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Symbolic Representation of Colors: The Case of Pan-Arabism

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 4, 952 - 970, 23.12.2024
https://doi.org/10.30586/pek.1537471

Öz

Flags are one of the symbols that play a major role in defining the identity of a nation and maintaining the belonging related to the defined national identity. The element that makes the flag important for the nation and nationalism comes from the colors, patterns and even forms used. Because the colors, patterns or forms used are not randomly chosen, but consciously chosen and emphasizing a certain collective consciousness. One of the most important historical examples of this situation is the colors black, white, green and red, which are frequently seen in the flags of Arab states. In this study, it is discussed what the colors black, white, green and red, which are accepted as the symbols of Pan-Arabism, mean for Arabs and why they are frequently used in the flags of Arab states. Considering that the colors on the flags of national states are the product of a conscious choice, it is examined how these colors play a role in maintaining Arab nationalism. Moving from this context, in the first part of the study, what the colors black, white, green and red mean to the ideology of Pan-Arabism is discussed. In the second part of the study, the detailed analysis of the political, religious and historical representation of the colors in question, and in the third part, the representation of the four colors in the flags over the sample states and the change of this representation over time are examined.

Kaynakça

  • Ajami, F. (1978). The end of pan-Arabism. Foreign Affairs, 57(2), 355-73.
  • Al-Gaddafi, M. (2016). Green book. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform.
  • Al-Musawi, M. (2006). Reading Iraq: Culture and power in conflict. I.B. Tauris.
  • Anderson, B. (2004). Hayali cemaatler: Milliyetçiliğin kökenleri ve yayılması (İ. Savaşır, Çev.). Metis Yayınları. (Orijinal çalışma 1983'te yayımlandı).
  • Awan, M. A. (2017). Gamal Abdel Nasser’s Pan-Arabism and formation of the United Arab Republic: An appraisal. Journal of Research Society of Pakistan, 54(1), 107-128.
  • Baram, A. (1991). Culture, history and ideology in the formation of Ba'thist Iraq: 1968–1989. Macmillan Press.
  • Becker, J. C., Enders-Comberg, A., Wagner, U., Christ, O., & Butz, D. A. (2012). Beware of national symbols: How flags can threaten intergroup relations. Social Psychology, 43(1), 3-6.
  • Becker, J.C., Butz, D. A., Sibley, C. G., Barlow, F. K., Bitacola, L. M., Christ, O., Khan, S. S., Leong, C. H., Pehrson, S., Srinivasan, N., Sulz, A., Tausch, N., Urbanska, K. & Wright, S. C. (2017). What do national flags stand for? An exploration of associations across 11 countries. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 48(3) 335–352.
  • Billig, M. (2002). Banal milliyetçilik. (C. Şişkolar, Çev.). Gelenek Yayıncılık. (Orijinal çalışma 1995'te yayımlandı).
  • Blundy, D. & Lycett, A. (1987). Qaddafi and the Libyan revolution. Little, Brown Press.
  • Bostancı, M. (2014). Birinci Dünya Savaşı'nda Osmanlı Devleti’nin Hicaz’da hâkimiyet mücadelesi. Akademik Bakış, 7(14), 117-136.
  • Butz, D. A. (2009). National symbols as agents of psychological and social change. Political Psychology,30(5), 779-804.
  • Butz, D. A., Plant, E. A., & Doerr, C. E. (2007). Liberty and justice for all? Implications of exposure to the U.S. flag for intergroup relations. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 33(3), 396-408.
  • Crwflags. (2023). Egypt. https://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/eg.html.
  • Crwflags. (2023). Kingdom of Hejaz. https://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/xo-hejaz.html.
  • Crwflags. (2023). Proposed flags (Palestine). https://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/ps!.html.
  • Crwflags. (2023). Republic of Egypt (1952-1958). https://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/eg-1952.html.
  • Crwflags. (2023). Republic of Egypt (1972-1984). https://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/eg-1972.html.
  • Crwflags. (2023). Kingdom of Egypt (1922-1952): Rank flags. https://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/eg-k-rk.html.
  • Crwflags. (2023). Palestine. https://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/ps.html.
  • Crwflags. (2023). Republic of Iraq: 1959-1963. https://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/iq_1959.html.
  • Devlin, J. F. (1991). The Baath Party: Rise and metamorphosis. The American Historical Review, 96(5), 1396-1407.
  • Encyclopædia Britannica. (2023). Flag of Iraq. https://www.britannica.com/topic/flag-of-Iraq.
