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ÇEVRESEL BOZULMALARDA TERÖRİZM VE KAMU HARCAMALARININ ETKİSİ

Year 2020, Volume: 4 Issue: 2, 255 - 268, 17.12.2020
https://doi.org/10.30586/pek.804706

Abstract

Uluslararası gündemde önemli bir yer tutan çevresel bozulmaların kontrol altına alınması ekonomiler için başlıca problemlerden biri olmuştur. Bu sebeple çalışmanın amacı çevre bozulmalarında etkileri tartışılmakta olan kamu harcamaları ve terörizmin etkisini terörün yoğun olduğu ülkelerde 2002-2017 dönemleri arasında incelemektir. Çalışmada panel ver analizi metotlarından olan yatay kesit bağımlılığı, homojenlik ve birim kök testleri uygulanmıştır. Daha sonra nedensellik ilişkisine bakılmıştır. Elde edilen sonuçlar panel genelinde terörizm ve kamu harcamalarının çevresel bozulmaların nedeni olduğunu göstermektedir. Ülke bazında ise yine değişkenler arasında nedensellik ilişkisinin varlığı tespit edilmiştir.

References

  • Adewuyi, A.O., 2016. Effects of Public and Private Expenditures on Environmental Pollution: a Dynamic Heterogeneous Panel Data Analysis. Renewable Sustainable Energy Reviews, 65, 489–506.
  • Bernauer, T. ve Koubi, V., 2006. States as Providers of Public Goods: How Does Government Size Affect Environmental Quality?. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the International Studies Association, Town and Country Resort and Convention Center, San Diego, California, USA Online.
  • Bildirici, M. ve Gokmenoglu, S. M., 2020. The impact of Terrorism and FDI on Environmental Pollution: Evidence from Afghanistan, Iraq, Nigeria, Pakistan, Philippines, Syria, Somalia, Thailand and Yemen. Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 81, 1-12.
  • Biyan, Ö. ve Gök, M., 2014. Çevre Politikaları Kapsamında Avrupa Birliği ve Türkiye’de Çevre Vergilerinin Uygulanışı: Karşılaştırmalı Bir Analiz. Hitit Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 7, (2), 281-310.
  • Breusch, T.S. ve Pagan, A.R., 1980. The Lagrange Multiplier Test and Its Applications to Modelspecification Tests in Econometrics. Review of Economic Studies, 47 (1), 239-53.
  • Carlsson, F. ve Lundström, S., 2001. Political and Economic Freedom and The Environment: The Case of CO2 Emissions. Working Papers in Economics, No 29, (second version), August 2001, Department of Economics, Göteborg University.
  • Choi, I., 1993. Asymptotic Normality of the Least-Squares Estimates for Higher Order Autoregressive Integrated Process with Some Applications. Econometric Theory, 9(2), 263-282.
  • Cole, A. M., 2004. Us Environmental Load Displacement: Examining Consumption, Regulations and The Role of Nafta‖. Ecological Economics, 48 (4).
  • Emirmahmutoğlu, F. ve Köse, N., 2011. Testing for Granger Causality in Heterogeneous Mixed Panels. Economic Modelling, 28, 870-876.
  • Galinato G.I. ve Galinato S.P., 2016. The Effects of Government Spending on Deforestation Due to Agricultural Land Use Expansion and CO2 Related Emissions. Ecological Economics, 122, 43–53.
  • Galinato, G.I. ve Islam, A. 2017. The Challenge of Addressing Consumption Pollutants with Fiscal Policy. Environment and Development Economics, 1-24.
  • Hadri, K. ve Kurozumi, E., 2012. A Simple Panel Stationarity Test in the Presence of Serial Correlation and a Common Factor. Economics Letter, 115, 31-34.
