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GELİR EŞİTSİZLİĞİNİN AZALTILMASINDA SOSYAL KORUMA HARCAMALARININ ROLÜ: AVRUPA ÜLKELERİNDEN KANITLAR

Year 2024, Issue: 63, 331 - 350, 22.07.2024

Yusuf Can Çalışır , Şenay Gökbayrak

https://doi.org/10.30794/pausbed.1462787

Abstract

Toplumsal huzur ve barış açısından ortaya çıkardığı potansiyel sorunlar nedeniyle gelir eşitsizliği çağımızın en önemli toplumsal sorunlarından biridir. Bu çalışma, artan gelir eşitsizliği sorununun çözümünde sosyal koruma programlarının etkinliğini ölçmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Bu bağlamda sosyal koruma harcamalarının kümülatif ve fonksiyonel düzeyde gelir eşitsizliğini azaltmada ne derece etkili olduğu saptanmaya çalışılmıştır. Farklı harcama bileşenlerinin gelir eşitsizliği üzerindeki etkisi 2005-2017 yılları arasında Avrupa ülkeleri üzerinden analiz edilmiştir. Sonuçlar kamu harcamalarının ve toplam sosyal koruma harcamalarının bir bütün olarak gelir eşitsizliğinin azaltılmasına daha fazla katkıda bulunduğunu göstermektedir. Ayrıca, yaşlılık, malullük, aile yardımları, işsizlik ve konut harcamaları gelir eşitsizliğinin azaltılmasında etkindir.

Keywords

Kamu Harcamaları Sosyal Koruma Harcamaları Sosyal Koruma Gelir Eşitsizliği.

Ethical Statement

Bu çalışma, Ankara Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Çalışma Ekonomisi ve Endüstri İlişkileri Anabilim Dalı'nda Yusuf Can ÇALIŞIR tarafından Prof. Dr. Şenay GÖKBAYRAK danışmanlığında hazırlanan ve başarılı bir şekilde savunulan “Sosyal Koruma Harcamalarının Gelir Eşitsizliği Üzerindeki Etkisi: OECD Ülkelerine Yönelik Ampirik Bir Değerlendirme” başlıklı doktora tezinden türetilmiştir.

