Astım; değişiklik uyaranlara karşı artmış havayolu duyarlılığı ve geri dönüşümlü havayolu obstrüksiyonu ile karakterize kronik inflamatuvar bir hastalıktır 1 . Çocukluk çağı kronik hastalıklarının en sık görülenidir.
Kaynakça
1. Spahn J, Covar R, Stempel DA. Asthma: Addressing consistency in results from basic science, clinical trial, and observational experience. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2002; 109:490-502.
2. Guilbert T, Krawiec M. Natural history of asthma. Pediatr Clin N Am 2003; 50:523-38.
3. The ISAAC steering commity worldwide variations in the prevalance of symptoms of asthma, allergic rhinoconjuctivitis and atopic eczema. The international study of asthma and allergies in childhood. Lancet 1998; 1225-32.
4. Akcakaya N, Kulak K, Hassanzade A, Camcıoğlu Y, Cokuğras H. Prevalance of bronchial asthma and allergic rhinitis in ‹stanbul school children. Eur J of Epidemiol 2000; 16:693-9.
5. Karaman O, Türkmen M, Uzuner N. Allergic disease prevalance in Izmir. Allergy 1997; 52:689-90.
6. Xuan W, Marks GB, Toelle BG et al. Risk factors for onset and remission of atopy, wheeze and airway hyperesponsiveness. Thorax 2002; 57:104-9.
7. Liu AH, Spahn JD, Leung DYM. Childhood Asthma. In Behrman RE, Kliegman RM, Jenson HB, eds. Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics, 17th edition. Unites States of America: WB Saunders Company: 2004. p 760-74.
8. Akcakaya N, Kulak K, Hassanzade A, Camc›o¤lu Y, Coku¤ras H. Latex allergy the incidence among Turkish children with atopic disease and with neural tube defects. Allergol Immunpathol 1999; 27:141-4.
9. Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of asthma: update on selected topics, 2002: National Asthma Education and Prevention Program , National Instutues of Health, J Allergy Clin Immunol S141, 2002.
10. Global strategy for asthma management and prevention. National Instutues of Health. NIH publication no: 02-3659, 2005.
11. Killian KJ, Summers E, Watson RM, O'Byrne PM, Jones NL, Campbell EJ. Factors contributing to dyspnoea during bronchoconstricti on and exercise in asthmatic subjects. Eur Respir J 1993; 6:1004-10.
12. Ryan G, Latimer KM, Dolovich J, Hargreave FE. Bronchial responsiveness to histamine: relationshipto diurnal variation of peak flow rate, improvement after bronchodilator, and airway calibre. Thorax 1982; 37:423-9.
13. O'Byrne P, Cuddy L, Taylor DW, Birch S, Morris J, Syrotiuk J. The clinical efficacy and cost benefit of inhaled cortiocosteroids as therapy in patients with mild asthma in primary care practice. Can Respir J 1996: 3;169-75.
14. van Essen-Zandvliet EE, Hughes MD, Waalkens HJ, Duiverman EJ, Pocock SJ, Kerrebijn KF. Effects of 22 months of treatment with inhaled corticosteroids and/or beta-2-agonists on lung function, airway responsiveness, and symptoms in children with asthma. The Dutch Chronic Nonspecific Lung Disease Study Group. Am Rev Respir Dis 1992; 146:547-54.
15. Lung function testing: selection of reference values and interpretative strategies. American Thoracic Society. Am Rev Respir Dis 1991; 144:1202-18.
16. Quanjer PH, Lebowitz MD, Gregg I, Miller MR, Pedersen OF. Peak expiratory flow: conclusions and recommendations of a Working Party of the European Respiratory Society. Eur Respir J 1997;24 Suppl:2S-8S.
17. Quackenboss JJ, Lebowitz MD, Krzyzanowski M. The normal range of diurnal changes in peak expiratory flow rates. Relationship to symptoms and respiratory disease. Am Rev Respir Dis 1991; 143:323-30.
18. Cockcroft DW, Hargreave FE. Airway hyperresponsiveness. Relevance of random population data to clinical usefulness. Am Rev Respir Dis 1990; 142:497-500.
19. O'Byrne P. Bronchial challenges by pharmacologic agents. In: Clark TJH, Godfrey S, Lee TH, Thomson NC, eds. Asthma, 4th edition. London: Arnold; 2000.p. 92-103.
20. Ramsdale EH, Morris MM, Roberts RS, Hargreave FE. Asymptomatic bronchial hyperresponsiveness in rhinitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1985; 75:573-7.
21. van Haren EH, Lammers JW, Festen J, Heijerman HG, Groot CA, van Herwaarden CL. The effects of the inhaled corticosteroid budesonide on lung function and bronchial hyperresponsiveness in adult patients with cystic fibrosis. Respir Med 1995; 89:209-14.
