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Prematüre ve Yenidoğan Beslenmesi

Year 2003, Volume: 1 Issue: 1, 59 - 72, 01.09.2003

Nilgün Köksal Reyhan Akpınar Hülya Köse Kadriye Sayrım

Abstract

Anne sütü tüm bebekler için özellikle prematüreler ve hasta yenidoğanlar için ideal bir besindir. Anneler emzirme konusunda desteklenmelidir 1 .

References

  • 1. Sapsford AL. Human milk and enteral nutrition products, in Groh-Wargo S, Thompson M, Cox J (ed) Nutritional care for high risk newborns. Chicago: Precept press 2000; pp 265-302
  • 2. Hurst NM, Myatt A, Schanler RJ.Growth and development of a hospital-based lactation program and mother's own milk bank. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs. 1998 ;27:503- 1.
  • 3. American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Pediatric AIDS Human milk, breastfeeding, and transmission of human immunodeficiency virus in the United States.. Pediatrics. 1995 ;96:977-9.
  • 4. Kunz C, Rodriguez-Palmero M, Koletzko B, Jensen R. Nutritional and biochemical properties of human milk, Part I: General aspects, proteins, and carbohydrates. Clin Perinatol. 1999 ;26:307-33.
  • 5. Anderson GH, Atkinson SA, Bryan MH Energy and macronutrient content of human milk during early lactation from mothers giving birth prematurely and at term. Am J Clin Nutr. 1981 ;34:258-65
  • 6. Lonnerdal B, Forsum E, Hambraeus L. A longitudinal study of the protein content of human milk from well-nourished Swedish mothers. Nutr Metab. 1977;21:106-9.
  • 7. Lawrence , RA, Lawrence RM, eds. Breastfeeding: A guide for the medical profession. 5th ed. St . Louis: Mosby, 1999;95-158,451
  • 8. Innis SM. Human milk and formula fatty acids. J Pediatr. 1992; 120:56-61.
  • 9. Lucas A. Enteral nutrition. In: Tsang RC, Lucas A, Uauy R, Zlotkin S, eds. Nutritional Needs of the Preterm Infant: Scientific Basis and Practional Guidelines. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins; 1993,209-223.
  • 10. Schanler RJ.Human milk fortification for premature infants. Am J Clin Nutr. 1996 ;64:249-50.
  • 11. Schanler RJ, Shulman RJ, Lau C, Smith EO, Heitkemper MM.Feeding strategies for premature infants: randomized trial of gastrointestinal priming and tube-feeding method. Pediatrics. 1999; 103:434-9.
  • 12. Wauben IP, Atkinson SA, Grad TL, Shah JK, Paes B. Moderate nutrient supplementation of mother's milk for preterm infants supports adequate bone mass and shortterm growth: a randomized, controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 1998 ;67:465-72.
  • 13. Schanler RJ.The role of human milk fortification for premature infants. Clin Perinatol. 1998 ;25:645-57.
  • 14. American Academy of Pediatrics. Committee on Nutrition. Iron fortification of infant formulas. Pediatrics. 1999 ;104:119-23.
  • 15. MacLean WC Jr, Fink BB.Lactose malabsorption by premature infants: magnitude and clinical significance. J Pediatr. 1980 ;97:383-8.
  • 16. Kashyap S, Okamoto E, Kanaya S, Zucker C, Abildskov K, Dell RB, Heird WC. Protein quality in feeding low birth weight infants: a comparison of whey-predominant versus casein-predominant formulas. Pediatrics. 1987 ;79:748-55.
  • 17. Lindberg T, Engberg S, Sjoberg LB, Lonnerdal B. In vitro digestion of proteins in human milk fortifiers and in preterm formula. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 1998 ;27:30-6.
  • 18. Duritz G, Oltorf C.Lactobezoar formation associated with high-density caloric formula. Pediatrics. 1979;63:647-9.
  • 19. Fairey AK, Butte NF, Mehta N, Thotathuchery M, Schanler RJ, Heird WC.Nutrient accretion in preterm infants fed formula with different protein:energy ratios. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 1997; 25:37-45.
  • 20. Armand M, Hamosh M, Mehta NR, Angelus PA, Philpott JR, Henderson TR, Dwyer NK, Lairon D, Hamosh P.Effect of human milk or formula on gastric function and fat digestion in the premature infant. Pediatr Res. 1996 ;40:429- 37.