References

  • Acemoglu, D. (2002), “Technical Change, Inequality, and the Labor Market”, Journal of Economic Literature, Vol. 40, No. 1.
  • Alcantar-Toledo, J. et al. (2014), “Fiscal Policy, Growth, Income Distribution and Sociopolitical Instability”, European Journal of Political Economy, 34, 315-331.
  • Atkinson, A. B. (2015), Inequality, What Can Be Done?, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
  • Autor, D. et al. (2003), “The Skill Content of Recent Technological Change: An Empirical Exploration”, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 118(4), 1279-1333.
  • Ayala, L. et al. (2001), “The Impact of Unemployment on Inequality and Poverty in OECD Countries”, Economics of Transition, 9(2), 417-447.
  • Baltagi, B. H. (2005), Econometric Analysis of Panel Data, 3rd Edition, John Wiley & Sons, New York.
  • Baltagi, B. H. (2008), Econometric Analysis of Panel Data, 4th Edition, John Wiley & Sons, New York.
  • Barro, R. J. (2000), “Inequality and Growth in a Panel of Countries”, Journal of Economic Growth, 5, 5-32.
  • Baylan, M. (2018), Impact Of Social Security Expenditures On Income Distribution: Case Of Turkey”, Manas Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 8(3), 2579-2593.
  • Boustan, L. P. et al. (2010), “Income Inequality and Local Government in the United States, 1970-2000”, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc, NBER Working Papers, 16299.
  • Calderon, C. & Chong, A. (2009), “Labor Market Institutions and Income Inequality: An Empirical Exploration”, Public Choice, 138 (1): 65–81.
  • Caminada, K. et al. (2019), “Has the Redistributive Effect of Social Transfers and Taxes Changed Over Time Across Countries?”, International Social Security Review, Vol. 72(1), 3-31.
  • Cammeraat, E. (2020), “The Relationship Between Different Social Expenditure Schemes and Poverty, Inequality and Economic Growth”, International Social Security Review, Vol. 73, 101-123.
  • Checchi, D. & Garcia-Penalosa, C. (2008), “Labour Market Institutions and Income Inequality”, Economic Policy, 23(56), 602-649.
  • Claus, I. et al. (2013), “Coping with Rising Inequality in Asia: How Effective Are Fiscal Policies?”, Asian Economic Papers, 12(3), 1-33.
  • Clements, B. (1997), “Income Distribution and Social Expenditure in Brazil”, International Monetary Fund, IMF Working Papers, 97/120, 3-33.
  • Cosmin, E. (2012), “Social Protection Public Expenditures and Income Inequality”, Ovidius University Annals, Economic Sciences Series, Vol. XII, 1120-1125.
  • d’Agostina, G. et al. (2016), “Revisiting the Relationship between Welfare Spending and Income Inequality in OECD Countries”, MPRA Paper, No. 72020, 1-20.
  • Dabla-Norris, E. et al. (2015), Causes and Consequences of Income Inequality: A Global Perspective, IMF, Strategy, Policy and Review Department.
  • De Mello, L. & Tiongson, E. (2008), “Income Inequality and Redistributive Government Spending”, Public Finance Review, 34(3), 282-305.
  • Doerrenberg, P. & Peichl, A.(2014), “The Impact of Redistributive Policies on Inequality in OECD Countries”, Applied Economics, 46 (17), 2066–2086.
  • Dollar, D. & Kraay, A. (2002), “Growth is Good for the Poor,” Journal of Economic Growth, Vol. 7(3), 195–225.
  • Gindelsky, M. (2018), “Modeling and Forecasting Income Inequality in the United States”, https://www.bea.gov/system/files/papers/WP2018-7_0.pdf, 21.11.2021.
  • Goldin, C. & Katz, L. (2008), The Race between Education and Technology, Belknap Press.
  • Goudswaard, K.& Caminada, K. (2010), “The Redistributive Effect of Public and Private Social Programs: A Cross-Country Empirical Analysis”, International Social Security Review, 63(1), 1-19.
  • Goudswaard, K.& Caminada, K. (2014), “Private Social Expenditure and the Redistributive Impact of the Welfare State”, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/323476183_Private_social_expenditure_and_the_redistributive_impact_of_the_welfare_state, 19.02.2021.
  • Gregorini, F. (2015), “Political Geography and Income Inequalities”, Research in Economics, 69, 439-452.
  • Güriş, S. (2018), Uygulamalı Panel Veri Ekonometrisi, Der Yayınları: 481, İstanbul.
  • Hans-Jürgen, A. et al. (2013), Applied Panel Data Analysis for Economic and Social Surveys, Springer.
  • Hausman, J. A. (1978). “Specification Tests in Econometrics”, Econometrica, 46(6), 1251.
