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The Evolution of Development Agendas: A Content Analysis of World Bank Projects in Türkiye

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 4, 1074 - 1092, 23.12.2024
https://doi.org/10.30586/pek.1554703

Öz

The loans provided by the World Bank on a project basis play a significant role in shaping both international and national policy practices. This study conducts a content analysis of the 308 projects funded by World Bank loans in Türkiye. Covering all projects from the first one accepted in 1951 to those still in the pipeline as of 2025, the analysis is based on the projects’ objectives and content. MAXQDA software was used for the analysis and visualization of results. The findings reveal that the development goals of the projects between Türkiye and the World Bank have been predominantly shaped by the international policy agenda. There is a noticeable shift in project objectives from infrastructure and industry-focused initiatives toward themes like economic liberalization, social development, and environmental sustainability. Türkiye’s priorities and unique conditions, however, are mainly reflected in projects addressing economic crises, natural disasters, and refugee support. Future projects are likely to focus on areas emphasized by the global policy agenda, such as climate resilience, energy transitions, and digital innovation, with continued emphasis on sustainable and inclusive development.

Kaynakça

  • Ağartan K. (2017). Beyond Politics of Privatization: A Reinterpretation of Turkish Exceptionalism. Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies, 19(2), 136-152. https://doi.org/10.1080/19448953.2015.1099857
  • Ağartan. K. (2018). Türkiye’de Özelleştirme Karşıtı Hareketlerin Seyri. In O. Savaşkan & M. Ertan (Eds.), Türkiye’nin Büyük Dönüşümü (pp. 149-174). 1. Basım, İletişim: İstanbul.
  • Alacevich, M. (2009). The World Bank’s early reflections on development: A development institution or a bank? Review of Political Economy, 21(2), 227-244. https://doi.org/10.1080/09538250902834046
  • Beaud, M. (2016). Kapitalizmin Tarihi (Trans. Başkaya, F.). 2. Edition, İstanbul: Yordam.
  • Boratav, K. (2011). Türkiye İktisat Tarihi: 1908-2009, 15. Basım, İmge: İstanbul.
  • Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2019). Reflecting on reflexive thematic analysis. Qualitative Research in Sport, Exercise and Health, 11(4), 589–597. https://doi.org/10.1080/2159676X.2019.1628806
  • Buğra, A. (2010). Kapitalizm, Yoksulluk ve Türkiye’de Sosyal Politika. 4. Basım, İletişim: İstanbul.
  • Cömer, H. & Türel, O. (2017). Finansal Küreselleşme Sürecinde Türkiye’de Para Politikalarının Evrimi. In M. Koyuncu, H. Mıhcı & A. E. Yeldan (Eds.), Geçmişten Geleceğe Türkiye Ekonomisi (pp. 273-218). 1. Basım, İletişim: İstanbul.
  • Creswell, J. W. & Creswell Báez, J. (2021). 30 Essential Skills for the Qualitative Researcher. 2. Edition. SAGE: London.
  • Creswell, J. W., & Miller, D. L. (2000). Determining Validity in Qualitative Inquiry. Theory Into Practice, 39(3), 124-130. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15430421tip3903_2
  • Cull, R., & Effron, L. (2008). World Bank lending and financial sector development. The World Bank Economic Review, 22(2), 315-343. https://doi.org/10.1093/wber/lhn004
  • Directorate of Climate Change, (2024). Paris Agreement. Retrieved from https://iklim.gov.tr/en/paris-agreement-i-117
  • Eğilmez, M. (2020). Türkiye Ekonomisi. 1. Basım, Remzi Kitabevi: İstanbul.
  • Esteva, G. (2010). Development. In W. Sachs (Ed.), The Development Dictionary (pp. 1-23). 2. Edition, Zed Books: London.
  • Fernandes, G., & Sridhar, D. (2017). World Bank and the global financing facility. BMJ, 358. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.j3395.
  • Fox, J. (2000). Applying the comprehensive development framework to USAID experiences. OED Working Paper Series, No. 15. Retrieved from https://ieg.worldbankgroup.org/sites/default/files/Data/reports/oedwp15.pdf.
  • Ganbat, K., Popova, I. & Potravnyy, I. (2016). Impact investment of project financing: Opportunity for banks to participate in supporting green economy. Baltic Journal of Real Estate Economics and Construction Management, 4, 69-83. doi: 10.1515/bjreecm-2016-0006