  • Encyclopædia Britannica. (2023). Flag of Libya. https://www.britannica.com/topic/flag-of-Libya.
  • Eriksen, T. H., & Jenkins, R. (2007). Flag, nation and symbolism in Europe and America. Routledge.
  • Firth, R. (1973). Symbols: Public and private. George Allen & Unwin.
  • Fromkin, D. (1989). A peace to end all peace: The fall of the Ottoman Empire and the creation of the modern Middle East. Avon Books.
  • George, Alan (2003). Syria: Neither bread nor freedom. Zed Books.
  • Hassin, R. R., Ferguson, M. J., Shidlovski, D., & Gross, T. (2007). Subliminal exposure to national flags affects political thought and behavior. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 104(50), 19757-19761.
  • Heywood, A. (2013). Politics (4th ed.). Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Hitman, G. & Naor D. (2024). Rethinking pan-Arabism: an analysis of the challenges of a utopian ideology. Journal of Political Ideologies, https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13569317.2024.2339356#abstract.
  • Hobsbawm, E. J. (1995). 1780’den günümüze milletler ve milliyetçilik: Program, mit, gerçeklik. (O. Akınhay, Çev.). Ayrıntı Yayınları. (Orijinal çalışma 1990'da yayımlandı).
  • John, R. B. S. (1983). The ideology of Muammar al-Qadhdhafi: Theory and practice. International Journal of Middle East Studies, 15(4), 471-490.
  • Kedourie, E. (1976). In the Anglo-Arab labyrinth: The McMahon–Husayn correspondence and its interpretations, 1914–1939. Cambridge University Press.
  • Kemmelmeier, M., & Winter, D. G. (2008). Sowing patriotism, but reaping nationalism? Consequences of exposure to the American flag. Political Psychology, 29, 859-879.
  • Kingdom of Libya. (1975). The Libya flag and the national anthem. https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ae/Libyan_Flag_Construction_Ministry_of_Information_and_Guidance_1951.jpg.
  • Lemus, A. (2022). The flag of Libya: History, meaning, and symbolism. https://a-z-animals.com/blog/the-flag-of-libya-history-meaning-and-symbolism/.
  • Marshall, T. (2017). A flag worth dying for: The power and politics of national symbols. Simon & Schuster.
  • Moussa, M. H. (2023). Muammar Gaddafi: From pan-Arabism to pan-Africanism. https://www.akem.org.tr/post/muammar-gaddafi-from-pan-arabism-to-pan-africanism.
  • Muth, S. D. (2011). Towards a new pan-Arabism. The Middle East, 442, 22-24.
  • NTV Dünya. (2004). Yeni Irak bayrağı tartışma yarattı. http://arsiv.ntv.com.tr/news/267597.asp.
  • Ortner, S. B. (1973). On key symbols. American Anthropologist, 75(5), 1338-1346.
  • Ploeckelman, E. (2021). The meaning and history behind the pan-Arab colors. https://www.arabamerica.com/the-meaning-and-history-behind-the-pan-arab-colors/.
  • Podeh, E. (1994). In the service of power: The ideological struggle in the Arab world during the Gulf Crisis. Conflict Quarterly, 14(4), 7-25.
  • Podeh, E. (2003). To unite or not to unite – that is not the question: The 1963 tripartite unity talks reassessed. Middle Eastern Studies, 39(1), 150–185.
  • Podeh, E. (2011). The symbolism of the Arab Flag in modern Arab states: Between commonality and uniqueness. Nations and Nationalism, 17(2), 419–442.
  • Sawani, Y. M. (2012). The ‘end of pan-Arabism’ revisited. Contemporary Arab Affairs, 5(3), 382-397.
  • Sergie, L. (2003). Recollecting history: Songs, flags and a Syrian square [Unpublished master’s thesis]. Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
  • Sibley, C. G., & Liu, J. H. (2007). New Zealand = bicultural? Implicit and explicit associations between ethnicity and nationhood in the New Zealand context. European Journal of Social Psychology, 37(6), 1222-1243.
  • Smith, A. D. (2013). Milliyetçilik: Kuram, ideoloji, tarih (Ü. H. Yolsal, Çev.). Atıf Yayınları. (Orijinal çalışma 1998'de yayımlandı).
  • Smith, A. D. (2017). Milli kimlik (B. S. Şener, Çev.). İletişim Yayınları. (Orijinal çalışma 1991'de yayımlandı).
  • Smith, W. (1975). Flags through the ages and across the world. McGraw-Hill.
  • Smith, W. (2023). Flag of Libya. Encyclopædia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/topic/flag-of-Libya.
  • The Official Site of Prince Mohammed El Senussi. (2023). Flag. https://mohammedelsenussi.org/history/flag-and-crown/.
  • Qatar Foundation International. (2018). Flags of the Arab world. https://resources.qfi.org/sites/default/files/2021-11/Qfi_Flag_Infographic2-WEB-6.pdf.
  • Wikipedia contributors. (2023). Flag of the United Arab Republic (1958–1971) [Image]. Wikipedia. https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dosya:Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_(1958%E2%80%931971).svg.
  • Wikipedia contributors. (2023). Flag of Iraq (1924–1959) [Image]. Wikipedia. https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dosya:Flag_of_Iraq_(1924%E2%80%931959).svg.