  • Holzner, M. (2011), “Inequality, Grothw and Public Spending in Central, East and Southeast Europe”, ECINEQ Working Paper 221, Society for the Study of Economic Inequality.
  • Hossain, S. (2013), “Does Economic Development Requires More Income Inequality? – Is the Kuznets Curve Still Valid?”, Developing Country Studies, 3(8), 196-205.
  • Hsiao, C. (2014), Analysis of Panel Data, Third Edition, Cambridge University Press, New York.
  • Jagielski, M. et al. (2015), “Income Distribution in the European Union versus in the United States”, Physic A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Vol.433, 36-41.
  • Kaplan, S. & Rauh, J. (2010), “Wall Street and Main Street: What Contributes to the Rise in the Highest Incomes?”, Revised Financial Studies, 23, 1004-1050.
  • Katz, L. & Margo, R. (2013), “Technical Change and the Relative Demand for Skilled Labour: the United States in Historical Perspective”, NBER Working Paper Series, no 18752, 15-57.
  • Kuznets, S. (1955), “Economic Growth and Income Inequality”, American Economic Review, 45, 1- 28. Laskowska, P. (2021), Determinants of Income Inequality in 26 European Union Countries”, Proceedings of the 37th International Business Information Management Association (IBIMA), 30-31 May 2021, Cordoba, Spain, ISBN: 978-0-9998551-6-4, ISSN: 2767-9640.
  • Lim, C. Y. & Sek, S. K. (2014), “Exploring the Two-Way Relationship between Income Inequality and Growth”, Journal of Advanced Management Science, 2(1), 33-37.
  • Maestiri, V. & Roventini, A. (2012), “Inequality and Macroeconomic Factors : A Time-Series Analysis for a set of OECD Countries”, Laboratory of Economics and Management, Working Paper, 1-38.
  • Marrero, G.. A. & Rodriguez, J. G. (2012), “Inequality of opportunity in Europe”, Review of Income and Wealth, 58(4), 597-621.
  • Martinez-Vazquez, J. (2014), “The Impact of Tax and Expenditure Policies on Income Disttribution: Evidence from a Large Panel of Countries”, Hacienda Publica Espanola / Review of Public Economics, 200-(4/2012), 95-130.
  • Mergulhao, A. P. (2017), “Determinants of Global Income Inequality: Concerns and Evidence about the Neoliberal Paradigm”, Nova School of Business and Economics, https://run.unl.pt/bitstream/10362/26845/1/Mergulhao_2017.pdf, 22/01/2021.
  • Mierau, O. J. & Turnovsky S. J. (2014), “Demography, Growth and Inequality”, Economic Theory, Vol.55, no. 1, 29-68.
  • Monnin, P. (2014), “Inflation and Income Inequality in Developed Economies”, Council on Economic Policies (CEP), Working Paper 2014/1, 1-25.
  • Muinelo-Gallo, L. & Roca-Sagales, O. (2013), “Joint Determinants of Fiscal Policy, Income Inequality and Economic Growth”, Economic Modelling, 30, 814-82.
  • Niehues, J. (2010), “Social Spending Generosity and Income Inequality: A Dynamic Panel Approach”, IZA Discussion Paper, 5178, 1-26.
  • Ospina, M. (2010), “The Effect of Social Spending on Income Inequality: An Analysis for Latin American Countries”, Economia y Finanzas, No.10-3, 1-29.
  • Rubin, A. ve Segal, D. (2015), “The Effects of Economic Growth on Income Inequality in the US”, Journal of Macroeconomics, 45, 258-273.
  • Rudra, N. (2004), "Openness, Welfare Spending and Inequality in the Developing World," International Studies Quarterly, Vol.48, 683-709.
  • Stiglitz, J. (2012), The Price of Inequality: How Today's Divided Society Endangers Our Future, New York: W.W., Norton.
  • UNDP (2016), Leaving No One Behind: A Social Protection Primer for Practitioners, United Nations Development Programme (undp.org), 25.01.2021.
  • Van Reenen, J. (2011), “Wage Inequality, Technology and Trade: 21st Century Evidence”, Labour Economics, 18(6), 730-741.
  • Wang, C. & Caminada, K. (2011), “Disentangling Income Inequality and the Redistributive Effect of Social Transfers and Taxes in 36 LIS Countries”, SSRN Electronic Journal, 1-53.
  • Wang, C. et al. (2012), “The Redistributive Effect of Social Transfer Programmes and Taxes: A Decomposition Across Countries”, International Social Security Review, Vol. 65, No. 3, 27-48.
  • Wooldridge, J. M. (2019), “Ekonometrinin Doğası ve İktisadi Veri”, (Ed: Çağlayan Akay, Ebru), Introductory Econometrics, A Modern Approach, 4. Basımdan Çeviri, Nobel Akademi Yayıncılık, Ankara.
  • Yerdelen Tatoğlu, F. (2020), Panel Veri Ekonometrisi, Stata Uygulamalı, Genişletilmiş 5. Baskı, Beta Basım Yayın Dağıtım, İstanbul.

