HOW EUROPEAN ARE YOU? CULTURAL CHANGES OF EUROPEAN COUNTRIES IN THE LAST 20 YEARS WITH SURVEY DATA

Year 2024, Issue: 62, 295 - 315, 16.05.2024

Seca Toker Aslan , Mehmet Hakan Satman

https://doi.org/10.30794/pausbed.1431264

Abstract

This study deviates from traditional approaches by focusing on data analysis instead of historical information to comprehend the dynamics shaping societal culture. Analyzing the cultural changes in European countries over the past two decades, the study utilizes the largest dataset to date, the Integrated Values Survey. Data from four distinct time periods spanning from 2000 to 2022 have been scrutinized. Expectation Maximization method is employed to address missing data in the dataset, and factor analysis-CLARA clustering algorithm is applied for each time period. The primary objective of this academic endeavor is to understand the dynamics of cultural evolution from a data-centric perspective. This analytical approach provides a robust foundation for comprehending cultural changes and predicting potential future developments.

Keywords

Values Survey, CLARA, Europe, European Cultural Map, Clustering, Cultural Differences

NE KADAR AVRUPALISINIZ? ANKET VERİLERİ İLE AVRUPA ÜLKELERİNDE SON 20 YILDAKİ KÜLTÜREL DEĞİŞİMLER

Abstract

Bu akademik çalışmanın temel amacı, kültürel evrimin dinamiklerini veri odaklı bir perspektifle anlamaktır. Bu çalışma, toplumun kültürünü oluşturan dinamikleri anlamak için tarihî bilgiler yerine veri analizine odaklanarak geleneksel yaklaşımlardan sapmaktadır. Avrupa ülkelerinin son 20 yıldaki kültürel değişimleri, bu zamana kadar toplanmış en büyük veri setlerinden Integrated Values Survey kullanılarak analiz edilmiştir. 2000'den 2022'ye kadar olan dört zaman dilimindeki veriler incelenmiştir. Veri setindeki eksik veriler Expectation Maksimization yöntemi kullanılarak doldurulmuştur ve her zaman dilimi için faktör analizi-CLARA kümeleme algoritması uygulanmıştır. Bu analiz yöntemi, kültürel değişimleri anlama ve gelecekte neler olabileceğini tahmin etme konusunda güçlü bir temel sunmaktadır.

Keywords

Değerler Araştırması, CLARA, Avrupa, Avrupa Kültür Haritası, Kümeleme, Kültürel Farklılıklar