  • 21. Hamosh M, Mehta NR, Fink CS, Coleman J, Hamosh P.Fat absorption in premature infants: medium-chain triglycerides and long-chain triglycerides are absorbed from formula at similar rates. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 1991; 13:143-9.
  • 22. McDonald MC, Abrams SA, Schanler RJ. Iron absorption and red blood cell incorporation in premature infants fed an iron-fortified infant formula. Pediatr Res. 1998 ;44:507- 11.
  • 23. Casey PH, Kraemer HC, Bernbaum J, Yogman MW, Sells JC. Growth status and growth rates of a varied sample of low birth weight, preterm infants: a longitudinal cohort from birth to three years of age. J Pediatr. 1991; 119:599-605.
  • 24. Hack M, Weisman B, Borawski-Clark E. Catch-up growth during chilhood among very low birth weight children. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 1996; 150: 1122
  • 25. Ernst JA, Bull MJ, Rickard KA, Brady MS, Lemons JA.Growth outcome and feeding practices of the very low birth weight infant (less than 1500 grams) within the first year of life. J Pediatr. 1990; 117:S156-6.
  • 26. Lucas A, Bishop NJ, King FJ, Cole TJ. Randomised trial of nutrition for preterm infants after discharge. Arch Dis Child. 1992 ;67:324-7.
  • 27. American Academy of Pediatrics. Form›la feeding of preterm infants. In: Kleinman RE; ed. Pediatric Nutrition Handbook, 4 th ed. Elk Grove Village, III. AAP. 1998; 29.
  • 28. Gibson RA, Makrides M, Neumann MA, Simmer K, Mantzioris E, James MJ. Ratios of linoleic acid to alpha-linolenic acid in formulas for term infants. J Pediatr. 1994; 125:S48-55
  • 29. Leach JL, Baxter JH, Molitor BE, Ramstack MB, Masor ML.Total potentially available nucleosides of human milk by stage of lactation. Am J Clin Nutr. 1995 ;61:1224-30.
  • 30. Gaull GE.Taurine in pediatric nutrition: review and update. Pediatrics. 1989 ;83:433-42.
  • 31. Brown KH, Perez F, Peerson JM, Fadel J, Brunsgaard G, Ostrom KM, MacLean WC Jr. Effect of dietary fiber (soy polysaccharide) on the severity, duration, and nutritional outcome of acute, watery diarrhea in children. Pediatrics. 1993 ;92:241-7.
  • 32. Steichen JJ, Tsang RC.Bone mineralization and growth in term infants fed soy-based or cow milk-based formula. J Pediatr. 1987; 110:687-92.
  • 33. Shenai JP, Jhaveri BM, Reynolds JW, Huston RK, Babson SG. Nutritional balance studies in very low-birth-weight infants: role of soy formula. Pediatrics. 1981;67:631.
  • 34. American Academy of Pediatrics. Committee on Nutrition. American Academy of Pediatrics. Committee on Nutrition. Soy protein-based formulas: recommendations for use in infant feeding. Pediatrics. 1998 ;101:148-53.
  • 35. Wessel JJ. Feeding methodologies, ‹n Groh-Wargo S , Thompson M, Cox J (ed) Nutrional Care for High-Risk Newborns. Chicago: Precept Press, 2000, pp321-339.
  • 36. Dumont RC, Rudolph CD.Development of gastrointestinal motility in the infant and child. Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 1994 ;23:655-71.
  • 37. Olson M.The benign effects on rabbits' lungs of the aspiration of water compared with 5 per cent glucose or milk. Pediatrics. 1970; 46:538-47.
  • 38. Kliegman RM, Fanaroff AA.Necrotizing enterocolitis. N Engl J Med. 1984;310:1093-103.
  • 39. Goldman HI.Feeding and necrotizing enterocolitis. Am J Dis Child. 1980;134:553-5.
  • 40. Heird WC, Gomez MR.Total parenteral nutrition in necrotizing enterocolitis. Clin Perinatol. 1994 ;21:389-409.
  • 41. Furlano RI, Walker WA.Immaturity of gastrointestinal host defense in newborns and gastrointestinal disease states. Adv Pediatr. 1998;45:201-22.
  • 42. Yu VY. Cardiorespiratory response to feeding in newborn infants. Arch Dis Child. 1976 ;51:305-9.
  • 43. Troche B, Harvey-Wilkes K, Engle WD, Nielsen HC, Frantz ID 3rd, Mitchell ML, Hermos RJ. Early minimal feedings promote growth in critically ill premature infants. Biol Neonate. 1995;67:172-81.
  • 44. Gryboski JD. Suck and swallow in the premature infant. Pediatrics. 1969 ;43:96-102.
  • 45. Pereira GR, Ziegler MM. Nutritional care of the surgical neonate. Clin Perinatol. 1989 ;16:233-53.
  • 46. Miller MJ, Carlo WA, Strohl KP, Fanaroff AA, Martin RJ. Effect of maturation on oral breathing in sleeping premature infants. J Pediatr. 1986 S;109:515-9.