THE ROLE OF SOCIAL PROTECTION EXPENDITURES IN REDUCING INCOME INEQUALITY: EVIDENCE FROM EUROPEAN COUNTRIES

Year 2024, Issue: 63, 331 - 350, 22.07.2024

Yusuf Can Çalışır , Şenay Gökbayrak

https://doi.org/10.30794/pausbed.1462787

Abstract

Income inequality is one of the most important social problems of our time due to the potential problems it poses for social peace and well-being. This study aims to measure the effectiveness of social protection programs in solving the problem of increasing income inequality. In this context, the extent to which social protection expenditures are effective in reducing income inequality at the cumulative and functional level is tried to be determined. The impact of different expenditure components on income inequality was analyzed for European countries between 2005 and 2017. The results show that public expenditures and total social protection expenditures as a whole contribute more to reducing income inequality. Moreover, expenditures on old age, disability, family benefits, unemployment and housing are effective in reducing income inequality.

Keywords

Public Expenditures Social Protection Expenditures Social Protection Income Inequality.

References

  • Acemoglu, D. (2002), “Technical Change, Inequality, and the Labor Market”, Journal of Economic Literature, Vol. 40, No. 1.
  • Alcantar-Toledo, J. et al. (2014), “Fiscal Policy, Growth, Income Distribution and Sociopolitical Instability”, European Journal of Political Economy, 34, 315-331.
  • Atkinson, A. B. (2015), Inequality, What Can Be Done?, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
  • Autor, D. et al. (2003), “The Skill Content of Recent Technological Change: An Empirical Exploration”, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 118(4), 1279-1333.
  • Ayala, L. et al. (2001), “The Impact of Unemployment on Inequality and Poverty in OECD Countries”, Economics of Transition, 9(2), 417-447.
  • Baltagi, B. H. (2005), Econometric Analysis of Panel Data, 3rd Edition, John Wiley & Sons, New York.
  • Baltagi, B. H. (2008), Econometric Analysis of Panel Data, 4th Edition, John Wiley & Sons, New York.
  • Barro, R. J. (2000), “Inequality and Growth in a Panel of Countries”, Journal of Economic Growth, 5, 5-32.
  • Baylan, M. (2018), Impact Of Social Security Expenditures On Income Distribution: Case Of Turkey”, Manas Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 8(3), 2579-2593.
  • Boustan, L. P. et al. (2010), “Income Inequality and Local Government in the United States, 1970-2000”, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc, NBER Working Papers, 16299.
  • Calderon, C. & Chong, A. (2009), “Labor Market Institutions and Income Inequality: An Empirical Exploration”, Public Choice, 138 (1): 65–81.
  • Caminada, K. et al. (2019), “Has the Redistributive Effect of Social Transfers and Taxes Changed Over Time Across Countries?”, International Social Security Review, Vol. 72(1), 3-31.
  • Cammeraat, E. (2020), “The Relationship Between Different Social Expenditure Schemes and Poverty, Inequality and Economic Growth”, International Social Security Review, Vol. 73, 101-123.
  • Checchi, D. & Garcia-Penalosa, C. (2008), “Labour Market Institutions and Income Inequality”, Economic Policy, 23(56), 602-649.
  • Claus, I. et al. (2013), “Coping with Rising Inequality in Asia: How Effective Are Fiscal Policies?”, Asian Economic Papers, 12(3), 1-33.
  • Clements, B. (1997), “Income Distribution and Social Expenditure in Brazil”, International Monetary Fund, IMF Working Papers, 97/120, 3-33.
  • Cosmin, E. (2012), “Social Protection Public Expenditures and Income Inequality”, Ovidius University Annals, Economic Sciences Series, Vol. XII, 1120-1125.
  • d’Agostina, G. et al. (2016), “Revisiting the Relationship between Welfare Spending and Income Inequality in OECD Countries”, MPRA Paper, No. 72020, 1-20.
  • Dabla-Norris, E. et al. (2015), Causes and Consequences of Income Inequality: A Global Perspective, IMF, Strategy, Policy and Review Department.
  • De Mello, L. & Tiongson, E. (2008), “Income Inequality and Redistributive Government Spending”, Public Finance Review, 34(3), 282-305.
  • Doerrenberg, P. & Peichl, A.(2014), “The Impact of Redistributive Policies on Inequality in OECD Countries”, Applied Economics, 46 (17), 2066–2086.
  • Dollar, D. & Kraay, A. (2002), “Growth is Good for the Poor,” Journal of Economic Growth, Vol. 7(3), 195–225.
  • Gindelsky, M. (2018), “Modeling and Forecasting Income Inequality in the United States”, https://www.bea.gov/system/files/papers/WP2018-7_0.pdf, 21.11.2021.
  • Goldin, C. & Katz, L. (2008), The Race between Education and Technology, Belknap Press.
  • Goudswaard, K.& Caminada, K. (2010), “The Redistributive Effect of Public and Private Social Programs: A Cross-Country Empirical Analysis”, International Social Security Review, 63(1), 1-19.
  • Goudswaard, K.& Caminada, K. (2014), “Private Social Expenditure and the Redistributive Impact of the Welfare State”, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/323476183_Private_social_expenditure_and_the_redistributive_impact_of_the_welfare_state, 19.02.2021.
