Altbach, P., Berdahl, R., & Gumport, P. (2005). American higher education in the twenty-first century (2nd ed.). Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University.
Anderson, J. M. (2007). A conceptual framework of a study in preferred learning styles: Pedagogy or andragogy (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Spalding University, Louisville, Kentucky.
Beaman, R. (1998). The unquiet...even loud, andragogy! Alternative assessments for adult learners. Innovative Higher Education, 23, 47-59. doi:10.1023/A:1022920513341
Beder, H. W., & Darkenwald, G. G. (1982). Differences between teaching adults and pre-adults: Some propositions and findings. Adult Education, 32(3), 142-155. doi:10.1177/074171368203200303
Brookfield, S. D. (2006). The skillful teacher: On technique, trust, and responsiveness in the classroom (2nd ed.). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Caruth, G. (2013). Andragogy in higher education: Identifying 2010 adult learners in baccalaureate degree-granting institutions. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Texas A & M University-Commerce, Commerce, TX.
Caruth, G. D. & Caruth, D. L. (2012). Significant trends in online education. Journal of Online Education. http://www.nyu.edu/classes/keefer/waoe/waoej.html.
Chan, S. (2010). Applications of andragogy in multi-disciplined teaching and learning. Journal of Adult Education, 39(2), 25-35.
Clemente, K. A. (2010). Experiences of adult students in multi-generational community college classrooms (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA.
Clerk, K. (2010). Student perception and success: How adult learners at a two-year technical institution perceive instruction and how their perceptions contribute to their overall academic success (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Oakland University, Rochester, MI.
Cretchley, G., & Castle, J. (2001). OBE, RPL, and adult education: Good bedfellows in higher education in South Africa? International Journal of Lifelong Education, 20(6), 487-501.
Finn, D. (2011). Principles of adult learning: An ESL context. Journal of Adult Education, 40, 34-39.
Forrest, S. P., & Peterson, T. O. (2006). It’s called andragogy. Academy of Management Learning & Education, 5, 113-122.
Gorham, J. (1985). Differences between teaching adults and pre-adults: A closer look. Adult Education Quarterly, 35(4), 194-209. doi:10.1177/0001848185035004002
Hadley, H. N. (1975). Development of an instrument to determine adult educator’s orientation as andragogical and pedagogical (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Boston University School of Education, Boston, MA.
Harper, L., & Ross, J. (2011). An application of Knowles’ theories of adult education to an undergraduate interdisciplinary studies degree program. The Journal of Continuing Higher Education, 59, 161-166. doi:10.1080/07377363.2011.614887
Hartree, A. (1984). Malcolm Knowles' theory of andragogy: A critique. International Journal of Lifelong Education, 3(3), 203-210. doi:10.1080/0260137840030304
Henschke, J. A. (2011a). Considerations regarding the future of andragogy. Adult Learning, Futures Column, 22, 34-37. doi:10.1177/104515951102200109
Holton, E. F., Wilson, L. S., & Bates, R. A. (2009). Toward development of a generalized instrument to measure andragogy. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 20(2), 169-193. doi:10.1002/hrdq.20014
Hughes, B. J., & Berry, D. C. (2011). Self-directed learning and the millennial athletic training student. Athletic Training Education Journal, 6, 46-50.
Kasworm, C. E. (2012). US adult higher education: One context of lifelong learning. International Journal of Continuing Education and Lifelong Learning, 5(1), 1-19.
Kiener, M. (2010). Examining college teaching: A coaching perspective. Rehabilitation Education, 24(1/2), 69-74.
Knight, K. J. (1999). Older adults and technology: A critical incident inquiry into learning experiences (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Texas A&M University-Commerce, Commerce, TX.
Knowles, M. S. (1968). Andragogy, not pedagogy. Adult Leadership, 16(10), 350-352, 386.
Knowles, M. S. (1976). The modern practice of adult education: Andragogy versus pedagogy. New York, NY: Association Press.
Knowles, M. S. (1984). Andragogy in action: Applying modern principles of adult learning. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Knowles, M. S., Holton, E. F., & Swanson, R. A. (2011). The adult learner: The definitive classic in adult education and human resource development (7th ed.). Burlington, MA: Butterworth-Heinemann.
Korr, J., Derwin, E. B., Greene, K., & Sokoloff, W. (2012). Transitioning an adult-serving university to a blended learning model. Journal of Continuing Higher Education, 60, 2-11. doi:10.1080/07377363.2012.649123
Laird, D., Naquin, S. S., & Holton, E. F. (2003). Approaches to training and development (3rd. ed.). New York, NY: Basic Books.