  • 47. Pereira GR, Lemons JA.Controlled study of transpyloric and intermittent gavage feeding in the small preterm infant. Pediatrics. 1981 ;67:68-72.
  • 48. Minoli I, Coppalini B, Galli C, Moro G.Essential fatty acid status in premature newborns fed by nasoduodenal technique. Pediatrics. 1981 ;67:73-8.
  • 49. Wells DH, Zachman RD.Nasojejunal feedings in low-birthweight infants. J Pediatr. 1975 ;87:276-9.
  • 50. Koenig WJ, Amarnath RP, Hench V, Berseth CL.Manometrics for preterm and term infants: a new tool for old questions. Pediatrics. 1995 ;95:203-6.
  • 51. de Ville K, Knapp E, Al-Tawil Y, Berseth CL.Slow infusion feedings enhance duodenal motor responses and gastric emptying in preterm infants. Am J Clin Nutr. 1998 ;68:103-8.
  • 52. Grant J, Denne SC.Effect of intermittent versus continuous enteral feeding on energy expenditure in premature infants. J Pediatr. 1991; 118:928-32.
  • 53. Blondheim O, Abbasi S, Fox WW, Bhutani VK.Effect of enteral gavage feeding rate on pulmonary functions of very low birth weight infants. J Pediatr. 1993;122:751-5..
  • 54. Narayanan I, Singh B, Harvey D.Fat loss during feeding of human milk. Arch Dis Child. 1984 ;59:475-7
  • 55. Schanler RJ, Garza C, Nichols BL.Fortified mothers' milk for very low birth weight infants: results of growth and nutrient balance studies. J Pediatr. 1985 ;107:437-45.
  • 56. Dodd V, Froman R.A field study of bacterial growth in continuous feedings in a neonatal intensive care unit. Neonatal Netw. 1991; 9:17-21.
  • 57. Bhatia J. Formula fixed. Pediatrics. 1985 ;75:800-1.
  • 58. Shaker CS. Nipple feeding preterm infants: an individualized, developmentally supportive approach. Neonatal Netw. 1999 ;18:15-22.
  • 59. Shiao SY. Comparison of continuous versus intermittent sucking in very-low-birth-weight infants. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs. 1997;26:313-9.
  • 60. Yu VY, Jamieson J, Bajuk B.Breast milk feeding in very low birthweight infants. Aust Paediatr J. 1981;17:186-90.
  • 61. Evanochko C, Jancs-Kelley S, Boyle R, Fox M, Molesky M, Byrne P Facilitating early discharge from the NICU: the development of a home gavage program and neonatal outpatient clinic. Neonatal Netw. 1996 ;15:44.
  • 62. Groh-Wargo S. Recommended enteral nutrient intakes. ‹n Groh-Wargo S, Thompson M (ed): Nutrional Care for High-Risk Newborns. 3rd edition. Chicago: Precept Press, 2000, pp231-263
  • 63. Tsang RC, Uauy R, Lucas A, Zlotkin S, eds. Nutritional needs of the preterm infant: Scientific Basis and Practical Guidelines. Baltimore :Williams and Wilkins 1993;288-95
  • 64. American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Nutrition .Nutritional needs of preterm infant. Pediatric Nutrition Handbook 4th ed. Elk Grove Village AAP, 1998;55-87.
  • 65. Lucas A, Morley R, Cole TJ, Lister G, Leeson-Payne C.Breast milk and subsequent intelligence quotient in children born preterm. Lancet. 1992 ;339:261-4.
  • 66. Hay WW Jr.Nutritional needs of the extremely low-birthweight infant. Semin Perinatol. 1991;15:482-92
  • 67. Committee on Nutrition of the Preterm Infant, European Society of Paediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition. Nutrition and feeding of preterm infants. Acta Paediatr Scand Suppl. 1987;336:1-14.
  • 68. Nutrition Committee, Canadian Paediatric Society. Nutrient needs and feeding of premature infants. CMAJ. 1995;152:1765-85
  • 69. Uauy R, Hoffman DR.Essential fatty acid requirements for normal eye and brain development. Semin Perinatol. 1991;1 5:449-55
  • 70. Koo WW, Walters J, Bush AJ, Chesney RW, Carlson SE. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry studies of bone mineral status in newborn infants. J Bone Miner Res. 1996; 11:997-102.
  • 71. Dallman PR.Nutritional anemia of infancy iron, folic acid and B 12.in:Tsang RC, Nichols BF, eds. Nutrition During Infancy. Philadelphia Hanley and Belfus 1988;216-35.
  • 72. Olson JA.Upper limits of vitamin A in infant formulas, with some comments on vitamin K. J Nutr. 1989;119:1820-4.

