd.edu/viz-blog/pandemic-sees-increase-in-chinese-support-for-regime-decrease-in-views-towards-us/.
  • Han, S. (1988). “South Korea in 1987: The Politics of Democratization”, Asian Survey, 28/1, 52-61.
  • He, A. J., Y. Shi & H. Li (2020). “Crisis Governance, Chinese style: Distinctive Features of China’s Response to the Covid-19 Pandemic”, Policy Design and Practice, 3/3, 242-258.
  • Henley, J. (2021). How Continental Europe is Emerging from Covid Lockdown, The Guardian, Retrieved May 12, 2021, from https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/apr/30/how-continental-europe-is-emerging-from-covid-lockdown.
  • Karl, R. E. (2020). China’s Revolutions in the Modern World: A Brief Interpretive History, London and New York, Verso.
  • Kim, A. (2021). Korea’s scarce COVID-19 vaccines not going to people who need them most, Korea Herald, Retrieved March 15, 2022, from http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20210802001030.
  • Koo, J. & B. J. Kim (2018). “Two Faces of Decentralization in South Korea”, Asian Education and Development Studies, 7/3, 291-302.
  • Kuo, L. (2020a). Coronavirus: Wuhan Doctor Speaks Out Against Authorities, The Guardian, Retrieved April 8, 2021, from https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/mar/11/coronavirus-wuhan-doctor-ai-fen-speaks-out-against-authorities.
  • Kuo, L. (2020b). China Sends Doctors and Masks Overseas as Domestic Coronavirus Infections Drop, The Guardian, Retrieved April 10, 2021, from https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/mar/19/china-positions-itself-as-a-leader-in-tackling-the-coronavirus.
  • Lee, J. H. & J. Suh (2021). “Decentralisation and Government Trust in South Korea: Distinguishing Local Government Trust from National Government Trust”, Asia & the Pacific Policy Studies, 8/1, 68-93.
  • Lee, J. & W. J. McKibbin (2004). “Globalization and Disease: The Case of SARS”, Asian Economic Papers, 3/1, 113-131. Lee, S., J. Yeo, & C. Na (2020). “Learning from the Past: Distributed Cognition and Crisis Management Capabilities for Tackling COVID-19”, The American Review of Public Administration, 50/6-7, 729-735.
  • Lim, S. H. & K. Sziarto (2020). “When the Illiberal and the Neoliberal Meet Around Infectious Diseases: An Examination of the MERS Response in South Korea”, Territory, Politics, Governance, 8/1, 60-76.
  • Mao, Y. (2021). “Political Institutions, State Capacity, and Crisis Management: A Comparison of China and South Korea”, International Political Science Review. DOI: 10.1177/0192512121994026.
  • Mason, K. A. (2020). “Did China’s Public Health Reforms Leave It Prepared for COVID-19?”, Current History, 119/818, 203-209.
  • Mei, C. (2020). “Policy Style, Consistency and the Effectiveness of the Policy Mix in China’s Fight Against the Covid-19”, Policy and Society, 39/3, 309-325.
  • Ministry of Foreign Affairs (2020). Korea's Fight Against COVID-19, Retrieved March 16, 2022, from https://www.mofa.go.kr/eng/brd/m_5674/view.do?seq=320075.
  • Ministry of the Interior and Safety (2020). Local Government’s Response to Covid-19 in Korea, Retrieved March 16, 2022, from https://www.mois.go.kr/eng/bbs/type002/commonSelectBoardArticle.do?bbsId=BBSMSTR_000000000022&nttId=78041.
  • Ni, V. (2022). Shanghai Puts Whole City on Lockdown as Covid Cases Surge, The Guardian, Retrieved May 14, 2022, from https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/apr/05/shanghai-puts-whole-city-on-lockdown-as-covid-cases-surge.
  • Oh, S. (2020). “From a ‘Super Spreader of MERS ‘to a ‘Super Stopper ‘of COVID-19: Explaining the Evolution of South Korea’s Effective Crisis Management System”, Journal of Asian Public Policy. DOI: 10.1080/17516234.2020.1863540.
  • Our World in Data (N.d). Coronavirus (COVID-19) Vaccinations, Retrieved May 14, 2022, from https://ourworldindata.org/covid-vaccinations?country=KOR.
