Research Article
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The Influence of Social Support on Postgraduate Students' Psychological Well-being: Self-Esteem as a Mediator

Year 2023, Volume: 10 Issue: 3, 150 - 166, 01.05.2023
https://doi.org/10.17275/per.23.49.10.3

Abstract

The study aimed to examine the impact of social support and self-esteem towards postgraduate students’ psychological well-being in Malaysian public universities and self-esteem as a mediator. In all, 335 postgraduate students from 13 public universities in Malaysia participated in this study. The present study conducted employing the quantitative research method using an online questionnaire. Convenient sampling was used to gather the data. Postgraduate students received the online questionnaire through postgraduate groups. The data were analysed using the PLS-SEM version 3.3.9. The validity and reliability of survey items, as well as the link between variables, were evaluated using the measurement model and structural model. The findings in this study indicate that social support and self-esteem have significant impact on psychological well-being. Besides, self-esteem plays partial mediation on social support and psychological well-being. The findings would be useful in helping university administrators, supervisors, counsellors, friends, and family members recognise the need to boost postgraduate students' psychological well-being and discover the solution to do so. For postgraduate students to be psychologically well-adjusted, their self-esteem and social support must be strengthened. To gain a more in-depth comprehending, a mixed methods technique may be adopted in future research. Furthermore, future study shall be able to compare the psychological health of local postgraduate students with international postgraduate students.