Year 2003, Volume: 1 Issue: 1, 59 - 72, 01.09.2003

Nilgün Köksal Reyhan Akpınar Hülya Köse Kadriye Sayrım

Abstract

References

  • 1. Sapsford AL. Human milk and enteral nutrition products, in Groh-Wargo S, Thompson M, Cox J (ed) Nutritional care for high risk newborns. Chicago: Precept press 2000; pp 265-302
  • 2. Hurst NM, Myatt A, Schanler RJ.Growth and development of a hospital-based lactation program and mother's own milk bank. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs. 1998 ;27:503- 1.
  • 3. American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Pediatric AIDS Human milk, breastfeeding, and transmission of human immunodeficiency virus in the United States.. Pediatrics. 1995 ;96:977-9.
  • 4. Kunz C, Rodriguez-Palmero M, Koletzko B, Jensen R. Nutritional and biochemical properties of human milk, Part I: General aspects, proteins, and carbohydrates. Clin Perinatol. 1999 ;26:307-33.
  • 5. Anderson GH, Atkinson SA, Bryan MH Energy and macronutrient content of human milk during early lactation from mothers giving birth prematurely and at term. Am J Clin Nutr. 1981 ;34:258-65
  • 6. Lonnerdal B, Forsum E, Hambraeus L. A longitudinal study of the protein content of human milk from well-nourished Swedish mothers. Nutr Metab. 1977;21:106-9.
  • 7. Lawrence , RA, Lawrence RM, eds. Breastfeeding: A guide for the medical profession. 5th ed. St . Louis: Mosby, 1999;95-158,451
  • 8. Innis SM. Human milk and formula fatty acids. J Pediatr. 1992; 120:56-61.
  • 9. Lucas A. Enteral nutrition. In: Tsang RC, Lucas A, Uauy R, Zlotkin S, eds. Nutritional Needs of the Preterm Infant: Scientific Basis and Practional Guidelines. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins; 1993,209-223.
  • 10. Schanler RJ.Human milk fortification for premature infants. Am J Clin Nutr. 1996 ;64:249-50.
  • 11. Schanler RJ, Shulman RJ, Lau C, Smith EO, Heitkemper MM.Feeding strategies for premature infants: randomized trial of gastrointestinal priming and tube-feeding method. Pediatrics. 1999; 103:434-9.
  • 12. Wauben IP, Atkinson SA, Grad TL, Shah JK, Paes B. Moderate nutrient supplementation of mother's milk for preterm infants supports adequate bone mass and shortterm growth: a randomized, controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 1998 ;67:465-72.
  • 13. Schanler RJ.The role of human milk fortification for premature infants. Clin Perinatol. 1998 ;25:645-57.
  • 14. American Academy of Pediatrics. Committee on Nutrition. Iron fortification of infant formulas. Pediatrics. 1999 ;104:119-23.
  • 15. MacLean WC Jr, Fink BB.Lactose malabsorption by premature infants: magnitude and clinical significance. J Pediatr. 1980 ;97:383-8.
  • 16. Kashyap S, Okamoto E, Kanaya S, Zucker C, Abildskov K, Dell RB, Heird WC. Protein quality in feeding low birth weight infants: a comparison of whey-predominant versus casein-predominant formulas. Pediatrics. 1987 ;79:748-55.
  • 17. Lindberg T, Engberg S, Sjoberg LB, Lonnerdal B. In vitro digestion of proteins in human milk fortifiers and in preterm formula. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 1998 ;27:30-6.
  • 18. Duritz G, Oltorf C.Lactobezoar formation associated with high-density caloric formula. Pediatrics. 1979;63:647-9.
  • 19. Fairey AK, Butte NF, Mehta N, Thotathuchery M, Schanler RJ, Heird WC.Nutrient accretion in preterm infants fed formula with different protein:energy ratios. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 1997; 25:37-45.
  • 20. Armand M, Hamosh M, Mehta NR, Angelus PA, Philpott JR, Henderson TR, Dwyer NK, Lairon D, Hamosh P.Effect of human milk or formula on gastric function and fat digestion in the premature infant. Pediatr Res. 1996 ;40:429- 37.
  • 21. Hamosh M, Mehta NR, Fink CS, Coleman J, Hamosh P.Fat absorption in premature infants: medium-chain triglycerides and long-chain triglycerides are absorbed from formula at similar rates. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 1991; 13:143-9.