  • Pan, Z. (2020). Chinese Vaccines Will Be Made Global Public Good, Says Xi, CGTN, Retrieved February 1, 2022, from https://news.cgtn.com/news/2020-05-19/Chinese-vaccines-will-be-made-global-public-good-says-Xi-QCpFSGlL2g/index.html.
  • Pei, M. (2020a). “China’s Coming Upheaval”, Foreign Affairs, 99/3, from https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/united-states/2020-04-03/chinas-coming-upheaval.
  • Pei, M. (2020b). Chinese Diplomats Behaving Badly, Project Syndicate, Retrieved April 17, 2021, from https://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/china-reputation-wolf-warrior-diplomacy-covid19-by-minxin-pei-2020-06.
  • Politico (2022). Chinese City Xi’an Lifts Some Restrictions After 3-Week Lockdown, Politico, Retrieved February 2, 2022, from https://www.politico.com/news/2022/01/16/chinese-city-xian-lifts-some-restrictions-after-lockdown-527200.
  • Qin, A. (2020). China Pledged to Build a New Hospital in 10 Days. It’s Close, New York Times, Retrieved December 25, 2021, from https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/03/world/asia/coronavirus-wuhan-hospital.html.
  • Reuters (2021). Xi Says China Aims to Provide 2 Bln COVID-19 Vaccine Doses to World in 2021 -CCTV, Retrieved February 5, 2022, from https://www.reuters.com/world/china/xi-says-china-aims-provide-2-bln-covid-19-vaccine-doses-world-2021-cctv-2021-08-05/.
  • Reuters Covid-19 Tracker (2021). South Korea, Retrieved November 25, 2021, from https://graphics.reuters.com/world-coronavirus-tracker-and-maps/countries-and-territories/south-korea/.
  • Ryall, J. (2020). Could Coronavirus Win an Election for South Korea's President?, Deutsche Welle, Retrieved April 4, 2022, from https://www.dw.com/en/could-coronavirus-win-an-election-for-south-koreas-president/a-53115799.
  • Shih, G. (2020). China Pledges Additional $30 Million Funding for World Health Organization, Washington Post, Retrieved April 4, 2022, from https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/china-pledges-additional-30-million-funding-for-world-health-organization/2020/04/23/24f9b680-8539-11ea-81a3-9690c9881111_story.html.
  • Silver, L., K. Devlin & C. Huang (2020). Unfavorable Views of China Reach Historic High in Many Countries, Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2020/10/06/unfavorable-views-of-china-reach-historic-highs-in-many-countries/.
  • Suarez, K. (2020). China Offers $1 Billion Loan to Latin America and the Caribbean for Access to Its Covid-19 Vaccine, CNN, Retrieved April 10, 2022, from https://edition.cnn.com/2020/07/23/americas/china-billion-vaccine-latin-america-coronavirus-intl/index.html.
  • The Strait Times (2020). South Korea Coronavirus Response Pushes Moon's Rating to Historic High, Retrieved March 12, 2022, from https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/east-asia/south-korea-coronavirus-response-pushes-moon-rating-to-historic-high.
  • The Strait Times (2021). Moon Jae-in pledges $2.26 billion by 2025 to boost Covid-19 vaccine production in S. Korea, Retrieved January 25, 2022, from https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/east-asia/south-koreas-moon-pledges-226-billion-by-2025-to-boost-covid-19-vaccine-production.
  • Thornton, P. M. (2009). “Crisis and Governance: SARS and the Resilience of the Chinese Body Politic”, The China Journal, 61, 23-48.
  • Topaloff, L. K. (2020). Is COVID-19 China’s ‘Chernobyl Moment’?, The Diplomat, Retrieved April 14, 2021, from https://thediplomat.com/2020/03/is-covid-19-chinas-chernobyl-moment/.
  • Trading Economics (N.d.). Coronavirus COVID-19 Deaths by Country, G20, Retrieved July 10, 2021, from https://tradingeconomics.com/country-list/coronavirus-deaths?continent=g20.
  • Wang, L.; Z. Wang, Q. Ma, G. Fang & J. Yang (2019). “The Development and Reform of Public Health in China from 1949 to 2019”, Globalization and Health, 15/45, https://globalizationandhealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12992-019-0486-6.