  • Gregorini, F. (2015), “Political Geography and Income Inequalities”, Research in Economics, 69, 439-452.
  • Güriş, S. (2018), Uygulamalı Panel Veri Ekonometrisi, Der Yayınları: 481, İstanbul.
  • Hans-Jürgen, A. et al. (2013), Applied Panel Data Analysis for Economic and Social Surveys, Springer.
  • Hausman, J. A. (1978). “Specification Tests in Econometrics”, Econometrica, 46(6), 1251.
  • Holzner, M. (2011), “Inequality, Grothw and Public Spending in Central, East and Southeast Europe”, ECINEQ Working Paper 221, Society for the Study of Economic Inequality.
  • Hossain, S. (2013), “Does Economic Development Requires More Income Inequality? – Is the Kuznets Curve Still Valid?”, Developing Country Studies, 3(8), 196-205.
  • Hsiao, C. (2014), Analysis of Panel Data, Third Edition, Cambridge University Press, New York.
  • Jagielski, M. et al. (2015), “Income Distribution in the European Union versus in the United States”, Physic A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Vol.433, 36-41.
  • Kaplan, S. & Rauh, J. (2010), “Wall Street and Main Street: What Contributes to the Rise in the Highest Incomes?”, Revised Financial Studies, 23, 1004-1050.
  • Katz, L. & Margo, R. (2013), “Technical Change and the Relative Demand for Skilled Labour: the United States in Historical Perspective”, NBER Working Paper Series, no 18752, 15-57.
  • Kuznets, S. (1955), “Economic Growth and Income Inequality”, American Economic Review, 45, 1- 28. Laskowska, P. (2021), Determinants of Income Inequality in 26 European Union Countries”, Proceedings of the 37th International Business Information Management Association (IBIMA), 30-31 May 2021, Cordoba, Spain, ISBN: 978-0-9998551-6-4, ISSN: 2767-9640.
  • Lim, C. Y. & Sek, S. K. (2014), “Exploring the Two-Way Relationship between Income Inequality and Growth”, Journal of Advanced Management Science, 2(1), 33-37.
  • Maestiri, V. & Roventini, A. (2012), “Inequality and Macroeconomic Factors : A Time-Series Analysis for a set of OECD Countries”, Laboratory of Economics and Management, Working Paper, 1-38.
  • Marrero, G.. A. & Rodriguez, J. G. (2012), “Inequality of opportunity in Europe”, Review of Income and Wealth, 58(4), 597-621.
  • Martinez-Vazquez, J. (2014), “The Impact of Tax and Expenditure Policies on Income Disttribution: Evidence from a Large Panel of Countries”, Hacienda Publica Espanola / Review of Public Economics, 200-(4/2012), 95-130.
  • Mergulhao, A. P. (2017), “Determinants of Global Income Inequality: Concerns and Evidence about the Neoliberal Paradigm”, Nova School of Business and Economics, https://run.unl.pt/bitstream/10362/26845/1/Mergulhao_2017.pdf, 22/01/2021.
  • Mierau, O. J. & Turnovsky S. J. (2014), “Demography, Growth and Inequality”, Economic Theory, Vol.55, no. 1, 29-68.
  • Monnin, P. (2014), “Inflation and Income Inequality in Developed Economies”, Council on Economic Policies (CEP), Working Paper 2014/1, 1-25.
  • Muinelo-Gallo, L. & Roca-Sagales, O. (2013), “Joint Determinants of Fiscal Policy, Income Inequality and Economic Growth”, Economic Modelling, 30, 814-82.
  • Niehues, J. (2010), “Social Spending Generosity and Income Inequality: A Dynamic Panel Approach”, IZA Discussion Paper, 5178, 1-26.
  • Ospina, M. (2010), “The Effect of Social Spending on Income Inequality: An Analysis for Latin American Countries”, Economia y Finanzas, No.10-3, 1-29.
  • Rubin, A. ve Segal, D. (2015), “The Effects of Economic Growth on Income Inequality in the US”, Journal of Macroeconomics, 45, 258-273.
  • Rudra, N. (2004), "Openness, Welfare Spending and Inequality in the Developing World," International Studies Quarterly, Vol.48, 683-709.
  • Stiglitz, J. (2012), The Price of Inequality: How Today's Divided Society Endangers Our Future, New York: W.W., Norton.
  • UNDP (2016), Leaving No One Behind: A Social Protection Primer for Practitioners, United Nations Development Programme (undp.org), 25.01.2021.
  • Van Reenen, J. (2011), “Wage Inequality, Technology and Trade: 21st Century Evidence”, Labour Economics, 18(6), 730-741.
  • Wang, C. & Caminada, K. (2011), “Disentangling Income Inequality and the Redistributive Effect of Social Transfers and Taxes in 36 LIS Countries”, SSRN Electronic Journal, 1-53.
  • Wang, C. et al. (2012), “The Redistributive Effect of Social Transfer Programmes and Taxes: A Decomposition Across Countries”, International Social Security Review, Vol. 65, No. 3, 27-48.
  • Wooldridge, J. M. (2019), “Ekonometrinin Doğası ve İktisadi Veri”, (Ed: Çağlayan Akay, Ebru), Introductory Econometrics, A Modern Approach, 4. Basımdan Çeviri, Nobel Akademi Yayıncılık, Ankara.
  • Yerdelen Tatoğlu, F. (2020), Panel Veri Ekonometrisi, Stata Uygulamalı, Genişletilmiş 5. Baskı, Beta Basım Yayın Dağıtım, İstanbul.
There are 56 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Labor Economics and Industrial Relations
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Yusuf Can Çalışır 0000-0001-5715-7269