  • 22. McDonald MC, Abrams SA, Schanler RJ. Iron absorption and red blood cell incorporation in premature infants fed an iron-fortified infant formula. Pediatr Res. 1998 ;44:507- 11.
  • 23. Casey PH, Kraemer HC, Bernbaum J, Yogman MW, Sells JC. Growth status and growth rates of a varied sample of low birth weight, preterm infants: a longitudinal cohort from birth to three years of age. J Pediatr. 1991; 119:599-605.
  • 24. Hack M, Weisman B, Borawski-Clark E. Catch-up growth during chilhood among very low birth weight children. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 1996; 150: 1122
  • 25. Ernst JA, Bull MJ, Rickard KA, Brady MS, Lemons JA.Growth outcome and feeding practices of the very low birth weight infant (less than 1500 grams) within the first year of life. J Pediatr. 1990; 117:S156-6.
  • 26. Lucas A, Bishop NJ, King FJ, Cole TJ. Randomised trial of nutrition for preterm infants after discharge. Arch Dis Child. 1992 ;67:324-7.
  • 27. American Academy of Pediatrics. Form›la feeding of preterm infants. In: Kleinman RE; ed. Pediatric Nutrition Handbook, 4 th ed. Elk Grove Village, III. AAP. 1998; 29.
  • 28. Gibson RA, Makrides M, Neumann MA, Simmer K, Mantzioris E, James MJ. Ratios of linoleic acid to alpha-linolenic acid in formulas for term infants. J Pediatr. 1994; 125:S48-55
  • 29. Leach JL, Baxter JH, Molitor BE, Ramstack MB, Masor ML.Total potentially available nucleosides of human milk by stage of lactation. Am J Clin Nutr. 1995 ;61:1224-30.
  • 30. Gaull GE.Taurine in pediatric nutrition: review and update. Pediatrics. 1989 ;83:433-42.
  • 31. Brown KH, Perez F, Peerson JM, Fadel J, Brunsgaard G, Ostrom KM, MacLean WC Jr. Effect of dietary fiber (soy polysaccharide) on the severity, duration, and nutritional outcome of acute, watery diarrhea in children. Pediatrics. 1993 ;92:241-7.
  • 32. Steichen JJ, Tsang RC.Bone mineralization and growth in term infants fed soy-based or cow milk-based formula. J Pediatr. 1987; 110:687-92.
  • 33. Shenai JP, Jhaveri BM, Reynolds JW, Huston RK, Babson SG. Nutritional balance studies in very low-birth-weight infants: role of soy formula. Pediatrics. 1981;67:631.
  • 34. American Academy of Pediatrics. Committee on Nutrition. American Academy of Pediatrics. Committee on Nutrition. Soy protein-based formulas: recommendations for use in infant feeding. Pediatrics. 1998 ;101:148-53.
  • 35. Wessel JJ. Feeding methodologies, ‹n Groh-Wargo S , Thompson M, Cox J (ed) Nutrional Care for High-Risk Newborns. Chicago: Precept Press, 2000, pp321-339.
  • 36. Dumont RC, Rudolph CD.Development of gastrointestinal motility in the infant and child. Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 1994 ;23:655-71.
  • 37. Olson M.The benign effects on rabbits' lungs of the aspiration of water compared with 5 per cent glucose or milk. Pediatrics. 1970; 46:538-47.
  • 38. Kliegman RM, Fanaroff AA.Necrotizing enterocolitis. N Engl J Med. 1984;310:1093-103.
  • 39. Goldman HI.Feeding and necrotizing enterocolitis. Am J Dis Child. 1980;134:553-5.
  • 40. Heird WC, Gomez MR.Total parenteral nutrition in necrotizing enterocolitis. Clin Perinatol. 1994 ;21:389-409.
  • 41. Furlano RI, Walker WA.Immaturity of gastrointestinal host defense in newborns and gastrointestinal disease states. Adv Pediatr. 1998;45:201-22.
  • 42. Yu VY. Cardiorespiratory response to feeding in newborn infants. Arch Dis Child. 1976 ;51:305-9.
  • 43. Troche B, Harvey-Wilkes K, Engle WD, Nielsen HC, Frantz ID 3rd, Mitchell ML, Hermos RJ. Early minimal feedings promote growth in critically ill premature infants. Biol Neonate. 1995;67:172-81.
  • 44. Gryboski JD. Suck and swallow in the premature infant. Pediatrics. 1969 ;43:96-102.
  • 45. Pereira GR, Ziegler MM. Nutritional care of the surgical neonate. Clin Perinatol. 1989 ;16:233-53.
  • 46. Miller MJ, Carlo WA, Strohl KP, Fanaroff AA, Martin RJ. Effect of maturation on oral breathing in sleeping premature infants. J Pediatr. 1986 S;109:515-9.
  • 47. Pereira GR, Lemons JA.Controlled study of transpyloric and intermittent gavage feeding in the small preterm infant. Pediatrics. 1981 ;67:68-72.