Loeng, S. (2013). Eugen Rosenstock-Huessy – an andragogical pioneer. Studies in Continuing Education, 35(2), 241-253. doi: 10.1080/0158037X.2012.749850
Levitt, L. (1979). Critique: Andragogy revisited II. Adult Education Quarterly, 30, 52-57. doi:10.1177/074171367903000104
Marschall, S., & Davis, C. (2012) A conceptual framework for teaching critical reading to adult college students. Adult Learning, 23(2), 63-68. doi:10.1177/1045159512444265
Martell, J. (2011). Evaluating the effectiveness of andragogical teaching in adult bible fellowships at The Chapel, Akron, Ohio (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). The Southern Baptist Theological Seminary, Louisville, KY.
Merriam, S. B., Caffarella, R. S., & Baumgartner, L. M. (2007). Learning in adulthood: A comprehensive guide (3rd ed.). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Minter, R. L. (2011). The learning theory jungle. Journal of College Teaching & Learning, 8(6), 7-15.
National Center for Education Statistics, (n.d.a). Digest of education statistics, 2010, Chapter 3: Postsecondary education enrollment, table 199. Washington, DC: Author.
National Center for Education Statistics, (n.d.b). Digest of education statistics, 2010, Projections of education statistics: Section 5. Enrollment in postsecondary degree-granting institutions: Enrollment by selected characteristics and control of institution, table 21. Washington, DC: Author.
Noe, R. A. (2010). Employee training & development (5th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
Pew, S. (2007). Andragogy and pedagogy as foundational theory for student motivation in higher education. Insight: A collection of faculty scholarship, 2, 14-25.
Ritt, E. (2008). Redefining tradition: Adult learners and higher education. Adult Learning, 19(1/2), 12-16. doi:10.1177/104515950801900103
Rose, A. D. (2000). What is the state of adult education research today? Adult Learning, 11(4), 28-29. doi:10.1177/104515959901100410
Rudolph, F. (1990). The American college and university: A history (2nd ed.). Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press.
Suanmali, C. (1981). The core concepts of andragogy. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation) Ann Arbor: Dissertation Abstracts International. (UMI No. 8207343).
Tannehill, D. B. (2009). Andragogy: How do post-secondary institutions educate and service adult learners? (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA.
Tatum, C.G. (2010). An explanatory mixed methods inquiry into the academic experience of nontraditional community college students (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Texas A&M University-Commerce, Commerce, TX.
Taylor, B. F. (2010). Raising the bar: A qualitative study of adult learning theory and its effectiveness of law school education in preparing new graduates to begin the practice of law (Unpublished doctoral dissertation).University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA.
Taylor, B. F., & Kroth, M. (2009). A single conversation with a wise man is better than ten years of study: A model for testing methodologies for pedagogy or andragogy [Electronic version]. Journal of the Scholarship of Teaching and Learning, 9(2), 42-56.
Thelin, J. R. (2004). A history of American higher education. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
U.S. Bureau of the Census. (2010). The older population: 2010. Retrieved from http://2010.census.gov
Yoshimoto, K., Inenaga, Y., & Yamada, H. (2007). Pedagogy and andragogy in higher education — A comparison between Germany, the UK and Japan. European Journal of Education, 42, 75-98.
Yow, A. (2010). Employers’ perceptions of basic technology skills needed for workplace preparation in adult basic education (Unpublished doctoral dissertation).Walden University School of Education, Minneapolis, MN.
Zhang, J. (2009). Exploring education major focused adult learners' perspectives and practices of Web-based distance education in sixteen universities (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM.
Meeting the Needs of Older Students in Higher Education
Year 2014,
Volume: 1 Issue: 2, 21 - 35, 01.12.2014
The
number of students 25 years of age and older enrolled in higher education has
been escalating over the past 50 years. What is higher education is doing to
prepare for this growth? With adults
constituting almost half of today’s student body, it is important to consider
whether the academy is prepared to serve this society of adult learners. The
purpose of this paper was to examine the literature on andragogy in higher
education to determine if higher education is serving this segment of
nontraditional students. Findings show
that there has been a substantial increase of adult students enrolled in
college and university classes, higher education is not doing the job needed to
teach adult learners effectively, adults should be taught andragogically, andragogy
is not being used in the higher education classrooms, and colleges and
universities need to prepare to teach adult students andragogically.