  • WHO (2005). Outbreak Communication: Best Practices for Communicating with the Public During an Outbreak: Report of the WHO Expert Consultation on Outbreak Communications Held in Singapore, 21-23 September 2004 (No. WHO/CDS/2005.32), Retrieved March 10, 2022, from https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/69138.
  • WHO (2015). WHO Recommends Continuation of Strong Disease Control Measures to Bring MERS-CoV Outbreak in Republic of Korea to an End, Retrieved March 7, 2022, from https://www.who.int/westernpacific/news/detail/13-06-2015-who-recommends-continuation-of-strong-disease-control-measures-to-bring-mers-cov-outbreak-in-republic-of-korea-to-an-end.
  • WHO (2019). Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV), Retrieved March 15, 2022, from https://www.who.int/en/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/middle-east-respiratory-syndrome-coronavirus-(mers-cov).
  • Worldometers (N.d.), Reported Cases and Deaths by Country or Territory, Retrieved May 14, 2022, from https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/#countries.
  • Woo, S. (2020). China Ousts Senior Officials as Beijing Seeks Distance from Outbreak, The Wall Street Journal, Retrieved December 12, 2021, from https://www.wsj.com/articles/china-ousts-top-official-in-coronavirus-outbreaks-epicenter-11581568911.
  • Wu, H. (2021). China Pushes Conspiracy Theories on COVID Origin, Vaccines, AP News, Retrieved April 19, 2021, from https://apnews.com/article/china-coronavirus-origin-65c6958bb2d8d22d811bb3d0c90f7418.
  • Wu, C.; Z. Shi, R. Wilkes, J. Wu, Z. Gong, N. He & Z. Xiao et al. (2021). “Chinese Citizen Satisfaction with Government Performance during COVID-19”, Journal of Contemporary China, 30/132, 930-944.
  • Xinhua (2020). China Mobilizes Medical Supplies to Wuhan, Retrieved December 25, 2021, from http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-01/25/c_138733475.htm.
  • VOA (2021). South Korean President Says He’s Willing to Share COVID Vaccines with North, Retrieved March 30, 2022, from https://www.voanews.com/a/covid-19-pandemic_south-korean-president-says-hes-willing-share-covid-vaccines-north/6207006.html.
  • Yang, X. (2021). “Domestic Contestation, International Backlash, and Authoritarian Resilience: How Did the Chinese Party-state Weather the COVID-19 Crisis?”, Journal of Contemporary China, 30/132, 915-929.
  • Yang, Y., W. Deng, Y. Zhang & Z. Mao (2021). “Promoting Public Engagement during the COVID-19 Crisis: How Effective is the Wuhan Local Government’s Information Release?”, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18/118, https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/18/1/118.
  • Yin Y., M. Jiang & W. Han (2022). China’s First mRNA Covid Shot Triggers 80% to 95% Immune Response, Retrieved May 2, 2022, from https://www.caixinglobal.com/2022-01-26/chinas-first-mrna-covid-shot-triggers-8095-immune-response-101834854.html.
  • You, J. (2020). “Lessons from South Korea’s Covid-19 Policy Response”, The American Review of Public Administration, 50/6-7, 801-808.
  • Zhai, K. & A. Vasovic (2020). To Belgrade and Beyond: Beijing Exports China Model of Virus Management, Reuters, Retrieved May 12, 2021, from https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-china-diplomacy-an-idUSKCN21V05B.
  • Zheng, W. (2022). Xi Jinping Calls for Global Unity in Fight Against Covid-19, South China Morning Post, Retrieved April 6, 2022, from https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/3163736/chinese-president-xi-jinping-calls-global-unity-fight-against.
  • Zhong, R. & V. Wang (2020). China Ends Wuhan Lockdown, but Normal Life is a Distant Dream, New York Times, Retrieved April 13, 2021, from https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/07/world/asia/wuhan-coronavirus.html.
  • Zhao, L., D. Feng, R. Ye, H. Wang, Y. Zhou, J. Wei & S. J. Vlas et al. (2020). “Outbreak of Covid-19 and SARS in Mainland China: a Comparative Study Based on National Surveillance”, BMJ Open, 10/10, https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/10/10/e043411.
  • Zheng, Y. (2007). De Facto Federalism in China: Reforms and Dynamics of Central-Local Relations, Singapore, World Scientific.