Renklerin Simgesel Temsili: Pan-Arabizm Örneği

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 4, 952 - 970, 23.12.2024
https://doi.org/10.30586/pek.1537471

Öz

Bayraklar, bir milletin kimliğinin tanımlanmasında ve tanımlanan milli kimliğe ilişkin aidiyetin sürdürülmesinde başlıca rolü oynayan sembollerden biridir. Bayrağı, millet ve milliyetçilik için önemli kılan unsur, kullanılan renkler, desen ve hatta biçimlerden ileri gelmektedir. Çünkü kullanılan renkler, desenler veya biçimler rastgele değil bilinçli seçilmiş ve belirli bir kolektif bilince vurgu yapan unsurlardır. Bu durumun en önemli tarihsel örneklerinden biri Arap devletlerinin bayraklarında sıklıkla karşımıza çıkan siyah, beyaz, yeşil ve kırmızı renkleridir. Bu çalışmada Pan-Arabizmin sembolü olarak kabul edilen siyah, beyaz, yeşil ve kırmızı renklerinin Araplar için ne anlam ifade ettiği ve Arap devletlerinin bayraklarında neden sıklıkla kullanıldığı ele alınmaktadır. Ulusal devletlerin bayraklarındaki renklerin bilinçli bir tercihin ürünü olduğundan hareketle, söz konusu renklerin Arap milliyetçiliğinin sürdürülmesi noktasında nasıl bir işlevi olduğu incelenmektedir. Bu kapsamdan hareketle çalışmanın birinci bölümünde siyah, beyaz, yeşil ve kırmızı renklerinin Pan-Arabizm ideolojisi içi ne ifade ettiği ele alınmaktadır. Çalışmanın ikinci bölümünde söz konusu renklerin siyasal, dinsel ve tarihi temsilinin detaylı analizi, üçüncü bölümünde ise örnek devletler üzerinden dört rengin bayraklardaki temsili ve bu temsilin zaman içindeki değişimi incelenmektedir.