  • Halkos, G.E., Paizanos, E. Α., 2013. The Effect of Government Expenditure on The Environment: An Empirical İnvestigation. Ecological Economics, 91, 48–56.
  • Halkos, G.E., Paizanos, E. Α., 2016. The Effects of Fiscal Policy on CO2 Emissions: Evidence from the USA. Energy Policy, 88, 317–328.
  • Hrdina, P., Vecerkova, J. and Rehak, D., 2010. Modellıng The Envıronmental Impacts of Terrorıst Attacks. 5th Synposium on Operations Research, Security oflnformation & Engineering Cybernetics, 2-6 August, Baden, Germany.
  • Ike, G. N., Usman, O. ve Asumadu, S., 2020. Fiscal Policy and CO2 Emissions From Heterogeneous Fuel Sources in Thailand: Evidence From Multiple Structural Breaks Cointegration Test. Science of the Total Environment, 702, 1-11.
  • Islam, F. ve Lopez, R., 2015. Government Spending and Air Pollution in the U.S. International Review Environmental Resource Economics, 8 (2), 139–189.
  • Katircioglu, S. ve Katircioglu, S., 2018. Testing the Role of Fiscal Policy in The Environmental Degradation: The Case of Turkey. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 25 (6), 5616–5630.
  • Kaypak, Ş., 2013. Çevre Sorunlarının Çözümünde Küresel Çevre Politikalarının Önemi. Muğla Sıtkı Koçman Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 31, 17-34.
  • Lopez, R. ve Galinato, G.I., 2007. Should Governments Stop Subsidies to Private Goods? Evidence From Rural Latin America. Journal of Public Economics, 91, 1071–1094.
  • Lopez, R., Galinato, G. I. ve Islam, A., 2011. Fiscal Spending and The Environment: Theory and Empirics. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management. 62 (2), 180–198.
  • Lopez, R.E. ve Palacios, A., 2014. Why Has Europe Become Environmentally Cleaner? Decomposing The Roles of Fiscal, Trade and Environmental Policies. Environmental and Resource Economics, 58 (1), 91–108.
  • Mannion, A. M., 2003. The Environmental Impact of War & Terrorısm, Geographical Paper, No 169.
  • Mutlu, A., 2006. Küresel Kamusal Mallar Bağlamında Sağlık Hizmetleri ve Çevre Kirlenmesi: Üretim, Finansman ve Yönetim Sorunları. Maliye Dergisi, 150, 53-78.
  • Pesaran, M. H., 2004. General Diagnostic Tests for Cross Section Dependence in Panels. Working Paper No:0435, University of Cambridge.
  • Pesaran, M.H., A. Ullah, ve Yamagata, T., 2008. A Bias-Adjusted LM Test of Error Cross-Section Indepen¬dence. Econometrics Journal, 11 (1), 105-127.
  • Peseran, M. H. ve Yamagata, T., 2008. Testing Slope Homogeneity in Large Panels. Journal of Econometrics, 142, 50–93.
  • Sul, D., Phillips, P.C.B. ve Choi, C., 2005. Prewhitening Bias in HAC Estimation. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 67 (4), 517-546.
  • Swamy, P.A.V.B., 1970. Efficient Inference in a Random Coefficient Regression Model. Econometrica, 38 (2), 311-323.
  • Toda, H.Y. ve Yamamoto, T., 1995. Statistical Inference in Vector Autoregressions with Possibly İntegrated Processes. Journal of Econometrics, 66, 225-250.
  • Yuelan, P., Akbar, M.W., Hafeez, M., Ahmad, M., Zia, Z. ve Ullah, S., 2019. The Nexus of Fiscal Policy Instruments and Environmental Degradation in China. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 1–14.
  • Zhang, Q., Zhang, S., Ding, Z. ve Hao, Y., 2017. Does Government Expenditure Affect Environmental Quality? Empirical Evidence Using Chinese city-level data. Journal of Cleaner Production, 161, 143–152.
Year 2020, Volume: 4 Issue: 2, 255 - 268, 17.12.2020
https://doi.org/10.30586/pek.804706