  • 48. Minoli I, Coppalini B, Galli C, Moro G.Essential fatty acid status in premature newborns fed by nasoduodenal technique. Pediatrics. 1981 ;67:73-8.
  • 49. Wells DH, Zachman RD.Nasojejunal feedings in low-birthweight infants. J Pediatr. 1975 ;87:276-9.
  • 50. Koenig WJ, Amarnath RP, Hench V, Berseth CL.Manometrics for preterm and term infants: a new tool for old questions. Pediatrics. 1995 ;95:203-6.
  • 51. de Ville K, Knapp E, Al-Tawil Y, Berseth CL.Slow infusion feedings enhance duodenal motor responses and gastric emptying in preterm infants. Am J Clin Nutr. 1998 ;68:103-8.
  • 52. Grant J, Denne SC.Effect of intermittent versus continuous enteral feeding on energy expenditure in premature infants. J Pediatr. 1991; 118:928-32.
  • 53. Blondheim O, Abbasi S, Fox WW, Bhutani VK.Effect of enteral gavage feeding rate on pulmonary functions of very low birth weight infants. J Pediatr. 1993;122:751-5..
  • 54. Narayanan I, Singh B, Harvey D.Fat loss during feeding of human milk. Arch Dis Child. 1984 ;59:475-7
  • 55. Schanler RJ, Garza C, Nichols BL.Fortified mothers' milk for very low birth weight infants: results of growth and nutrient balance studies. J Pediatr. 1985 ;107:437-45.
  • 56. Dodd V, Froman R.A field study of bacterial growth in continuous feedings in a neonatal intensive care unit. Neonatal Netw. 1991; 9:17-21.
  • 57. Bhatia J. Formula fixed. Pediatrics. 1985 ;75:800-1.
  • 58. Shaker CS. Nipple feeding preterm infants: an individualized, developmentally supportive approach. Neonatal Netw. 1999 ;18:15-22.
  • 59. Shiao SY. Comparison of continuous versus intermittent sucking in very-low-birth-weight infants. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs. 1997;26:313-9.
  • 60. Yu VY, Jamieson J, Bajuk B.Breast milk feeding in very low birthweight infants. Aust Paediatr J. 1981;17:186-90.
  • 61. Evanochko C, Jancs-Kelley S, Boyle R, Fox M, Molesky M, Byrne P Facilitating early discharge from the NICU: the development of a home gavage program and neonatal outpatient clinic. Neonatal Netw. 1996 ;15:44.
  • 62. Groh-Wargo S. Recommended enteral nutrient intakes. ‹n Groh-Wargo S, Thompson M (ed): Nutrional Care for High-Risk Newborns. 3rd edition. Chicago: Precept Press, 2000, pp231-263
  • 63. Tsang RC, Uauy R, Lucas A, Zlotkin S, eds. Nutritional needs of the preterm infant: Scientific Basis and Practical Guidelines. Baltimore :Williams and Wilkins 1993;288-95
  • 64. American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Nutrition .Nutritional needs of preterm infant. Pediatric Nutrition Handbook 4th ed. Elk Grove Village AAP, 1998;55-87.
  • 65. Lucas A, Morley R, Cole TJ, Lister G, Leeson-Payne C.Breast milk and subsequent intelligence quotient in children born preterm. Lancet. 1992 ;339:261-4.
  • 66. Hay WW Jr.Nutritional needs of the extremely low-birthweight infant. Semin Perinatol. 1991;15:482-92
  • 67. Committee on Nutrition of the Preterm Infant, European Society of Paediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition. Nutrition and feeding of preterm infants. Acta Paediatr Scand Suppl. 1987;336:1-14.
  • 68. Nutrition Committee, Canadian Paediatric Society. Nutrient needs and feeding of premature infants. CMAJ. 1995;152:1765-85
  • 69. Uauy R, Hoffman DR.Essential fatty acid requirements for normal eye and brain development. Semin Perinatol. 1991;1 5:449-55
  • 70. Koo WW, Walters J, Bush AJ, Chesney RW, Carlson SE. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry studies of bone mineral status in newborn infants. J Bone Miner Res. 1996; 11:997-102.
  • 71. Dallman PR.Nutritional anemia of infancy iron, folic acid and B 12.in:Tsang RC, Nichols BF, eds. Nutrition During Infancy. Philadelphia Hanley and Belfus 1988;216-35.
  • 72. Olson JA.Upper limits of vitamin A in infant formulas, with some comments on vitamin K. J Nutr. 1989;119:1820-4.
There are 72 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Collection
Authors