FARKLI COVİD-19 PANDEMİ YÖNETİMİ MODELLERİ VE MODELLERİN ULUSLARARASI KABULLERİ: ÇİN VE GÜNEY KORE ÖRNEKLERİ

Year 2023, Issue: 56, 101 - 122, 22.05.2023
https://doi.org/10.30794/pausbed.1119216

Abstract

Covid-19 pandemisi olağanüstü ve benzeri görülmemiş bir durumun ortaya çıkmasına neden olmuştur. Dünyanın dört bir yanındaki ülkeler, salgını sona erdirmek için en etkili çözümleri bulmak için çabalarken, virüsle mücadele için farklı yaklaşımlar ortaya çıkmıştır. Bunlar arasında Çin, otoriter virüs yönetimi modelinin başlıca örneği olurken, Güney Kore liberal bir yaklaşımla salgını yavaşlatmayı başarmıştır. Her iki ülke de salgın yönetimi konusunda oldukça başarılı olsalar da ülkelerin uluslararası alandaki imajları birbirinden farklı ve hatta birbirlerinin zıttı şeklinde tezahür etmiştir. Bu çalışma, Çin ve Güney Kore’nin salgın yönetim modellerinin ve bu modellerin uluslararası alanda kabul edilme düzeylerinin birbirinden nasıl farklılaştığını incelemektedir. Her iki model de yurt içinde büyük ölçüde desteklenirken, uluslararası alanda Çin, erken dönemde beğeni topladıktan sonra daha olumsuz ve tartışmalı bir imaja sahip olurken, Güney Kore nispeten daha olumlu değerlendirilen bir model ortaya koymuştur. Bununla birlikte Çin modeli, Kore modeliyle karşılaştırıldığında dünya genelinde çok sayıda ülke tarafından taklit edilerek uygulamaya konmuştur.

References

  • Bae, Y. (2016). “Ideas, Interests and Practical Authority in Reform Politics: Decentralization Reform in South Korea in the 2000s”, Asian Journal of Political Science, 24/1, 63-86.
  • BBC (2020a). Coronavirus: China Says Disease ‘Curbed’ in Wuhan and Hubei. Retrieved April 10, 2021, from https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-51813876.
  • BBC (2020b). Coronavirus: Trump Moves to Pull US Out of World Health Organization. Retrieved April 17, 2021, from https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-53327906.
  • BBC (2020c). Australia Accuses China of Undermining Trade Agreement. Retrieved April 17, 2021, from https://www.bbc.com/news/world-australia-55240898.
  • BBC (2020d). China Covid-19: How State Media and Censorship Took on Coronavirus. Retrieved April 12, 2021, from bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-55355401.
  • BBC (2021). Chinese Official Says Local Vaccines ‘Don’t Have High Protection Rates. Retrieved April 17, 2021, from https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-56713663.
  • Bulman, D. J. & K. A. Jaros (2021). “Localism in Retreat? Central-Provincial Relations in the Xi Jinping Era”, Journal of Contemporary China. DOI: 10.1080/10670564.2021.1889228.
  • Bouey, J. (2020). China’s Health System Reform and Global Health Strategy in the Context of COVID-19, Retrieved May 25, 2021, from https://www.rand.org/pubs/testimonies/CTA321-1.html.
  • Cha, V. (2020). “Asia’s COVID-19 Lessons for the West: Public Goods, Privacy, and Social Tagging”, The Washington Quarterly, 43/2, 1-18.
  • Cheong Wa Dae (2020a). Remarks by President Moon Jae-in at G20 2020 Extraordinary Virtual Leaders Summit, Retrieved March 1, 2022, from https://english1.president.go.kr/Briefingspeeches/Speeches/786.
  • Cheong Wa Dae (2020b). Remarks by President Moon Jae-in at Special ASEAN Plus Three Summit, Retrieved March 3, 2022, from https://english1.president.go.kr/BriefingSpeeches/Speeches/798.
  • Cheong Wa Dae (2020c). Address by President Moon Jae-in to the 73rd World Health Assembly, Retrieved March 10, 2022, from https://english1.president.go.kr/BriefingSpeeches/Speeches/826.