Kaynakça

  • Ajami, F. (1978). The end of pan-Arabism. Foreign Affairs, 57(2), 355-73.
  • Al-Gaddafi, M. (2016). Green book. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform.
  • Al-Musawi, M. (2006). Reading Iraq: Culture and power in conflict. I.B. Tauris.
  • Anderson, B. (2004). Hayali cemaatler: Milliyetçiliğin kökenleri ve yayılması (İ. Savaşır, Çev.). Metis Yayınları. (Orijinal çalışma 1983'te yayımlandı).
  • Awan, M. A. (2017). Gamal Abdel Nasser’s Pan-Arabism and formation of the United Arab Republic: An appraisal. Journal of Research Society of Pakistan, 54(1), 107-128.
  • Baram, A. (1991). Culture, history and ideology in the formation of Ba'thist Iraq: 1968–1989. Macmillan Press.
  • Becker, J. C., Enders-Comberg, A., Wagner, U., Christ, O., & Butz, D. A. (2012). Beware of national symbols: How flags can threaten intergroup relations. Social Psychology, 43(1), 3-6.
  • Becker, J.C., Butz, D. A., Sibley, C. G., Barlow, F. K., Bitacola, L. M., Christ, O., Khan, S. S., Leong, C. H., Pehrson, S., Srinivasan, N., Sulz, A., Tausch, N., Urbanska, K. & Wright, S. C. (2017). What do national flags stand for? An exploration of associations across 11 countries. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 48(3) 335–352.
  • Billig, M. (2002). Banal milliyetçilik. (C. Şişkolar, Çev.). Gelenek Yayıncılık. (Orijinal çalışma 1995'te yayımlandı).
  • Blundy, D. & Lycett, A. (1987). Qaddafi and the Libyan revolution. Little, Brown Press.
  • Bostancı, M. (2014). Birinci Dünya Savaşı'nda Osmanlı Devleti’nin Hicaz’da hâkimiyet mücadelesi. Akademik Bakış, 7(14), 117-136.
  • Butz, D. A. (2009). National symbols as agents of psychological and social change. Political Psychology,30(5), 779-804.
  • Butz, D. A., Plant, E. A., & Doerr, C. E. (2007). Liberty and justice for all? Implications of exposure to the U.S. flag for intergroup relations. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 33(3), 396-408.
  • Crwflags. (2023). Egypt. https://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/eg.html.
  • Crwflags. (2023). Kingdom of Hejaz. https://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/xo-hejaz.html.
  • Crwflags. (2023). Proposed flags (Palestine). https://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/ps!.html.
  • Crwflags. (2023). Republic of Egypt (1952-1958). https://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/eg-1952.html.
  • Crwflags. (2023). Republic of Egypt (1972-1984). https://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/eg-1972.html.
  • Crwflags. (2023). Kingdom of Egypt (1922-1952): Rank flags. https://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/eg-k-rk.html.
  • Crwflags. (2023). Palestine. https://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/ps.html.
  • Crwflags. (2023). Republic of Iraq: 1959-1963. https://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/iq_1959.html.
  • Devlin, J. F. (1991). The Baath Party: Rise and metamorphosis. The American Historical Review, 96(5), 1396-1407.
  • Encyclopædia Britannica. (2023). Flag of Iraq. https://www.britannica.com/topic/flag-of-Iraq.
  • Encyclopædia Britannica. (2023). Flag of Libya. https://www.britannica.com/topic/flag-of-Libya.
  • Eriksen, T. H., & Jenkins, R. (2007). Flag, nation and symbolism in Europe and America. Routledge.
  • Firth, R. (1973). Symbols: Public and private. George Allen & Unwin.
  • Fromkin, D. (1989). A peace to end all peace: The fall of the Ottoman Empire and the creation of the modern Middle East. Avon Books.
  • George, Alan (2003). Syria: Neither bread nor freedom. Zed Books.
  • Hassin, R. R., Ferguson, M. J., Shidlovski, D., & Gross, T. (2007). Subliminal exposure to national flags affects political thought and behavior. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 104(50), 19757-19761.
  • Heywood, A. (2013). Politics (4th ed.). Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Hitman, G. & Naor D. (2024). Rethinking pan-Arabism: an analysis of the challenges of a utopian ideology. Journal of Political Ideologies, https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13569317.2024.2339356#abstract.
  • Hobsbawm, E. J. (1995). 1780’den günümüze milletler ve milliyetçilik: Program, mit, gerçeklik. (O. Akınhay, Çev.). Ayrıntı Yayınları. (Orijinal çalışma 1990'da yayımlandı).
