Mobil Para Hesap Sahipliğinin Belirleyicileri: Avrupa ve Orta Asya’da Altı Ülke Üzerine Bir Analiz

Abstract

Çalışmamızda mobil para hesap sahipliğini belirleyen faktörler, Dünya Bankası tarafından sağlanan en güncel (2024 yılına ilişkin) Global Findex Database mikro verileri kullanılarak, Türkiye, Ermenistan, Kazakistan, Kırgızistan, Rusya ve Tacikistan’dan oluşan altı ülkelik bir örneklem için incelenmektedir. Sonuçlarımız, genel hatlarıyla, kadınların mobil para hesabı sahibi olma olasılığının daha düşük olduğunu, bireylerin yaşlandıkça mobil para hesap sahipliği olasılığının azaldığını ve özellikle ileri yaş gruplarında bu olasılıktaki azalışın daha belirgin olduğunu göstermektedir. Bunlara ek olarak sonuçlarımız, yükseköğretim eğitim seviyesinin, yüksek gelir seviyelerinin, kentte yaşamanın, işgücünde bulunmanın, banka hesabı sahibi olmanın ve akıllı telefon kullanmanın mobil para hesap sahibi olma olasılığını ayrı ayrı artırdıklarına işaret etmektedir. Bu sonuçlarımız, ülkeler özelindeki birtakım sonuçlarımızla benzerlik göstermemektedir. Bu durum, mobil hesap sahipliğini etkileyen faktörlerin ülke bağlamına duyarlı olduğu ve ülkeler özelindeki dinamiklerin göz önünde tutularak ele alınması gerektiğine işaret etmektedir. Hem genel örneklemimiz hem de ülkeler özelindeki sonuçlarımız, güçlü bir şekilde ve Sahra Altı Afrika literatüründeki ikame edici bulgunun aksine, mobil para ekosisteminin geleneksel bankacılığı tamamlayıcı bir rol üstlendiğini ortaya koymaktadır.

Keywords

• Mobil para
• Finansal kapsayıcılık
• Dijital finans

Supporting Institution

Bulunmamaktadır.

Project Number

Bulunmamaktadır.

Ethical Statement

Bulunmamaktadır.

Thanks

Bulunmamaktadır.

Determinants of Mobile Money Account Ownership: An Analysis of Six Countries in Europe and Central Asia

Abstract

In our study, we analyze the factors affecting mobile Money account ownership based on a sample of six countries (Türkiye, Armenia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, and Tajikistan) derived from the most recent (belonging to 2024) Global Findex Database provided by the World Bank. Our outcomes reveal that women are less likely to own a mobile money account, and that the probability of mobile money account ownership decreases with age, and that this decrease is particularly pronounced in older age groups. Additionally, our results indicate that higher education level, high income levels, living in urban areas, participation in the workforce, having a bank account, and smartphone use separately increase the probability of owning a mobile money account. These results do not mirror some of our country-specific findings, which suggests that factors influencing mobile account ownership are country-specific and should be considered when analyzing country-specific dynamics. Both our general and country-specific results strongly suggest that the mobile money ecosystem plays a complementary role to traditional banking, in contrast to the substitution role shown in the Sub-Saharan African literature.

Keywords

• Mobile money
• Financial inclusion
• Digital finance

Supporting Institution

None.

Project Number

Bulunmamaktadır.

Ethical Statement

None.

Thanks

None.

References

1. Afawubo, K., Couchoro, M. K., Agbaglah, M., & Gbandi, T. (2020). Mobile money adoption and households’ vulnerability to shocks: Evidence from Togo. Applied Economics, 52(10), 1141-1162. https://doi.org/10.1080/00036846.2019.1659496
2. Aker, J. C. (2023). Fintech for rural markets in Sub-Saharan Africa. In T. Madon, A. J. Gadgil, L. R. Anderson, L. Casaburi, K. Lee, & A. Rezaee (Eds.), Introduction to development engineering: A framework with applications from the field (pp. 247–264). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-86065-3_10
3. Atta-Aidoo, J., Bizoza, S., Saleh, A. O., & Matthew, E. C. (2023). Financial inclusion choices in post-conflict and fragile states of Africa: The case of Burundi. Cogent Social Sciences, 9(1), 2216996. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2023.2216996
4. Ba, K., & Dieng, S. A.. (2025). Digital financial inclusion: Socioeconomic and demographic factors of access and usage in Senegal. African Development Review. 37(2): e70015. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8268.70015
5. Chowdhury, M. A. M., Labib, T., Hossain, A., Hossain, M. B., Rengasamy, D., &Atiullah, M. (2026). Socio-economic determinants of digital financial inclusion in SAARC countries. International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, 46(13-14), 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSSP-01-2025-0071
6. Coulibaly, S. S. (2022). An analysis of the factors affecting the financial inclusion in Côte d'Ivoire. International Journal of Finance & Banking Studies, 11(1), 69-84. https://doi.org/10.20525/ijfbs.v11i1.1539
7. Davis, F. (1989). Perceived Usefulness, perceived ease of use, and user acceptance of information technology. MIS Quarterly, 13(3), 319–340. https://doi.org/10.2307/249008
8. Demirguc-Kunt, A., Klapper, L., Singer, D., Ansar, S., & Hess, J. (2018). The Global Findex Database 2017: Measuring financial inclusion and the fintech revolution. World Bank Publications. https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/332881525873182837/pdf/126033-PUB-PUBLIC-pubdate-4-19-2018.pdf