  • Cheong Wa Dae (2020d). Address by President Moon Jae-in at 75th Session of United Nations General Assembly, Retrieved March 11, 2022, from https://english1.president.go.kr/Briefingspeeches/Speeches/881.
  • Cheong Wa Dae (2021). Remarks by President Moon Jae-in at Presentation on Korea’s Vision and Strategy for Becoming Global Vaccine Hub, Retrieved April 1, 2022, from http://english1.president.go.kr/BriefingSpeeches/Speeches/1041.
  • Do, J. (2020). “G20 Virtual Summit: 'Global Cooperation Key to Fight COVID-19”, Retrieved March 12, 2022, from https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/nation/2020/08/356_286877.html.
  • Global Times (2020). 16 Provinces to Help Hubei Cities Fight Coronavirus, Retrieved December 12, 2020, from https://www.globaltimes.cn/content/1178997.shtml.
  • Guang, L., M. Roberts, Y. Xu & J. Zhao (2020). Pandemic Sees Increase in Chinese Support for Regime, Decrease in Views Towards the U.S., Retrieved March 27, 2021, from http://chinadatalab.ucsd.edu/viz-blog/pandemic-sees-increase-in-chinese-support-for-regime-decrease-in-views-towards-us/.
  • Han, S. (1988). “South Korea in 1987: The Politics of Democratization”, Asian Survey, 28/1, 52-61.
  • He, A. J., Y. Shi & H. Li (2020). “Crisis Governance, Chinese style: Distinctive Features of China’s Response to the Covid-19 Pandemic”, Policy Design and Practice, 3/3, 242-258.
  • Henley, J. (2021). How Continental Europe is Emerging from Covid Lockdown, The Guardian, Retrieved May 12, 2021, from https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/apr/30/how-continental-europe-is-emerging-from-covid-lockdown.
  • Karl, R. E. (2020). China’s Revolutions in the Modern World: A Brief Interpretive History, London and New York, Verso.
  • Kim, A. (2021). Korea’s scarce COVID-19 vaccines not going to people who need them most, Korea Herald, Retrieved March 15, 2022, from http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20210802001030.
  • Koo, J. & B. J. Kim (2018). “Two Faces of Decentralization in South Korea”, Asian Education and Development Studies, 7/3, 291-302.
  • Kuo, L. (2020a). Coronavirus: Wuhan Doctor Speaks Out Against Authorities, The Guardian, Retrieved April 8, 2021, from https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/mar/11/coronavirus-wuhan-doctor-ai-fen-speaks-out-against-authorities.
  • Kuo, L. (2020b). China Sends Doctors and Masks Overseas as Domestic Coronavirus Infections Drop, The Guardian, Retrieved April 10, 2021, from https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/mar/19/china-positions-itself-as-a-leader-in-tackling-the-coronavirus.
  • Lee, J. H. & J. Suh (2021). “Decentralisation and Government Trust in South Korea: Distinguishing Local Government Trust from National Government Trust”, Asia & the Pacific Policy Studies, 8/1, 68-93.
  • Lee, J. & W. J. McKibbin (2004). “Globalization and Disease: The Case of SARS”, Asian Economic Papers, 3/1, 113-131. Lee, S., J. Yeo, & C. Na (2020). “Learning from the Past: Distributed Cognition and Crisis Management Capabilities for Tackling COVID-19”, The American Review of Public Administration, 50/6-7, 729-735.
  • Lim, S. H. & K. Sziarto (2020). “When the Illiberal and the Neoliberal Meet Around Infectious Diseases: An Examination of the MERS Response in South Korea”, Territory, Politics, Governance, 8/1, 60-76.
  • Mao, Y. (2021). “Political Institutions, State Capacity, and Crisis Management: A Comparison of China and South Korea”, International Political Science Review. DOI: 10.1177/0192512121994026.
  • Mason, K. A. (2020). “Did China’s Public Health Reforms Leave It Prepared for COVID-19?”, Current History, 119/818, 203-209.
  • Mei, C. (2020). “Policy Style, Consistency and the Effectiveness of the Policy Mix in China’s Fight Against the Covid-19”, Policy and Society, 39/3, 309-325.
  • Ministry of Foreign Affairs (2020). Korea's Fight Against COVID-19, Retrieved March 16, 2022, from https://www.mofa.go.kr/eng/brd/m_5674/view.do?seq=320075.