Insufficient empirical research has been conducted on andragogy despite its
40-year history of being considered the principal model of adult learning.
However, with validated and reliable instruments available to measure the
constructs of andragogy, clearer validation of andragogy in higher education is
promising. Predictive research can be completed to study the effect of
andragogical practices on learning and student satisfaction outcomes. There is
the need for further research on andragogy in an attitude of mutuality and
reciprocity to develop further the field of adult education. This attitude of
mutuality and reciprocity is innovative.
Altbach, P., Berdahl, R., & Gumport, P. (2005). American higher education in the twenty-first century (2nd ed.). Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University.
Anderson, J. M. (2007). A conceptual framework of a study in preferred learning styles: Pedagogy or andragogy (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Spalding University, Louisville, Kentucky.
Beaman, R. (1998). The unquiet...even loud, andragogy! Alternative assessments for adult learners. Innovative Higher Education, 23, 47-59. doi:10.1023/A:1022920513341
Beder, H. W., & Darkenwald, G. G. (1982). Differences between teaching adults and pre-adults: Some propositions and findings. Adult Education, 32(3), 142-155. doi:10.1177/074171368203200303
Brookfield, S. D. (2006). The skillful teacher: On technique, trust, and responsiveness in the classroom (2nd ed.). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Caruth, G. (2013). Andragogy in higher education: Identifying 2010 adult learners in baccalaureate degree-granting institutions. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Texas A & M University-Commerce, Commerce, TX.
Caruth, G. D. & Caruth, D. L. (2012). Significant trends in online education. Journal of Online Education. http://www.nyu.edu/classes/keefer/waoe/waoej.html.
Chan, S. (2010). Applications of andragogy in multi-disciplined teaching and learning. Journal of Adult Education, 39(2), 25-35.
Clemente, K. A. (2010). Experiences of adult students in multi-generational community college classrooms (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA.
Clerk, K. (2010). Student perception and success: How adult learners at a two-year technical institution perceive instruction and how their perceptions contribute to their overall academic success (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Oakland University, Rochester, MI.
Cretchley, G., & Castle, J. (2001). OBE, RPL, and adult education: Good bedfellows in higher education in South Africa? International Journal of Lifelong Education, 20(6), 487-501.
Finn, D. (2011). Principles of adult learning: An ESL context. Journal of Adult Education, 40, 34-39.
Forrest, S. P., & Peterson, T. O. (2006). It’s called andragogy. Academy of Management Learning & Education, 5, 113-122.
Gorham, J. (1985). Differences between teaching adults and pre-adults: A closer look. Adult Education Quarterly, 35(4), 194-209. doi:10.1177/0001848185035004002
Hadley, H. N. (1975). Development of an instrument to determine adult educator’s orientation as andragogical and pedagogical (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Boston University School of Education, Boston, MA.
Harper, L., & Ross, J. (2011). An application of Knowles’ theories of adult education to an undergraduate interdisciplinary studies degree program. The Journal of Continuing Higher Education, 59, 161-166. doi:10.1080/07377363.2011.614887
Hartree, A. (1984). Malcolm Knowles' theory of andragogy: A critique. International Journal of Lifelong Education, 3(3), 203-210. doi:10.1080/0260137840030304
Henschke, J. A. (2011a). Considerations regarding the future of andragogy. Adult Learning, Futures Column, 22, 34-37. doi:10.1177/104515951102200109
Holton, E. F., Wilson, L. S., & Bates, R. A. (2009). Toward development of a generalized instrument to measure andragogy. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 20(2), 169-193. doi:10.1002/hrdq.20014
Hughes, B. J., & Berry, D. C. (2011). Self-directed learning and the millennial athletic training student. Athletic Training Education Journal, 6, 46-50.
Kasworm, C. E. (2012). US adult higher education: One context of lifelong learning. International Journal of Continuing Education and Lifelong Learning, 5(1), 1-19.
Kiener, M. (2010). Examining college teaching: A coaching perspective. Rehabilitation Education, 24(1/2), 69-74.
Knight, K. J. (1999). Older adults and technology: A critical incident inquiry into learning experiences (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Texas A&M University-Commerce, Commerce, TX.
Knowles, M. S. (1968). Andragogy, not pedagogy. Adult Leadership, 16(10), 350-352, 386.
Knowles, M. S. (1976). The modern practice of adult education: Andragogy versus pedagogy. New York, NY: Association Press.