Şenay Gökbayrak 0000-0002-3833-7034

Early Pub Date July 22, 2024
Publication Date July 22, 2024
Submission Date April 1, 2024
Acceptance Date June 26, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024 Issue: 63

Cite

APA Çalışır, Y. C., & Gökbayrak, Ş. (2024). GELİR EŞİTSİZLİĞİNİN AZALTILMASINDA SOSYAL KORUMA HARCAMALARININ ROLÜ: AVRUPA ÜLKELERİNDEN KANITLAR. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi(63), 331-350. https://doi.org/10.30794/pausbed.1462787
AMA Çalışır YC, Gökbayrak Ş. GELİR EŞİTSİZLİĞİNİN AZALTILMASINDA SOSYAL KORUMA HARCAMALARININ ROLÜ: AVRUPA ÜLKELERİNDEN KANITLAR. PAUSBED. July 2024;(63):331-350. doi:10.30794/pausbed.1462787
Chicago Çalışır, Yusuf Can, and Şenay Gökbayrak. “GELİR EŞİTSİZLİĞİNİN AZALTILMASINDA SOSYAL KORUMA HARCAMALARININ ROLÜ: AVRUPA ÜLKELERİNDEN KANITLAR”. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, no. 63 (July 2024): 331-50. https://doi.org/10.30794/pausbed.1462787.
EndNote Çalışır YC, Gökbayrak Ş (July 1, 2024) GELİR EŞİTSİZLİĞİNİN AZALTILMASINDA SOSYAL KORUMA HARCAMALARININ ROLÜ: AVRUPA ÜLKELERİNDEN KANITLAR. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi 63 331–350.
IEEE Y. C. Çalışır and Ş. Gökbayrak, “GELİR EŞİTSİZLİĞİNİN AZALTILMASINDA SOSYAL KORUMA HARCAMALARININ ROLÜ: AVRUPA ÜLKELERİNDEN KANITLAR”, PAUSBED, no. 63, pp. 331–350, July 2024, doi: 10.30794/pausbed.1462787.
ISNAD Çalışır, Yusuf Can - Gökbayrak, Şenay. “GELİR EŞİTSİZLİĞİNİN AZALTILMASINDA SOSYAL KORUMA HARCAMALARININ ROLÜ: AVRUPA ÜLKELERİNDEN KANITLAR”. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi 63 (July 2024), 331-350. https://doi.org/10.30794/pausbed.1462787.
JAMA Çalışır YC, Gökbayrak Ş. GELİR EŞİTSİZLİĞİNİN AZALTILMASINDA SOSYAL KORUMA HARCAMALARININ ROLÜ: AVRUPA ÜLKELERİNDEN KANITLAR. PAUSBED. 2024;:331–350.
MLA Çalışır, Yusuf Can and Şenay Gökbayrak. “GELİR EŞİTSİZLİĞİNİN AZALTILMASINDA SOSYAL KORUMA HARCAMALARININ ROLÜ: AVRUPA ÜLKELERİNDEN KANITLAR”. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, no. 63, 2024, pp. 331-50, doi:10.30794/pausbed.1462787.
Vancouver Çalışır YC, Gökbayrak Ş. GELİR EŞİTSİZLİĞİNİN AZALTILMASINDA SOSYAL KORUMA HARCAMALARININ ROLÜ: AVRUPA ÜLKELERİNDEN KANITLAR. PAUSBED. 2024(63):331-50.
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