Abstract

References

  • Adewuyi, A.O., 2016. Effects of Public and Private Expenditures on Environmental Pollution: a Dynamic Heterogeneous Panel Data Analysis. Renewable Sustainable Energy Reviews, 65, 489–506.
  • Bernauer, T. ve Koubi, V., 2006. States as Providers of Public Goods: How Does Government Size Affect Environmental Quality?. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the International Studies Association, Town and Country Resort and Convention Center, San Diego, California, USA Online.
  • Bildirici, M. ve Gokmenoglu, S. M., 2020. The impact of Terrorism and FDI on Environmental Pollution: Evidence from Afghanistan, Iraq, Nigeria, Pakistan, Philippines, Syria, Somalia, Thailand and Yemen. Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 81, 1-12.
  • Biyan, Ö. ve Gök, M., 2014. Çevre Politikaları Kapsamında Avrupa Birliği ve Türkiye’de Çevre Vergilerinin Uygulanışı: Karşılaştırmalı Bir Analiz. Hitit Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 7, (2), 281-310.
  • Breusch, T.S. ve Pagan, A.R., 1980. The Lagrange Multiplier Test and Its Applications to Modelspecification Tests in Econometrics. Review of Economic Studies, 47 (1), 239-53.
  • Carlsson, F. ve Lundström, S., 2001. Political and Economic Freedom and The Environment: The Case of CO2 Emissions. Working Papers in Economics, No 29, (second version), August 2001, Department of Economics, Göteborg University.
  • Choi, I., 1993. Asymptotic Normality of the Least-Squares Estimates for Higher Order Autoregressive Integrated Process with Some Applications. Econometric Theory, 9(2), 263-282.
  • Cole, A. M., 2004. Us Environmental Load Displacement: Examining Consumption, Regulations and The Role of Nafta‖. Ecological Economics, 48 (4).
  • Emirmahmutoğlu, F. ve Köse, N., 2011. Testing for Granger Causality in Heterogeneous Mixed Panels. Economic Modelling, 28, 870-876.
  • Galinato G.I. ve Galinato S.P., 2016. The Effects of Government Spending on Deforestation Due to Agricultural Land Use Expansion and CO2 Related Emissions. Ecological Economics, 122, 43–53.
  • Galinato, G.I. ve Islam, A. 2017. The Challenge of Addressing Consumption Pollutants with Fiscal Policy. Environment and Development Economics, 1-24.
  • Hadri, K. ve Kurozumi, E., 2012. A Simple Panel Stationarity Test in the Presence of Serial Correlation and a Common Factor. Economics Letter, 115, 31-34.
  • Halkos, G.E., Paizanos, E. Α., 2013. The Effect of Government Expenditure on The Environment: An Empirical İnvestigation. Ecological Economics, 91, 48–56.
  • Halkos, G.E., Paizanos, E. Α., 2016. The Effects of Fiscal Policy on CO2 Emissions: Evidence from the USA. Energy Policy, 88, 317–328.
  • Hrdina, P., Vecerkova, J. and Rehak, D., 2010. Modellıng The Envıronmental Impacts of Terrorıst Attacks. 5th Synposium on Operations Research, Security oflnformation & Engineering Cybernetics, 2-6 August, Baden, Germany.
  • Ike, G. N., Usman, O. ve Asumadu, S., 2020. Fiscal Policy and CO2 Emissions From Heterogeneous Fuel Sources in Thailand: Evidence From Multiple Structural Breaks Cointegration Test. Science of the Total Environment, 702, 1-11.
  • Islam, F. ve Lopez, R., 2015. Government Spending and Air Pollution in the U.S. International Review Environmental Resource Economics, 8 (2), 139–189.
  • Katircioglu, S. ve Katircioglu, S., 2018. Testing the Role of Fiscal Policy in The Environmental Degradation: The Case of Turkey. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 25 (6), 5616–5630.
  • Kaypak, Ş., 2013. Çevre Sorunlarının Çözümünde Küresel Çevre Politikalarının Önemi. Muğla Sıtkı Koçman Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 31, 17-34.
  • Lopez, R. ve Galinato, G.I., 2007. Should Governments Stop Subsidies to Private Goods? Evidence From Rural Latin America. Journal of Public Economics, 91, 1071–1094.
  • Lopez, R., Galinato, G. I. ve Islam, A., 2011. Fiscal Spending and The Environment: Theory and Empirics. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management. 62 (2), 180–198.
  • Lopez, R.E. ve Palacios, A., 2014. Why Has Europe Become Environmentally Cleaner? Decomposing The Roles of Fiscal, Trade and Environmental Policies. Environmental and Resource Economics, 58 (1), 91–108.
  • Mannion, A. M., 2003. The Environmental Impact of War & Terrorısm, Geographical Paper, No 169.
  • Mutlu, A., 2006. Küresel Kamusal Mallar Bağlamında Sağlık Hizmetleri ve Çevre Kirlenmesi: Üretim, Finansman ve Yönetim Sorunları. Maliye Dergisi, 150, 53-78.
  • Pesaran, M. H., 2004. General Diagnostic Tests for Cross Section Dependence in Panels. Working Paper No:0435, University of Cambridge.
  • Pesaran, M.H., A. Ullah, ve Yamagata, T., 2008. A Bias-Adjusted LM Test of Error Cross-Section Indepen¬dence. Econometrics Journal, 11 (1), 105-127.
  • Peseran, M. H. ve Yamagata, T., 2008. Testing Slope Homogeneity in Large Panels. Journal of Econometrics, 142, 50–93.
  • Sul, D., Phillips, P.C.B. ve Choi, C., 2005. Prewhitening Bias in HAC Estimation. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 67 (4), 517-546.
  • Swamy, P.A.V.B., 1970. Efficient Inference in a Random Coefficient Regression Model. Econometrica, 38 (2), 311-323.
  • Toda, H.Y. ve Yamamoto, T., 1995. Statistical Inference in Vector Autoregressions with Possibly İntegrated Processes. Journal of Econometrics, 66, 225-250.
  • Yuelan, P., Akbar, M.W., Hafeez, M., Ahmad, M., Zia, Z. ve Ullah, S., 2019. The Nexus of Fiscal Policy Instruments and Environmental Degradation in China. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 1–14.
  • Zhang, Q., Zhang, S., Ding, Z. ve Hao, Y., 2017. Does Government Expenditure Affect Environmental Quality? Empirical Evidence Using Chinese city-level data. Journal of Cleaner Production, 161, 143–152.
There are 32 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Economics
Journal Section Makaleler
Authors

Günay Özcan 0000-0002-1950-4255

Çiğdem Karter 0000-0002-1285-5394

Publication Date December 17, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2020 Volume: 4 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Özcan, G., & Karter, Ç. (2020). ÇEVRESEL BOZULMALARDA TERÖRİZM VE KAMU HARCAMALARININ ETKİSİ. Politik Ekonomik Kuram, 4(2), 255-268. https://doi.org/10.30586/pek.804706

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