Türkiye’de İller Bazında Finansal Göstergelerin Karşılaştırmalı ve Bölgesel Durum Analizi

Abstract

Bu çalışma, ulusal finansal göstergelerin çoğu zaman önemli bölgesel farklılıkları gizlediği sınırlılığından hareketle, Türkiye’de finansal gelişmenin il ve bölge düzeyindeki yapısını incelemektedir. Çalışmada, 2022–2023 dönemi için 81 ilin tamamına ait yatay kesit verileri kullanılarak finansal ölçek, derinlik, tasarruf mobilizasyonu, kredi yoğunluğu ve şube erişimi göstergeleri analiz edilmektedir. Ampirik strateji; tanımlayıcı istatistikleri, korelasyon analizini, bölgesel karşılaştırma testlerini, temel bileşenler analizini, kümeleme analizini, sağlamlık kontrollerini ve tamamlayıcı bir log–log OLS regresyonunu bir araya getirmektedir. Bulgular, il ve bölge düzeyinde belirgin finansal farklılıkların bulunduğunu ortaya koymaktadır. Finansal ölçek, özellikle İstanbul ve Ankara başta olmak üzere büyükşehirlerde yüksek düzeyde yoğunlaşırken, derinlik ve erişim göstergeleri daha geniş bir batı–doğu ayrımına işaret etmektedir. Kruskal–Wallis testleri, tüm finansal göstergeler için anlamlı bölgesel farklılıkların bulunduğunu doğrulamaktadır. PCA temelli Finansal Gelişme Endeksi, tutarlı bir ortak bileşen tarafından desteklenmekte olup PC1 toplam varyansın %68,34’ünü açıklamaktadır. İstanbul ve Ankara yüksek gelişmişlik düzeyine sahip finansal çekirdeği oluştururken, doğu ve güneydoğudaki birçok il düşük gelişmişlik düzeyine sahip çevre konumunda yer almaktadır. Tamamlayıcı regresyon, kişi başına mevduatın kişi başına kredi ile güçlü ve pozitif biçimde ilişkili olduğunu göstermektedir. Sonuçlar, Türkiye’de il düzeyindeki finansal gelişmenin çok boyutlu, mekânsal olarak yoğunlaşmış ve çekirdek–çevre örüntüsüyle şekillenmiş olduğunu; bu nedenle yalnızca ulusal ortalamalara dayalı politikalar yerine bölgeye ve kümelere duyarlı politika yanıtları gerektirdiğini göstermektedir.

Keywords

• İl düzeyinde finansal gelişme
• Finansal kapsayıcılık
• Bölgesel eşitsizlik
• Finansal Gelişme Endeksi
• Türkiye.

A Comparative and Regional Analysis of Financial Indicators by Provinces In Turkiye

Abstract

This study examines the provincial and regional structure of financial development in Türkiye, addressing the limitation that national financial indicators often conceal substantial territorial disparities. Using cross-sectional data for all 81 provinces for 2022–2023, the paper analyses indicators of financial scale, depth, savings mobilisation, credit intensity, and branch access. The empirical strategy combines descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, regional comparison tests, principal component analysis, cluster analysis, robustness checks, and a supplementary log–log OLS regression. The findings reveal pronounced provincial and regional financial disparities. Financial scale is highly concentrated in metropolitan provinces, especially Istanbul and Ankara, while depth and access indicators show a broader west–east divide. Kruskal–Wallis tests confirm significant regional differences for all financial indicators. The PCA-based Financial Development Index is supported by a coherent common component, with PC1 explaining 68.34% of total variance. Istanbul and Ankara form the high-development financial core, while many eastern and southeastern provinces occupy the low-development periphery. The supplementary regression shows that deposits per capita are strongly and positively associated with credit per capita. The results indicate that provincial financial development in Türkiye is multidimensional, spatially concentrated, and structured by a core–periphery pattern requiring region-sensitive and cluster-sensitive policy responses rather than policies based on national averages alone.

Keywords

• Provincial financial development
• Financial inclusion
• Regional inequality
• Financial Development Index
• Türkiye

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