  • Ministry of the Interior and Safety (2020). Local Government’s Response to Covid-19 in Korea, Retrieved March 16, 2022, from https://www.mois.go.kr/eng/bbs/type002/commonSelectBoardArticle.do?bbsId=BBSMSTR_000000000022&nttId=78041.
  • Ni, V. (2022). Shanghai Puts Whole City on Lockdown as Covid Cases Surge, The Guardian, Retrieved May 14, 2022, from https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/apr/05/shanghai-puts-whole-city-on-lockdown-as-covid-cases-surge.
  • Oh, S. (2020). “From a ‘Super Spreader of MERS ‘to a ‘Super Stopper ‘of COVID-19: Explaining the Evolution of South Korea’s Effective Crisis Management System”, Journal of Asian Public Policy. DOI: 10.1080/17516234.2020.1863540.
  • Our World in Data (N.d). Coronavirus (COVID-19) Vaccinations, Retrieved May 14, 2022, from https://ourworldindata.org/covid-vaccinations?country=KOR.
  • Pan, Z. (2020). Chinese Vaccines Will Be Made Global Public Good, Says Xi, CGTN, Retrieved February 1, 2022, from https://news.cgtn.com/news/2020-05-19/Chinese-vaccines-will-be-made-global-public-good-says-Xi-QCpFSGlL2g/index.html.
  • Pei, M. (2020a). “China’s Coming Upheaval”, Foreign Affairs, 99/3, from https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/united-states/2020-04-03/chinas-coming-upheaval.
  • Pei, M. (2020b). Chinese Diplomats Behaving Badly, Project Syndicate, Retrieved April 17, 2021, from https://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/china-reputation-wolf-warrior-diplomacy-covid19-by-minxin-pei-2020-06.
  • Politico (2022). Chinese City Xi’an Lifts Some Restrictions After 3-Week Lockdown, Politico, Retrieved February 2, 2022, from https://www.politico.com/news/2022/01/16/chinese-city-xian-lifts-some-restrictions-after-lockdown-527200.
  • Qin, A. (2020). China Pledged to Build a New Hospital in 10 Days. It’s Close, New York Times, Retrieved December 25, 2021, from https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/03/world/asia/coronavirus-wuhan-hospital.html.
  • Reuters (2021). Xi Says China Aims to Provide 2 Bln COVID-19 Vaccine Doses to World in 2021 -CCTV, Retrieved February 5, 2022, from https://www.reuters.com/world/china/xi-says-china-aims-provide-2-bln-covid-19-vaccine-doses-world-2021-cctv-2021-08-05/.
  • Reuters Covid-19 Tracker (2021). South Korea, Retrieved November 25, 2021, from https://graphics.reuters.com/world-coronavirus-tracker-and-maps/countries-and-territories/south-korea/.
  • Ryall, J. (2020). Could Coronavirus Win an Election for South Korea's President?, Deutsche Welle, Retrieved April 4, 2022, from https://www.dw.com/en/could-coronavirus-win-an-election-for-south-koreas-president/a-53115799.
  • Shih, G. (2020). China Pledges Additional $30 Million Funding for World Health Organization, Washington Post, Retrieved April 4, 2022, from https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/china-pledges-additional-30-million-funding-for-world-health-organization/2020/04/23/24f9b680-8539-11ea-81a3-9690c9881111_story.html.
  • Silver, L., K. Devlin & C. Huang (2020). Unfavorable Views of China Reach Historic High in Many Countries, Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2020/10/06/unfavorable-views-of-china-reach-historic-highs-in-many-countries/.
  • Suarez, K. (2020). China Offers $1 Billion Loan to Latin America and the Caribbean for Access to Its Covid-19 Vaccine, CNN, Retrieved April 10, 2022, from https://edition.cnn.com/2020/07/23/americas/china-billion-vaccine-latin-america-coronavirus-intl/index.html.
  • The Strait Times (2020). South Korea Coronavirus Response Pushes Moon's Rating to Historic High, Retrieved March 12, 2022, from https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/east-asia/south-korea-coronavirus-response-pushes-moon-rating-to-historic-high.