  • John, R. B. S. (1983). The ideology of Muammar al-Qadhdhafi: Theory and practice. International Journal of Middle East Studies, 15(4), 471-490.
  • Kedourie, E. (1976). In the Anglo-Arab labyrinth: The McMahon–Husayn correspondence and its interpretations, 1914–1939. Cambridge University Press.
  • Kemmelmeier, M., & Winter, D. G. (2008). Sowing patriotism, but reaping nationalism? Consequences of exposure to the American flag. Political Psychology, 29, 859-879.
  • Kingdom of Libya. (1975). The Libya flag and the national anthem. https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ae/Libyan_Flag_Construction_Ministry_of_Information_and_Guidance_1951.jpg.
  • Lemus, A. (2022). The flag of Libya: History, meaning, and symbolism. https://a-z-animals.com/blog/the-flag-of-libya-history-meaning-and-symbolism/.
  • Marshall, T. (2017). A flag worth dying for: The power and politics of national symbols. Simon & Schuster.
  • Moussa, M. H. (2023). Muammar Gaddafi: From pan-Arabism to pan-Africanism. https://www.akem.org.tr/post/muammar-gaddafi-from-pan-arabism-to-pan-africanism.
  • Muth, S. D. (2011). Towards a new pan-Arabism. The Middle East, 442, 22-24.
  • NTV Dünya. (2004). Yeni Irak bayrağı tartışma yarattı. http://arsiv.ntv.com.tr/news/267597.asp.
  • Ortner, S. B. (1973). On key symbols. American Anthropologist, 75(5), 1338-1346.
  • Ploeckelman, E. (2021). The meaning and history behind the pan-Arab colors. https://www.arabamerica.com/the-meaning-and-history-behind-the-pan-arab-colors/.
  • Podeh, E. (1994). In the service of power: The ideological struggle in the Arab world during the Gulf Crisis. Conflict Quarterly, 14(4), 7-25.
  • Podeh, E. (2003). To unite or not to unite – that is not the question: The 1963 tripartite unity talks reassessed. Middle Eastern Studies, 39(1), 150–185.
  • Podeh, E. (2011). The symbolism of the Arab Flag in modern Arab states: Between commonality and uniqueness. Nations and Nationalism, 17(2), 419–442.
  • Sawani, Y. M. (2012). The ‘end of pan-Arabism’ revisited. Contemporary Arab Affairs, 5(3), 382-397.
  • Sergie, L. (2003). Recollecting history: Songs, flags and a Syrian square [Unpublished master’s thesis]. Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
  • Sibley, C. G., & Liu, J. H. (2007). New Zealand = bicultural? Implicit and explicit associations between ethnicity and nationhood in the New Zealand context. European Journal of Social Psychology, 37(6), 1222-1243.
  • Smith, A. D. (2013). Milliyetçilik: Kuram, ideoloji, tarih (Ü. H. Yolsal, Çev.). Atıf Yayınları. (Orijinal çalışma 1998'de yayımlandı).
  • Smith, A. D. (2017). Milli kimlik (B. S. Şener, Çev.). İletişim Yayınları. (Orijinal çalışma 1991'de yayımlandı).
  • Smith, W. (1975). Flags through the ages and across the world. McGraw-Hill.
  • Smith, W. (2023). Flag of Libya. Encyclopædia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/topic/flag-of-Libya.
  • The Official Site of Prince Mohammed El Senussi. (2023). Flag. https://mohammedelsenussi.org/history/flag-and-crown/.
  • Qatar Foundation International. (2018). Flags of the Arab world. https://resources.qfi.org/sites/default/files/2021-11/Qfi_Flag_Infographic2-WEB-6.pdf.
  • Wikipedia contributors. (2023). Flag of the United Arab Republic (1958–1971) [Image]. Wikipedia. https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dosya:Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_(1958%E2%80%931971).svg.
  • Wikipedia contributors. (2023). Flag of Iraq (1924–1959) [Image]. Wikipedia. https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dosya:Flag_of_Iraq_(1924%E2%80%931959).svg.
Toplam 57 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Bölgesel Çalışmalar
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Özkan Gökcan 0000-0002-3286-1580

Yayımlanma Tarihi 23 Aralık 2024
Gönderilme Tarihi 22 Ağustos 2024
Kabul Tarihi 6 Ekim 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Cilt: 8 Sayı: 4

Kaynak Göster

APA Gökcan, Ö. (2024). Renklerin Simgesel Temsili: Pan-Arabizm Örneği. Politik Ekonomik Kuram, 8(4), 952-970. https://doi.org/10.30586/pek.1537471

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