  • Güdek-Gölçek, Ş., & Gölçek, A. G. (2020). 2008 Financial Crisis: A Comparative Analysis of Turkey and Brazil in Terms of Economic Policies. Journal of Economy Culture and Society, 62, 185-207. https://doi.org/10.26650/JECS2020-0046
  • Güdek-Gölçek, Ş., & Gölçek, A. G. (2023). Dünya Bankası politika gündeminin evrimi: Tarihsel ve bibliyometrik bir analiz. In F. Akçay (Ed.), Kamu kesimi politikalarının analizi (pp. 237-258). Ankara: Gazi.
  • Hanna, N., & Agarwala, R. (2002). Toward a comprehensive development strategy. OED Working Paper Series, No. 16. Retrieved from https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/824761468762913423/016824232_200309275045351/additional/multi0page.pdf.
  • Holzmann, R., Sipos, S., & Social Protection Team. (2009). Social protection and labor at the World Bank: An overview. In R. Holzmann (Ed.), Social protection and labor at the World Bank, 2000-2008 (pp. 1-10). Washington: The World Bank.
  • Kapur, D., Lewis, J. P. & Webb, R. (1997). The World Bank: Its First Half Century, Vol.1. Washington: Brookings Institution.
  • Keyder, Ç. (2011). Küreselleşme Sürecinde Türkiye Ekonomisi. 15. Basım, İletişim: İstanbul.
  • Keyder, Ç. (2013). Türkiye’de Devlet ve Sınıflar, 13. Basım, İletişim: İstanbul.
  • Kilby, C., & McWhirter, C. (2021). The World Bank COVID-19 response: Politics as usual? The Review of International Organizations, 17, 627-656. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11558-021-09440-2.
  • Pamuk, Ş. (2014). Türkiye’nin 200 Yıllık İktisadi Tarihi: Büyüme, Kurumlar ve Bölüşüm. 2. Basım, Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları: İstanbul.
  • Ravallion, M. (2016). The World Bank: Why it is still needed and why it still disappoints. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 30(1), 77-94. https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.30.1.77
  • Streeten, P. (1995). The ILO and Poverty: Reactions and Debates. In G. Rodgers (Ed), New Approaches to Poverty Analysis and Policy I: The Poverty Agenda and The ILO (pp. 91-100). Geneva: ILO.
  • Şenses, F. (2017). Küreselleşmenin Öteki Yüzü: Yoksulluk. 8. Edition, İstanbul: İletişim.
  • Thomas, M. A. (2004). Can the World Bank enforce its own conditions? Development and Change, 35(3), 485-497. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7660.2004.00362.x
  • Thomson, M., Kentikelenis, A., & Stubbs, T. (2017). Structural adjustment programmes adversely affect vulnerable populations: a systematic-narrative review of their effect on child and maternal health. Public Health Reviews, 38. https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs40985-017-0059-2
  • Thorbecke, E. (2016). Kalkınma Doktrininin Evrimi, 1950-2005. In. F. Şenses (Ed.), Neoliberal Küreselleşme ve Kalkınma (ss. 123-176). 3. Edition, İstanbul: İletişim.
  • United Nation, (1990). Human Development Report. Retrieved from http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/reports/219/hdr_1990_en_complete_nostats.pdf
  • World Bank (1989a). Sub-Saharan Africa from Crisis to Sustainable Growth. No. 8209. Retrieved from https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/498241468742846138/pdf/multi0page.pdf
  • World Bank (1989b). World Development Report 1989. Retrieved from https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/entities/publication/3114a65d-e147-5adc-9bae-d3a1f84bd0d5
  • World Bank (1994). Governance: The World Bank Experience. No. 13134. Retrieved from https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/711471468765285964/pdf/multi0page.pdf
  • World Bank, (2014). Turkey’s Transitions: Integration, Inclusion, Institutions. Retrieved from https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/507871468306558336/pdf/90509-v2-REVISED-P133570-PUBLIC-Box393190B.pdf
  • World Bank, (2016). Theme taxonomy and definitions. Retrieved from https://pubdocs.worldbank.org/en/275841490966525495/New-Theme-Taxonomy-and-definitions-revised-July-012016.pdf
  • World Bank, (2024a). Products and Services. Retrieved from https://www.worldbank.org/en/what-we-do/products-and-services
  • World Bank, (2024b). World Bank Maps. Retrieved from https://maps.worldbank.org/

Kalkınma Gündemlerinin Evrimi: Türkiye'deki Dünya Bankası Projeleri Üzerine Bir İçerik Analizi

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 4, 1074 - 1092, 23.12.2024
https://doi.org/10.30586/pek.1554703