  • The Strait Times (2021). Moon Jae-in pledges $2.26 billion by 2025 to boost Covid-19 vaccine production in S. Korea, Retrieved January 25, 2022, from https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/east-asia/south-koreas-moon-pledges-226-billion-by-2025-to-boost-covid-19-vaccine-production.
  • Thornton, P. M. (2009). “Crisis and Governance: SARS and the Resilience of the Chinese Body Politic”, The China Journal, 61, 23-48.
  • Topaloff, L. K. (2020). Is COVID-19 China’s ‘Chernobyl Moment’?, The Diplomat, Retrieved April 14, 2021, from https://thediplomat.com/2020/03/is-covid-19-chinas-chernobyl-moment/.
  • Trading Economics (N.d.). Coronavirus COVID-19 Deaths by Country, G20, Retrieved July 10, 2021, from https://tradingeconomics.com/country-list/coronavirus-deaths?continent=g20.
  • Wang, L.; Z. Wang, Q. Ma, G. Fang & J. Yang (2019). “The Development and Reform of Public Health in China from 1949 to 2019”, Globalization and Health, 15/45, https://globalizationandhealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12992-019-0486-6.
  • WHO (2005). Outbreak Communication: Best Practices for Communicating with the Public During an Outbreak: Report of the WHO Expert Consultation on Outbreak Communications Held in Singapore, 21-23 September 2004 (No. WHO/CDS/2005.32), Retrieved March 10, 2022, from https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/69138.
  • WHO (2015). WHO Recommends Continuation of Strong Disease Control Measures to Bring MERS-CoV Outbreak in Republic of Korea to an End, Retrieved March 7, 2022, from https://www.who.int/westernpacific/news/detail/13-06-2015-who-recommends-continuation-of-strong-disease-control-measures-to-bring-mers-cov-outbreak-in-republic-of-korea-to-an-end.
  • WHO (2019). Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV), Retrieved March 15, 2022, from https://www.who.int/en/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/middle-east-respiratory-syndrome-coronavirus-(mers-cov).
  • Worldometers (N.d.), Reported Cases and Deaths by Country or Territory, Retrieved May 14, 2022, from https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/#countries.
  • Woo, S. (2020). China Ousts Senior Officials as Beijing Seeks Distance from Outbreak, The Wall Street Journal, Retrieved December 12, 2021, from https://www.wsj.com/articles/china-ousts-top-official-in-coronavirus-outbreaks-epicenter-11581568911.
  • Wu, H. (2021). China Pushes Conspiracy Theories on COVID Origin, Vaccines, AP News, Retrieved April 19, 2021, from https://apnews.com/article/china-coronavirus-origin-65c6958bb2d8d22d811bb3d0c90f7418.
  • Wu, C.; Z. Shi, R. Wilkes, J. Wu, Z. Gong, N. He & Z. Xiao et al. (2021). “Chinese Citizen Satisfaction with Government Performance during COVID-19”, Journal of Contemporary China, 30/132, 930-944.
  • Xinhua (2020). China Mobilizes Medical Supplies to Wuhan, Retrieved December 25, 2021, from http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-01/25/c_138733475.htm.
  • VOA (2021). South Korean President Says He’s Willing to Share COVID Vaccines with North, Retrieved March 30, 2022, from https://www.voanews.com/a/covid-19-pandemic_south-korean-president-says-hes-willing-share-covid-vaccines-north/6207006.html.
  • Yang, X. (2021). “Domestic Contestation, International Backlash, and Authoritarian Resilience: How Did the Chinese Party-state Weather the COVID-19 Crisis?”, Journal of Contemporary China, 30/132, 915-929.
  • Yang, Y., W. Deng, Y. Zhang & Z. Mao (2021). “Promoting Public Engagement during the COVID-19 Crisis: How Effective is the Wuhan Local Government’s Information Release?”, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18/118, https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/18/1/118.
  • Yin Y., M. Jiang & W. Han (2022). China’s First mRNA Covid Shot Triggers 80% to 95% Immune Response, Retrieved May 2, 2022, from https://www.caixinglobal.com/2022-01-26/chinas-first-mrna-covid-shot-triggers-8095-immune-response-101834854.html.
  • You, J. (2020). “Lessons from South Korea’s Covid-19 Policy Response”, The American Review of Public Administration, 50/6-7, 801-808.