9. Djahini-Afawoubo, D. M., Couchoro, M. K., & Atchi, F. K. (2023). Does mobile money contribute to reducing multidimensional poverty?. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 187, 122194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2022.122194
10. Eken, M. H. (2008). Tüketicilerin aşırı borçluluk ve finansal dışlanma nedenleri. Maliye ve Finans Yazıları. 1(79), 61-80. https://izlik.org/JA75GR29BT
11. Eser, M. T., & Aksu, G. (2021). Karesel atama ile çoklu regresyon ve lojistik regresyon sonuçlarının teori çeşitlemesi kapsamında karşılaştırılması. Abant İzzet Baysal Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 21(4), 1159-1171. https://doi.org/10.17240/aibuefd.2021..-608891
12. Güz, T., & Poyraz, G.. (2024). Digital financial inclusion and its determinants: Evidence from Türkiye. Ekonomi Politika ve Finans Araştırmaları Dergisi. 9(4): 700-714. https://doi.org/10.30784/epfad.1517200
13. Hornuf, L., Safari, K., & Voshaar, J. (2025). Mobile fintech adoption in Sub-Saharan Africa: A systematic literature review and meta-analysis. Research in International Business and Finance, 73, 102529. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ribaf.2024.102529
14. Howarth, J. (2026, January 12). How many people own smartphones? (2025–2029). Exploding Topics. https://explodingtopics.com/blog/smartphone-stats (Erişim Tarihi: 18 Mart 2026).
15. Islam, A. T. M. H., Basher, S. A., & Haque, A. K. E. (2022). The impact of mobile money on long-term poverty: Evidence from Bangladesh. Journal of Social and Economic Development, 24(2), 436–455. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40847-022-00194-0
16. Khera, P., Ng, S., Ogawa, S., & Sahay, R. (2022). Measuring digital financial inclusion in emerging market and developing economies: A new index. Asian Economic Policy Review, 17(2): 213-230. https://doi.org/10.1111/aepr.12377
17. Klapper, L., Singer, D., Starita, L., & Norris, A. (2025). The Global Findex Database 2025: Connectivity and financial inclusion in the digital economy. World Bank. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstreams/9288bdc5-7a9b-42de-a47c-3746fd68f22a/download
18. Lin, N., Ensel, W. M., & Vaughn, J. C. (1981). Social resources and strength of ties: Structural factors in occupational status attainment. American Sociological Review, 46(4) 393-405. https://doi.org/10.2307/2095260
19. Madise, S. (2019). The regulation of mobile money. Palgrave Macmillan Studies in Banking and Financial Institutions, Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-13831-8
20. Marco, R., & Perez-Saiz, H. (2026). Formal financial inclusion and digital mobile money adoption in sub-Saharan Africa: do bank concentration and competition matter?. Applied Economics, 58(3), 430-450. https://doi.org/10.1080/00036846.2025.2453756
21. Meli, S. D., Djoumessi, Y. F., & Djiogap, C. F. (2022). Analysis of the socio-economic determinants of mobile money adoption and use in Cameroon. Telecommunications Policy, 46(9), 102412. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.telpol.2022.102412
22. Meli, S. D., Kamga, B. F., & Meli, C. N. (2024). Analysis of the determinants of mobile money adoption and use: Evidence from Togo with simple and multivariate probit approaches. Journal of the Knowledge Economy, 15(4), 16156-16186. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13132-024-01748-9
23. Merlino, L. P., Steinhardt, M. F., & Wren-Lewis, L. (2019). More than just friends? School peers and adult interracial relationships. Journal of Labor Economics, 37(3), 663-713. https://doi.org/10.1086/702626
24. Milana, C., & Ashta, A. (2012). Developing microfinance: A survey of the literature. Strategic Change, 21(7‐8),
25. 299-330. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsc.1911
26. Nandru, P., Chendragiri, M., & Velayutham, A. (2021). Determinants of digital financial inclusion in India: Evidence from the World Bank’s global Findex database. Research Square, Preprint, 1-18. https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-329541/v1