Öz

Dünya Bankası’nın proje bazlı sağladığı krediler uluslararası ve ulusal politika pratiklerinin şekillenmesinde etkili olmaktadır. Türkiye’nin, Dünya Bankası kredilerinden yararlandığı projelerin içerik analizinin yapıldığı bu çalışmada 308 proje analiz edilmiştir. Çalışma ilk projenin kabul edildiği 1951 yılından başlayarak, 2025 yılında henüz hazırlık aşamasında olan tüm projeleri kapsamaktadır. İçerik analizi projelerin amaçları ve içerikleri üzerinden yapılmış, analiz ve sonuçların görselleştirilmesi için MAXQDA bilgisayar yazılımı kullanılmıştır. Sonuçta, Türkiye ve Dünya Bankası arasındaki projelerin kalkınma hedeflerinde, uluslararası politika gündeminin ağırlıklı olarak belirleyici olduğu görülmüştür. Projelerin amaçlarında altyapı ve sanayi odaklı girişimlerden ekonomik liberalleşme, sosyal kalkınma ve çevresel sürdürülebilirlik gibi temalara doğru belirgin bir kayma olduğunu görülmektedir Türkiye’nin öncelikleri ve özgül koşulları ise ancak ekonomik kriz, doğal afet ve mülteci desteği içeren projelerde izlenmiştir. Gelecek projelerin, iklim direnci, enerji geçişleri ve dijital inovasyon gibi küresel politika gündeminin vurguladığı alanlara odaklanması ve kalkınmanın sürdürülebilir ve kapsayıcılığı üzerindeki vurgunun sürdürülmesi muhtemel görünmektedir.