  • Zhai, K. & A. Vasovic (2020). To Belgrade and Beyond: Beijing Exports China Model of Virus Management, Reuters, Retrieved May 12, 2021, from https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-china-diplomacy-an-idUSKCN21V05B.
  • Zheng, W. (2022). Xi Jinping Calls for Global Unity in Fight Against Covid-19, South China Morning Post, Retrieved April 6, 2022, from https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/3163736/chinese-president-xi-jinping-calls-global-unity-fight-against.
  • Zhong, R. & V. Wang (2020). China Ends Wuhan Lockdown, but Normal Life is a Distant Dream, New York Times, Retrieved April 13, 2021, from https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/07/world/asia/wuhan-coronavirus.html.
  • Zhao, L., D. Feng, R. Ye, H. Wang, Y. Zhou, J. Wei & S. J. Vlas et al. (2020). “Outbreak of Covid-19 and SARS in Mainland China: a Comparative Study Based on National Surveillance”, BMJ Open, 10/10, https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/10/10/e043411.
  • Zheng, Y. (2007). De Facto Federalism in China: Reforms and Dynamics of Central-Local Relations, Singapore, World Scientific.
There are 71 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Political Science
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Emre Demir 0000-0002-9580-863X

Hatice Çelik 0000-0003-1409-8865

Early Pub Date May 10, 2023
Publication Date May 22, 2023
Acceptance Date November 6, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2023 Issue: 56

Cite

APA Demir, E., & Çelik, H. (2023). DIVERGENT MODELS OF COVID-19 PANDEMIC MANAGEMENT AND THEIR INTERNATIONAL RECEPTION: CASES OF CHINA AND SOUTH KOREA. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi(56), 101-122. https://doi.org/10.30794/pausbed.1119216
AMA Demir E, Çelik H. DIVERGENT MODELS OF COVID-19 PANDEMIC MANAGEMENT AND THEIR INTERNATIONAL RECEPTION: CASES OF CHINA AND SOUTH KOREA. PAUSBED. May 2023;(56):101-122. doi:10.30794/pausbed.1119216
Chicago Demir, Emre, and Hatice Çelik. “DIVERGENT MODELS OF COVID-19 PANDEMIC MANAGEMENT AND THEIR INTERNATIONAL RECEPTION: CASES OF CHINA AND SOUTH KOREA”. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, no. 56 (May 2023): 101-22. https://doi.org/10.30794/pausbed.1119216.
EndNote Demir E, Çelik H (May 1, 2023) DIVERGENT MODELS OF COVID-19 PANDEMIC MANAGEMENT AND THEIR INTERNATIONAL RECEPTION: CASES OF CHINA AND SOUTH KOREA. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi 56 101–122.
IEEE E. Demir and H. Çelik, “DIVERGENT MODELS OF COVID-19 PANDEMIC MANAGEMENT AND THEIR INTERNATIONAL RECEPTION: CASES OF CHINA AND SOUTH KOREA”, PAUSBED, no. 56, pp. 101–122, May 2023, doi: 10.30794/pausbed.1119216.
ISNAD Demir, Emre - Çelik, Hatice. “DIVERGENT MODELS OF COVID-19 PANDEMIC MANAGEMENT AND THEIR INTERNATIONAL RECEPTION: CASES OF CHINA AND SOUTH KOREA”. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi 56 (May 2023), 101-122. https://doi.org/10.30794/pausbed.1119216.
JAMA Demir E, Çelik H. DIVERGENT MODELS OF COVID-19 PANDEMIC MANAGEMENT AND THEIR INTERNATIONAL RECEPTION: CASES OF CHINA AND SOUTH KOREA. PAUSBED. 2023;:101–122.
MLA Demir, Emre and Hatice Çelik. “DIVERGENT MODELS OF COVID-19 PANDEMIC MANAGEMENT AND THEIR INTERNATIONAL RECEPTION: CASES OF CHINA AND SOUTH KOREA”. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, no. 56, 2023, pp. 101-22, doi:10.30794/pausbed.1119216.
Vancouver Demir E, Çelik H. DIVERGENT MODELS OF COVID-19 PANDEMIC MANAGEMENT AND THEIR INTERNATIONAL RECEPTION: CASES OF CHINA AND SOUTH KOREA. PAUSBED. 2023(56):101-22.