22. Ramsdale EH, Morris MM, Roberts RS, Hargreave FE. Bronchial responsiveness to methacholine in chronic bronchitis: relationship to airflow obstruction and cold air responsiveness. Thorax 1984; 39:912-8.
23. Eggleston PA. Exercise-induced asthma. In: Tinkleman DG, Naspitz CK, eds. Childhood asthma: pathophysiology and treatment. New York: Marcel Dekker; 1992. p. 429-46.
24. Boner AL, Martinati LC. Diagnosis of asthma in children and adolescants. Eur Respir Rev 1997; 7:3-7.
25. National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute and World Health Organisation. Global Initiative for Asthma. Bethesta(MD):National Institutes of Health, 2002. Publication No.02-3659.
26. Aas K, Belin L. Standardization of diagnostic work in allergy. Acta Allergologica 1972; 27:439-68.
27. Boner AL, Martinati LC. Diagnosis of asthma in children and adolescants. Eur Respir Rev 1997; 7:3-7.
28. Martinez FD. Recognizing early asthma. Allergy 1999; 54:24-8.
29. Sears MR, Burrows B, Flannery EM, et al. Relation between airway responsiveness and serum IgE in children with asthma and in apparently normal children. N Engl J Med 1991;3 25:1067-71.
30. Grol MH, Postma DS, Vonk JM, et al. Risk factors from childhood to adulthood for bronchial responsiveness at age 32-42 yr. J Respir Crit Care Med 1999; 160:150-6.
31. Adelroth E, Morris M, Hargreave FE, et al. Airway responsiveness to leukotrienes C4 and D4 and to methacholine in patients with asthma and normal controls. N Engl J Med 1986; 315:480-4.
32. Holgate ST, Bradding P, Sampson AP. Leukotriene antagonists and synthesis inhibitors: new directions in asthma therapy. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1996; 98:1-13.
33. Weinberger M, Hendeles L. Theophylline in asthma. N Engl J Med 1996; 334:1380-94.
34. Greening AP, Ind PW, Northfield M, Shaw G. Added salmeterol versus higher-dose corticosteroid in asthma patients with symptoms on existing inhaled corticosteroid. Allen & Hanburys Limited UK Study Group. Lancet 1994; 23;344:219-24.
35. Graff-Lonnevig V, Browaldh L. Twelve hours' bronchodilating effect of inhaled formoterol in children with asthma: a double-blind cross-over study versus salbutamol. Clin Exp Allergy 1990; 20:429-32.
36. Norman PS. Immunotherapy: 1999-2004. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2004; 113:1013-23.
1. Spahn J, Covar R, Stempel DA. Asthma: Addressing consistency in results from basic science, clinical trial, and observational experience. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2002; 109:490-502.
2. Guilbert T, Krawiec M. Natural history of asthma. Pediatr Clin N Am 2003; 50:523-38.
3. The ISAAC steering commity worldwide variations in the prevalance of symptoms of asthma, allergic rhinoconjuctivitis and atopic eczema. The international study of asthma and allergies in childhood. Lancet 1998; 1225-32.
4. Akcakaya N, Kulak K, Hassanzade A, Camcıoğlu Y, Cokuğras H. Prevalance of bronchial asthma and allergic rhinitis in ‹stanbul school children. Eur J of Epidemiol 2000; 16:693-9.
5. Karaman O, Türkmen M, Uzuner N. Allergic disease prevalance in Izmir. Allergy 1997; 52:689-90.
6. Xuan W, Marks GB, Toelle BG et al. Risk factors for onset and remission of atopy, wheeze and airway hyperesponsiveness. Thorax 2002; 57:104-9.
7. Liu AH, Spahn JD, Leung DYM. Childhood Asthma. In Behrman RE, Kliegman RM, Jenson HB, eds. Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics, 17th edition. Unites States of America: WB Saunders Company: 2004. p 760-74.
8. Akcakaya N, Kulak K, Hassanzade A, Camc›o¤lu Y, Coku¤ras H. Latex allergy the incidence among Turkish children with atopic disease and with neural tube defects. Allergol Immunpathol 1999; 27:141-4.
9. Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of asthma: update on selected topics, 2002: National Asthma Education and Prevention Program , National Instutues of Health, J Allergy Clin Immunol S141, 2002.
10. Global strategy for asthma management and prevention. National Instutues of Health. NIH publication no: 02-3659, 2005.
11. Killian KJ, Summers E, Watson RM, O'Byrne PM, Jones NL, Campbell EJ. Factors contributing to dyspnoea during bronchoconstricti on and exercise in asthmatic subjects. Eur Respir J 1993; 6:1004-10.
12. Ryan G, Latimer KM, Dolovich J, Hargreave FE. Bronchial responsiveness to histamine: relationshipto diurnal variation of peak flow rate, improvement after bronchodilator, and airway calibre. Thorax 1982; 37:423-9.