References

• Afanador, N., Tran, T., Blanchet, L., & Baumgartner, R. (2022, 10 05). mvdalab: Multivariate Data Analysis Laboratory. Retrieved from Cran R Project: https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/mvdalab/index.html
• Brager, B. L. (2004). The iron curtain: The cold War in Europe. Chelsea House Publishers.
• Dolnicar, S., & Grün, B. (2008). Challenging "Factor Cluster Segmentation". Journal of Travel Research, 63-71. doi:10.1177/0047287508318910
• Errichiello, L., Micera, R., Atzeni, M., & Chiappa, G. D. (2019). Exploring the implications of wearable virtual realitytechnology for museum visitors' experience: A cluster analysis. International Journal of Tourism Research, 21(5), 575-734. doi:10.1002/jtr.2283
• European Values Study. (2021). DATA AND DOCUMENTATION. Retrieved from European Values Study: https://europeanvaluesstudy.eu/methodology-data-documentation/data-and-documentation/
• European Values Study. (2021, Temmuz 7). EVS TREND FILE 1981-2017, JOINT EVS/WVS DATASET 2017-2021, AND INTEGRATED VALUES SURVEYS 1981-2021 – OUT NOW! Retrieved from European Values Study: https://europeanvaluesstudy.eu/evs-trend-file-1981-2017-joint-evs-wvs-dataset-2017-2021-and-integrated-values-surveys-1981-2021-out-now/
• European Values Survey. (2021, 11 21). History. Retrieved from https://europeanvaluesstudy.eu/about-evs/history/
• EVS. (2022). EVS Trend File 1981-2017. GESIS Data Archive, Cologne. doi:10.4232/1.14021
• Field, A. (2009). Discovering statistics using SPSS:(and sex and drugs and rock'n'roll) (3rd ed.). London: SAGE.
• Fünfgeld, B., & Wang, M. (2009). Attitudes and behaviours in everyday finance: evidence from Switzerland. International Journal of Bank Marketing, 27(2), 108-128. doi:10.1108/02652320910935607
• GESIS. (n.d.). VALUES SURVEYS 1981-2004 INTEGRATED QUESTIONNAIRE v.20060423 . Retrieved from https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Faccess.gesis.org%2Fdbk%2F45465&psig=AOvVaw3qDwpz6SYc4H541Nee1mKH&ust=1706956250431000&source=images&cd=vfe&opi=89978449&ved=0CAgQrpoMahcKEwjQ4ZjZuYyEAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQBA
• Grendstad, G. (1999). A political cultural map of Europe. A survey approach. GeoJournal, 463-475.
• Haerpfer, C., Inglehart, R., Moreno, A., Welzel, C., Kizilova, K., Diez Medrano, J., . . . B. Puranen. (2022). World Values Survey Trend File (1981-2022) Cross-National Data-Set. ( Version 3.0.0). Madrid, Spain & Vienna: Austria: JD Systems Institute & WVSA Secretariat. doi:10.14281/18241.23
• Hickson, S., Badani, M. G., Manaugh, K., DeWeese, J., & El-Geneidy, A. (2023). Who is Buying SUVs and Light Trucks in Montreal? A Factor and Cluster Analysis. Transportation Research Record. doi:10.1177/03611981231156920
• Hofstede, G. (1983). National Cultures in Four Dimensions: A Research-Based Theory of Cultural Differences among Nations. International Studies of Management & Organization, 13(1/2), 46-74.
• Hofstede, G. (1984). Culture's consequences: International differences in work-related values. California: Sage.
• Inglehart, R. (1997). Modernization and Postmodernization: Cultural, Economic, and Political Change in 43 Societies. Princeton University Press. doi:10.2307/j.ctv10vm2ns
• Inglehart, R., & Baker, W. E. (2000). Modernization, Cultural Change, and the Persistence of Traditional Values. American Sociology Review, 65(1), 19-51.
• Kaasa, A., Vadi, M., & Varblane, U. (2014). Regional Cultural Differences Within European Countries: Evidence from Multi-Country Surveys. Management International Review, 54(6), 825-852.
• Kaufman, L., & Rousseeuw, P. (1986). Clustering Large Data Sets. In E. Gelsema, & L. Kanal, Pattern Recognition in Practice II (pp. 425-437). Elsevier/North Holland. doi:10.1016/B978-0-444-87877-9.50039-X
• Kaufman, L., & Rousseeuw, P. J. (1990). Clustering Large Applications (Program CLARA). In L. Kaufman, & P. J. Rousseeuw, Finding Groups in Data: An Introduction to Cluster Analysis (pp. 126-163). John Wiley & Sons. doi:10.1002/9780470316801.ch3
• Little, R., & Rubin, D. (2019). Statistical analysis with missing data. John Wiley & Sons. doi:10.1002/9781119013563
• Minkov, M., & Hofstede, G. (2013). Clustering of 316 European Regions on Measures of Values: Do Europe’s Countries Have National Cultures? Cross-Cultural Research, 48(2), 144-176. doi:10.1177/1069397113510866
• Pew Research Center. (2018, October 29). Eastern and Western Europeans Differ on Importance of Religion, Views of Minorities, and Key Social Issues. Retrieved from Pew Reseacrh Center: https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2018/10/29/eastern-and-western-europeans-differ-on-importance-of-religion-views-of-minorities-and-key-social-issues/
• Phan, T., Rieger, M., & Wang, M. (2019). Segmentation of financial clients by attitudes and behavior A comparison between Switzerland and Vietnam. International Journal of Bank Marketing, 37(1), 44-68. doi:10.1108/IJBM-07-2017-0141
• Satman, M. H. (2023). julia-presentation. Retrieved from Github: https://github.com/jbytecode/julia-presentation/blob/main/julia-presentation.pdf
• South, A. (2011). rworldmap: A New {R} package for Mapping Global Data. The R Journal, 3(1), 35-43. doi:10.32614/RJ-2011-006
• Struyf, A., Hubert, M., & Rousseeuw, P. (1997). Clustering in an Object-Oriented Environment. Journal of Statistical Software, 1(4), 1-30. doi:10.18637/jss.v001.i04
• World Values Survey. (2021, 11 21). Who we are. Retrieved from https://www.worldvaluessurvey.org/WVSContents.jsp