Supporting Institution

Nil

Project Number

Nil

References

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  • Anju Poudel, Gurung, B., & Khanal, G. P. (2020). Perceived social support and psychological wellbeing among Nepalese adolescents: The mediating role of self-esteem. BMC Psychology, 8(43), 1-8. doi:10.1186/s40359-020-00409-1
  • Awan, S., & Sitwat, A. (2014). Workplace spirituality, self-esteem, and psychological well-being among mental health professionals. Pakistan Journal of Psychological Research, 29(1), 125-149.
  • Awang, M. M., Kutty, F. M., & Ahmad, A. R. (2014). Perceived social support and well being: First-year student experience in university. International Education Studies, 7(13), 261-270.
  • Aydin, A., Kahraman, N., & Hİçdurmaz, D. (2017). Determining the perceived social support and psychological well-being levels of nursing students. Journal of Psychiatric Nursing, 8(1), 40-47. doi:10.14744/phd.2017.95967
  • Bailie, F. K. (2009). The Graduate Research Experience: Successes and Failures.
  • Barry, K. M., Woods, M., Warnecke, E., Stirling, C., & Martin, A. (2018). Psychological health of doctoral candidates, study-related challenges and perceived performance. Higher Education Research & Development, 37(3), 468-483. doi:10.1080/07294360.2018.1425979
  • Baumeister, R. F., Campbell, J. D., Krueger, J. I., & Vohs, K. D. (2003). Does high self-esteem cause better performance, interpersonal success, happiness, or healthier lifestyles? Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 4(1), 1-44.
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  • ÇİÇEK, İ. (2021). Mediating role of self-esteem in the association between loneliness and psychological and subjective well-being in university students International Journal of Contemporary Educational Research, 8(2), 83-97.
  • Dash, G., & Paul, J. (2021). CB-SEM vs PLS-SEM methods for research in social sciences and technology forecasting. Technological Forecasting & Social Change, 173(121092), 10.1016/j.techfore.2021.121092.
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  • Holmes, B., Waterbury, T., Baltrinic, E., & Davis, A. (2018). Angst about academic writing: Graduate students at the brink. Contemporary Issues in Education Research, 11(2), 65-70.
  • Husted, H. S. (2017). The relationship between psychological well-being and successfully transitioning to university. (Honors Thesis), King’s University College, Canada. Retrieved from https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/psychK_uht/54
  • Ioannou, M., Kassianos, A. P., & Symeou, M. (2019). Coping with depressive symptoms in young adults: Perceived social support protects against depressive symptoms only under moderate levels of stress. Frontiers in Psychology, 9(2780). doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02780
  • Jairam, D., & Kahl, D. H. (2012). Navigating the doctoral experience: The role of social support in successful degree completion. International Journal of Doctoral Studies, 7, 311-329.
  • Janta, H., Lugosi, P., & Brown, L. (2014). Coping with loneliness: A netnographic study of doctoral students. Journal of Further and Higher Education, 38(4), 553-571. doi:10.1080/0309877X.2012.726972
  • Jeyaraj, J. J. (2020). Academic writing needs of postgraduate research students in Malaysia. Malaysian Journal of Learning and Instruction, 17(2), 1-23.
  • Kitamura, T., & Kishida, Y. (2004). Ryff's psychological well-being inventory: Factorial structure and life history correlates among japanese university students. Psychological Reports, 94, 83-103.
  • Kong, F., Zhao, J., & You, X. (2013). Self-esteem as mediator and moderator of the relationship between social support and subjective well-being among chinese university students. Social Indicators Research, 112, 151–161. doi:10.1007/s11205-012-0044-6
  • Kumar, R., Lal, R., & Bhuchar, V. (2014). Impact of social support in relation to self-esteem and aggression among adolescents. International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, 4(12), 1-5.
  • Lang, F. R. (2001). Regulation of social relationships in later adulthood. Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences, 56(6), 321–P326.
  • Lau, R. W. K. (2019). You are not your PhD: Managing stress during doctoral candidature. In L. Pretorius, L. Macaulay, & B. C. d. Caux (Eds.), Wellbeing in doctoral education (pp. 47-58). Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
  • Lazarus, R. S., & Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, Appraisal and Coping. New York: Springer.
  • Lee, K. (2021). Social support and self-esteem on the association between stressful life events and mental health outcomes among college students. Social Work in Health Care, 59(6), 387-407. doi:10.1080/00981389.2020.1772443
  • Levecque, K., Anseel, F., Beuckelaer, A. D., Heyden, J. V. d., & Gisle, L. (2017). Work organization and mental health problems in PhD students. research Policy, 46, 868-879. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2017.02.008
  • Mann, M. M., Hosman, C. M. H., Schaalma, H. P., & Vries, N. K. d. (2004). Self-esteem in a broad-spectrum approach for mental health promotion. Health Education Research, 19(4), 357–372. doi:10.1093/her/cyg041
  • Mohd Yasin, M. A. S., & Dzulkifli, M. A. (2010). The Relationship between Social Support and Psychological Problems among Students. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 1(3), 110-116.
  • Morales-Rodríguez, F. M., Espigares-López, I., Brown, T., & Pérez-Mármol, J. M. (2020). The relationship between psychologicalwell-being and psychosocial factors in university students. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(4778), 1-20. doi:10.3390/ijerph17134778
  • Nwankwo, C. B., Okechi, B. C., & Nweke, P. O. (2015). Relationship between perceived self-esteem and psychological well-being among student athletes. Academic Research Journal of Psychology and Counselling, 2(1), 8-16. doi:10.14662/IJALIS2015.040
  • Orth, U., & Robins, R. W. (2013). Understanding the link between lowv self-esteem and depression. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 22(6), 455-460. doi:10.1177/0963721413492763
  • Ozbay, F., Johnson, D. C., Dimoulas, E., Morgan, C. A., Charney, D., & Southwick, S. (2007). Social support and resilience to stress: From neurobiology to clinical practice. Psychiatry (Edgmont), 4(5), 35-40.
  • Ozpolat, A. R., Isgor, I. Y., & Sezer, F. (2012). Investigating psychological well being of university students according to lifestyles. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 47, 256 – 262. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.06.648
  • Panahi, S., Mohd Yunus, A. S., Roslan, S., Abdul Kadir, R., Wan Jaafar, W. M., & Panahi, M. S. (2016). Predictors of psychological well-being among Malaysian graduates. The European Journal of Social and Behavioural Sciences, 16, 2067-2083. doi:10.15405/ejsbs.186
  • Park, J.-Y., & Park, E.-Y. (2019). The Rasch analysis of Rosenberg self-esteem scale in individuals with intellectual disabilities Frontiers in Psychology, 10(1992). doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01992
  • Patterson, A. (2009). A needs analysis for information literacy provision for research: A case study in University College Dublin. Journal of Information Literacy, 3(1), 5-18.
  • Peltonen, J., Vekkaila, J., Rautio, P., Haverinen, K., & Pyhältö, K. (2017). Doctoral students’ social support profiles and their relationship to burnout, drop-out intentions, and time to candidacy. International Journal of Doctoral Studies, 12, 157-173.
  • Poudel, A., Gurung, B., & Khanal, G. P. (2020). Perceived social support and psychological wellbeing among nepalese adolescents: The mediating role of self-esteem. BMC Psychology, 8(43), 1-8. doi:10.1186/s40359-020-00409-1
  • Prakash, V., & Flores, R. C. (1985). A study of psychological gender differences: Applications for advertising format. NA - Advances in Consumer, 12, 231-237.
  • Ratanasiripong, P., China, T., & Toyama, S. (2018). Mental health and well-being of university students in Okinawa. Education Research International, 1-7. doi:10.1155/2018/4231836
  • Rehman, A. U., Bhuttah, T. M., & You, X. (2020). Linking burnout to psychological well-being: The mediating role of social support and learning motivation. Psychology Research and Behavior Management, 13, 545–554.
  • Rosenberg, M. (1965). Society and the adolescent self-image. Princeton, New Jersey.: Princeton University Press.
  • Ryff, C. D. (1989). Happiness is everything, or is it? Explorations on the meaning of psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57(6), 1069-1081.
  • Ryff, C. D., & Keyes, C. L. M. (1995). The structure of psychological well-being revisited. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69(4), 719-727.
  • Saputra, M. R., & Palupi, L. S. (2020). Relationship between social support and psychological well-being of the final year students. E3S Web of Conferences, 202(12027), 1-6. doi:10.1051/e3sconf/202020212027
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Year 2023, Volume: 10 Issue: 3, 150 - 166, 01.05.2023
https://doi.org/10.17275/per.23.49.10.3