27. Nguyen, M. T., Nguyen-Thanh, N., & Duy, D. T. (2025). Exploring mobile money adoption in Vietnam: Insights from payment technology and demographic dynamics. Social Sciences & Humanities Open, 11, 101421. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssaho.2025.101421
28. Njilla, C., & Kato, M. (2026). Financial inclusion status and cryptocurrency usage in the US. International Review of Economics & Finance, 108, 105233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iref.2026.105233
29. Nonvide, G. M. A. (2025). Mobile Money: An innovative solution to reduce households’ vulnerability to economic shocks. Journal of the Knowledge Economy, 16(2), 9466-9491. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13132-024-02274-4
30. Nonvide, G. M. A., & Alinsato, A. S. (2023). Who uses mobile money, and what factors affect its adoption process? Evidence from smallholder households in Cote d’Ivoire. Journal of Financial Services Marketing, 28(1), 117-127. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41264-022-00144-1
31. Nyoka, C. (2019). Education level and income disparities: Implications for financial inclusion through mobile money adoption in South Africa. Comparative Economic Research. Central and Eastern Europe, 22(4), 129–142. https://doi.org/10.2478/cer-2019-0036
32. Özşuca, E. A. (2019). Financial inclusion in Turkey: Evidence from individual level data. Ankara Üniversitesi SBF Dergisi, 74(4), 1377-1400. https://doi.org/10.33630/ausbf.614032
33. Saidy, S., & Hassan, A. D. (2025). Modeling drivers of fintech adoption in Sub-Saharan Africa using machine learning. Digital Finance, 7, 1-27. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42521-025-00161-4
34. Sarkar, K.K., & Chavan, P. (2025). Digital financial inclusion: The Indian case in the global context. Economic and Political Weekly, 60(16), 72-81. https://doi.org/10.71279/epw.v60i16.42810
35. Senou, M. M., & Houensou, D. A. (2024). From expanding financial services to tackling poverty in West African Economic and Monetary Union: The accelerating role of mobile money. Journal of International Development, 36(3), 1707-1737. https://doi.org/10.1002/jid.3881Digital Object Identifier (DOI)
36. Sevim, U. (2021). İşletmelerde AR-GE yatırımlarının içsel belirleyicileri: İmalat sektörü örneği. Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 23(1), 1-19. https://doi.org/10.33707/akuiibfd.801212
37. Suri, T. (2017). Mobile money. Annual Review of Economics, 9, 497–520. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-economics-063016-103638
38. Suri, T., & Jack, W. (2016). The long-run poverty and gender impacts of mobile money. Science, 354(6317), 1288-1292. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aah5309
39. Tabakan, G., & Avcı, O. (2021). Vergiye gönüllü uyumu etkileyen faktörlerin lojistik regresyon analizi ile belirlenmesi. Sosyoekonomi, 29(48), 541-561. https://doi.org/10.17233/sosyoekonomi.2021.02.25
40. Wirba, E. L., Akem, F. A., & Tingum, E. N. (2025). Implication of mobile money adoption for financial behaviour in Cameroon: A gendered analysis. Review of Behavioral Finance, 17(6), 1064-1081. https://doi.org/10.1108/RBF-02-2025-0081
41. Wooldridge, J. M. (2019). Introductory econometrics: A modern approach (7th ed.). Cengage Learning.
42. Yao, B., Shanoyan, A., Schwab, B., & Amanor-Boadu, V. (2023). The role of mobile money in household resilience: Evidence from Kenya. World Development, 165, 106198. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2023.106198
43. Yayar, R., & Tekgün, B. (2022). Türkiye’de özel sağlik sigortasi talebinin ikili lojistik regresyon yöntemiyle analizi. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 24(2), 595-618. https://doi.org/10.16953/deusosbil.1088228
44. Yunus, M. (1999). Yoksulluğun bulunmadığı bir dünyaya doğru. (G. Şen, Trans.). Doğan Yayıncılık.