Kaynakça

  • Ağartan K. (2017). Beyond Politics of Privatization: A Reinterpretation of Turkish Exceptionalism. Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies, 19(2), 136-152. https://doi.org/10.1080/19448953.2015.1099857
  • Ağartan. K. (2018). Türkiye’de Özelleştirme Karşıtı Hareketlerin Seyri. In O. Savaşkan & M. Ertan (Eds.), Türkiye’nin Büyük Dönüşümü (pp. 149-174). 1. Basım, İletişim: İstanbul.
  • Alacevich, M. (2009). The World Bank’s early reflections on development: A development institution or a bank? Review of Political Economy, 21(2), 227-244. https://doi.org/10.1080/09538250902834046
  • Beaud, M. (2016). Kapitalizmin Tarihi (Trans. Başkaya, F.). 2. Edition, İstanbul: Yordam.
  • Boratav, K. (2011). Türkiye İktisat Tarihi: 1908-2009, 15. Basım, İmge: İstanbul.
  • Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2019). Reflecting on reflexive thematic analysis. Qualitative Research in Sport, Exercise and Health, 11(4), 589–597. https://doi.org/10.1080/2159676X.2019.1628806
  • Buğra, A. (2010). Kapitalizm, Yoksulluk ve Türkiye’de Sosyal Politika. 4. Basım, İletişim: İstanbul.
  • Cömer, H. & Türel, O. (2017). Finansal Küreselleşme Sürecinde Türkiye’de Para Politikalarının Evrimi. In M. Koyuncu, H. Mıhcı & A. E. Yeldan (Eds.), Geçmişten Geleceğe Türkiye Ekonomisi (pp. 273-218). 1. Basım, İletişim: İstanbul.
  • Creswell, J. W. & Creswell Báez, J. (2021). 30 Essential Skills for the Qualitative Researcher. 2. Edition. SAGE: London.
  • Creswell, J. W., & Miller, D. L. (2000). Determining Validity in Qualitative Inquiry. Theory Into Practice, 39(3), 124-130. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15430421tip3903_2
  • Cull, R., & Effron, L. (2008). World Bank lending and financial sector development. The World Bank Economic Review, 22(2), 315-343. https://doi.org/10.1093/wber/lhn004
  • Directorate of Climate Change, (2024). Paris Agreement. Retrieved from https://iklim.gov.tr/en/paris-agreement-i-117
  • Eğilmez, M. (2020). Türkiye Ekonomisi. 1. Basım, Remzi Kitabevi: İstanbul.
  • Esteva, G. (2010). Development. In W. Sachs (Ed.), The Development Dictionary (pp. 1-23). 2. Edition, Zed Books: London.
  • Fernandes, G., & Sridhar, D. (2017). World Bank and the global financing facility. BMJ, 358. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.j3395.
  • Fox, J. (2000). Applying the comprehensive development framework to USAID experiences. OED Working Paper Series, No. 15. Retrieved from https://ieg.worldbankgroup.org/sites/default/files/Data/reports/oedwp15.pdf.
  • Ganbat, K., Popova, I. & Potravnyy, I. (2016). Impact investment of project financing: Opportunity for banks to participate in supporting green economy. Baltic Journal of Real Estate Economics and Construction Management, 4, 69-83. doi: 10.1515/bjreecm-2016-0006
  • Güdek-Gölçek, Ş., & Gölçek, A. G. (2020). 2008 Financial Crisis: A Comparative Analysis of Turkey and Brazil in Terms of Economic Policies. Journal of Economy Culture and Society, 62, 185-207. https://doi.org/10.26650/JECS2020-0046
  • Güdek-Gölçek, Ş., & Gölçek, A. G. (2023). Dünya Bankası politika gündeminin evrimi: Tarihsel ve bibliyometrik bir analiz. In F. Akçay (Ed.), Kamu kesimi politikalarının analizi (pp. 237-258). Ankara: Gazi.
  • Hanna, N., & Agarwala, R. (2002). Toward a comprehensive development strategy. OED Working Paper Series, No. 16. Retrieved from https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/824761468762913423/016824232_200309275045351/additional/multi0page.pdf.
  • Holzmann, R., Sipos, S., & Social Protection Team. (2009). Social protection and labor at the World Bank: An overview. In R. Holzmann (Ed.), Social protection and labor at the World Bank, 2000-2008 (pp. 1-10). Washington: The World Bank.
  • Kapur, D., Lewis, J. P. & Webb, R. (1997). The World Bank: Its First Half Century, Vol.1. Washington: Brookings Institution.
  • Keyder, Ç. (2011). Küreselleşme Sürecinde Türkiye Ekonomisi. 15. Basım, İletişim: İstanbul.
  • Keyder, Ç. (2013). Türkiye’de Devlet ve Sınıflar, 13. Basım, İletişim: İstanbul.
  • Kilby, C., & McWhirter, C. (2021). The World Bank COVID-19 response: Politics as usual? The Review of International Organizations, 17, 627-656. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11558-021-09440-2.
  • Pamuk, Ş. (2014). Türkiye’nin 200 Yıllık İktisadi Tarihi: Büyüme, Kurumlar ve Bölüşüm. 2. Basım, Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları: İstanbul.
  • Ravallion, M. (2016). The World Bank: Why it is still needed and why it still disappoints. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 30(1), 77-94. https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.30.1.77
  • Streeten, P. (1995). The ILO and Poverty: Reactions and Debates. In G. Rodgers (Ed), New Approaches to Poverty Analysis and Policy I: The Poverty Agenda and The ILO (pp. 91-100). Geneva: ILO.
  • Şenses, F. (2017). Küreselleşmenin Öteki Yüzü: Yoksulluk. 8. Edition, İstanbul: İletişim.
  • Thomas, M. A. (2004). Can the World Bank enforce its own conditions? Development and Change, 35(3), 485-497. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7660.2004.00362.x
  • Thomson, M., Kentikelenis, A., & Stubbs, T. (2017). Structural adjustment programmes adversely affect vulnerable populations: a systematic-narrative review of their effect on child and maternal health. Public Health Reviews, 38. https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs40985-017-0059-2
  • Thorbecke, E. (2016). Kalkınma Doktrininin Evrimi, 1950-2005. In. F. Şenses (Ed.), Neoliberal Küreselleşme ve Kalkınma (ss. 123-176). 3. Edition, İstanbul: İletişim.
  • United Nation, (1990). Human Development Report. Retrieved from http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/reports/219/hdr_1990_en_complete_nostats.pdf
  • World Bank (1989a). Sub-Saharan Africa from Crisis to Sustainable Growth. No. 8209. Retrieved from https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/498241468742846138/pdf/multi0page.pdf
  • World Bank (1989b). World Development Report 1989. Retrieved from https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/entities/publication/3114a65d-e147-5adc-9bae-d3a1f84bd0d5
  • World Bank (1994). Governance: The World Bank Experience. No. 13134. Retrieved from https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/711471468765285964/pdf/multi0page.pdf
  • World Bank, (2014). Turkey’s Transitions: Integration, Inclusion, Institutions. Retrieved from https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/507871468306558336/pdf/90509-v2-REVISED-P133570-PUBLIC-Box393190B.pdf
  • World Bank, (2016). Theme taxonomy and definitions. Retrieved from https://pubdocs.worldbank.org/en/275841490966525495/New-Theme-Taxonomy-and-definitions-revised-July-012016.pdf
  • World Bank, (2024a). Products and Services. Retrieved from https://www.worldbank.org/en/what-we-do/products-and-services
  • World Bank, (2024b). World Bank Maps. Retrieved from https://maps.worldbank.org/
Toplam 40 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Uluslararası Kuruluşlar
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Şeyda Güdek- Gölçek 0000-0001-8753-2998

Yayımlanma Tarihi 23 Aralık 2024
Gönderilme Tarihi 23 Eylül 2024
Kabul Tarihi 1 Kasım 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Cilt: 8 Sayı: 4

Kaynak Göster

APA Güdek- Gölçek, Ş. (2024). The Evolution of Development Agendas: A Content Analysis of World Bank Projects in Türkiye. Politik Ekonomik Kuram, 8(4), 1074-1092. https://doi.org/10.30586/pek.1554703

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