Knowles, M. S. (1984). Andragogy in action: Applying modern principles of adult learning. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Knowles, M. S., Holton, E. F., & Swanson, R. A. (2011). The adult learner: The definitive classic in adult education and human resource development (7th ed.). Burlington, MA: Butterworth-Heinemann.
Korr, J., Derwin, E. B., Greene, K., & Sokoloff, W. (2012). Transitioning an adult-serving university to a blended learning model. Journal of Continuing Higher Education, 60, 2-11. doi:10.1080/07377363.2012.649123
Laird, D., Naquin, S. S., & Holton, E. F. (2003). Approaches to training and development (3rd. ed.). New York, NY: Basic Books.
Loeng, S. (2013). Eugen Rosenstock-Huessy – an andragogical pioneer. Studies in Continuing Education, 35(2), 241-253. doi: 10.1080/0158037X.2012.749850
Levitt, L. (1979). Critique: Andragogy revisited II. Adult Education Quarterly, 30, 52-57. doi:10.1177/074171367903000104
Marschall, S., & Davis, C. (2012) A conceptual framework for teaching critical reading to adult college students. Adult Learning, 23(2), 63-68. doi:10.1177/1045159512444265
Martell, J. (2011). Evaluating the effectiveness of andragogical teaching in adult bible fellowships at The Chapel, Akron, Ohio (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). The Southern Baptist Theological Seminary, Louisville, KY.
Merriam, S. B., Caffarella, R. S., & Baumgartner, L. M. (2007). Learning in adulthood: A comprehensive guide (3rd ed.). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Minter, R. L. (2011). The learning theory jungle. Journal of College Teaching & Learning, 8(6), 7-15.
National Center for Education Statistics, (n.d.a). Digest of education statistics, 2010, Chapter 3: Postsecondary education enrollment, table 199. Washington, DC: Author.
National Center for Education Statistics, (n.d.b). Digest of education statistics, 2010, Projections of education statistics: Section 5. Enrollment in postsecondary degree-granting institutions: Enrollment by selected characteristics and control of institution, table 21. Washington, DC: Author.
Noe, R. A. (2010). Employee training & development (5th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
Pew, S. (2007). Andragogy and pedagogy as foundational theory for student motivation in higher education. Insight: A collection of faculty scholarship, 2, 14-25.
Ritt, E. (2008). Redefining tradition: Adult learners and higher education. Adult Learning, 19(1/2), 12-16. doi:10.1177/104515950801900103
Rose, A. D. (2000). What is the state of adult education research today? Adult Learning, 11(4), 28-29. doi:10.1177/104515959901100410
Rudolph, F. (1990). The American college and university: A history (2nd ed.). Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press.
Suanmali, C. (1981). The core concepts of andragogy. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation) Ann Arbor: Dissertation Abstracts International. (UMI No. 8207343).
Tannehill, D. B. (2009). Andragogy: How do post-secondary institutions educate and service adult learners? (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA.
Tatum, C.G. (2010). An explanatory mixed methods inquiry into the academic experience of nontraditional community college students (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Texas A&M University-Commerce, Commerce, TX.
Taylor, B. F. (2010). Raising the bar: A qualitative study of adult learning theory and its effectiveness of law school education in preparing new graduates to begin the practice of law (Unpublished doctoral dissertation).University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA.
Taylor, B. F., & Kroth, M. (2009). A single conversation with a wise man is better than ten years of study: A model for testing methodologies for pedagogy or andragogy [Electronic version]. Journal of the Scholarship of Teaching and Learning, 9(2), 42-56.
Thelin, J. R. (2004). A history of American higher education. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
U.S. Bureau of the Census. (2010). The older population: 2010. Retrieved from http://2010.census.gov
Yoshimoto, K., Inenaga, Y., & Yamada, H. (2007). Pedagogy and andragogy in higher education — A comparison between Germany, the UK and Japan. European Journal of Education, 42, 75-98.
Yow, A. (2010). Employers’ perceptions of basic technology skills needed for workplace preparation in adult basic education (Unpublished doctoral dissertation).Walden University School of Education, Minneapolis, MN.
Zhang, J. (2009). Exploring education major focused adult learners' perspectives and practices of Web-based distance education in sixteen universities (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM.
Caruth, G. D. (2014). Meeting the Needs of Older Students in Higher Education. Participatory Educational Research, 1(2), 21-35. https://doi.org/10.17275/per.14.09.1.2