Nilgün Köksal This is me

Reyhan Akpınar This is me

Hülya Köse This is me

Kadriye Sayrım This is me

Publication Date September 1, 2003
Published in Issue Year 2003 Volume: 1 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Köksal, N., Akpınar, R., Köse, H., Sayrım, K. (2003). Prematüre ve Yenidoğan Beslenmesi. Güncel Pediatri, 1(1), 59-72.
AMA Köksal N, Akpınar R, Köse H, Sayrım K. Prematüre ve Yenidoğan Beslenmesi. Güncel Pediatri. September 2003;1(1):59-72.
Chicago Köksal, Nilgün, Reyhan Akpınar, Hülya Köse, and Kadriye Sayrım. “Prematüre Ve Yenidoğan Beslenmesi”. Güncel Pediatri 1, no. 1 (September 2003): 59-72.
EndNote Köksal N, Akpınar R, Köse H, Sayrım K (September 1, 2003) Prematüre ve Yenidoğan Beslenmesi. Güncel Pediatri 1 1 59–72.
IEEE N. Köksal, R. Akpınar, H. Köse, and K. Sayrım, “Prematüre ve Yenidoğan Beslenmesi”, Güncel Pediatri, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 59–72, 2003.
ISNAD Köksal, Nilgün et al. “Prematüre Ve Yenidoğan Beslenmesi”. Güncel Pediatri 1/1 (September 2003), 59-72.
JAMA Köksal N, Akpınar R, Köse H, Sayrım K. Prematüre ve Yenidoğan Beslenmesi. Güncel Pediatri. 2003;1:59–72.
MLA Köksal, Nilgün et al. “Prematüre Ve Yenidoğan Beslenmesi”. Güncel Pediatri, vol. 1, no. 1, 2003, pp. 59-72.
Vancouver Köksal N, Akpınar R, Köse H, Sayrım K. Prematüre ve Yenidoğan Beslenmesi. Güncel Pediatri. 2003;1(1):59-72.