13. O'Byrne P, Cuddy L, Taylor DW, Birch S, Morris J, Syrotiuk J. The clinical efficacy and cost benefit of inhaled cortiocosteroids as therapy in patients with mild asthma in primary care practice. Can Respir J 1996: 3;169-75.
14. van Essen-Zandvliet EE, Hughes MD, Waalkens HJ, Duiverman EJ, Pocock SJ, Kerrebijn KF. Effects of 22 months of treatment with inhaled corticosteroids and/or beta-2-agonists on lung function, airway responsiveness, and symptoms in children with asthma. The Dutch Chronic Nonspecific Lung Disease Study Group. Am Rev Respir Dis 1992; 146:547-54.
15. Lung function testing: selection of reference values and interpretative strategies. American Thoracic Society. Am Rev Respir Dis 1991; 144:1202-18.
16. Quanjer PH, Lebowitz MD, Gregg I, Miller MR, Pedersen OF. Peak expiratory flow: conclusions and recommendations of a Working Party of the European Respiratory Society. Eur Respir J 1997;24 Suppl:2S-8S.
17. Quackenboss JJ, Lebowitz MD, Krzyzanowski M. The normal range of diurnal changes in peak expiratory flow rates. Relationship to symptoms and respiratory disease. Am Rev Respir Dis 1991; 143:323-30.
18. Cockcroft DW, Hargreave FE. Airway hyperresponsiveness. Relevance of random population data to clinical usefulness. Am Rev Respir Dis 1990; 142:497-500.
19. O'Byrne P. Bronchial challenges by pharmacologic agents. In: Clark TJH, Godfrey S, Lee TH, Thomson NC, eds. Asthma, 4th edition. London: Arnold; 2000.p. 92-103.
20. Ramsdale EH, Morris MM, Roberts RS, Hargreave FE. Asymptomatic bronchial hyperresponsiveness in rhinitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1985; 75:573-7.
21. van Haren EH, Lammers JW, Festen J, Heijerman HG, Groot CA, van Herwaarden CL. The effects of the inhaled corticosteroid budesonide on lung function and bronchial hyperresponsiveness in adult patients with cystic fibrosis. Respir Med 1995; 89:209-14.
22. Ramsdale EH, Morris MM, Roberts RS, Hargreave FE. Bronchial responsiveness to methacholine in chronic bronchitis: relationship to airflow obstruction and cold air responsiveness. Thorax 1984; 39:912-8.
23. Eggleston PA. Exercise-induced asthma. In: Tinkleman DG, Naspitz CK, eds. Childhood asthma: pathophysiology and treatment. New York: Marcel Dekker; 1992. p. 429-46.
24. Boner AL, Martinati LC. Diagnosis of asthma in children and adolescants. Eur Respir Rev 1997; 7:3-7.
25. National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute and World Health Organisation. Global Initiative for Asthma. Bethesta(MD):National Institutes of Health, 2002. Publication No.02-3659.
26. Aas K, Belin L. Standardization of diagnostic work in allergy. Acta Allergologica 1972; 27:439-68.
27. Boner AL, Martinati LC. Diagnosis of asthma in children and adolescants. Eur Respir Rev 1997; 7:3-7.
28. Martinez FD. Recognizing early asthma. Allergy 1999; 54:24-8.
29. Sears MR, Burrows B, Flannery EM, et al. Relation between airway responsiveness and serum IgE in children with asthma and in apparently normal children. N Engl J Med 1991;3 25:1067-71.
30. Grol MH, Postma DS, Vonk JM, et al. Risk factors from childhood to adulthood for bronchial responsiveness at age 32-42 yr. J Respir Crit Care Med 1999; 160:150-6.
31. Adelroth E, Morris M, Hargreave FE, et al. Airway responsiveness to leukotrienes C4 and D4 and to methacholine in patients with asthma and normal controls. N Engl J Med 1986; 315:480-4.
32. Holgate ST, Bradding P, Sampson AP. Leukotriene antagonists and synthesis inhibitors: new directions in asthma therapy. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1996; 98:1-13.
33. Weinberger M, Hendeles L. Theophylline in asthma. N Engl J Med 1996; 334:1380-94.
34. Greening AP, Ind PW, Northfield M, Shaw G. Added salmeterol versus higher-dose corticosteroid in asthma patients with symptoms on existing inhaled corticosteroid. Allen & Hanburys Limited UK Study Group. Lancet 1994; 23;344:219-24.
35. Graff-Lonnevig V, Browaldh L. Twelve hours' bronchodilating effect of inhaled formoterol in children with asthma: a double-blind cross-over study versus salbutamol. Clin Exp Allergy 1990; 20:429-32.
36. Norman PS. Immunotherapy: 1999-2004. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2004; 113:1013-23.