Abstract

Project Number

Nil

References

  • Adyani, L., Suzanna, E., Safuwan, S., & Muryali, M. (2019). Perceived social support and psychological well-being among interstate students at Malikussaleh University. Indigenous: Jurnal Ilmiah Psikologi [Journal in Scientific Psychology], 3(2), 98-104. doi:10.23917/indigenous.v3i2.6591
  • Akfirat, O. N. (2020). Investigation of relationship between psychological well-being, self esteem, perceived general self-efficacy, level of hope and cognitive emotion regulation strategies. European Journal of Education Studies, 7(9), 286-306.
  • Ali, A., & Kohun, F. (2006). Dealing with isolation feelings in IS doctoral programs. International Journal of Doctoral Studies, 1, 21-33.
  • Anju Poudel, Gurung, B., & Khanal, G. P. (2020). Perceived social support and psychological wellbeing among Nepalese adolescents: The mediating role of self-esteem. BMC Psychology, 8(43), 1-8. doi:10.1186/s40359-020-00409-1
  • Awan, S., & Sitwat, A. (2014). Workplace spirituality, self-esteem, and psychological well-being among mental health professionals. Pakistan Journal of Psychological Research, 29(1), 125-149.
  • Awang, M. M., Kutty, F. M., & Ahmad, A. R. (2014). Perceived social support and well being: First-year student experience in university. International Education Studies, 7(13), 261-270.
  • Aydin, A., Kahraman, N., & Hİçdurmaz, D. (2017). Determining the perceived social support and psychological well-being levels of nursing students. Journal of Psychiatric Nursing, 8(1), 40-47. doi:10.14744/phd.2017.95967
  • Bailie, F. K. (2009). The Graduate Research Experience: Successes and Failures.
  • Barry, K. M., Woods, M., Warnecke, E., Stirling, C., & Martin, A. (2018). Psychological health of doctoral candidates, study-related challenges and perceived performance. Higher Education Research & Development, 37(3), 468-483. doi:10.1080/07294360.2018.1425979
  • Baumeister, R. F., Campbell, J. D., Krueger, J. I., & Vohs, K. D. (2003). Does high self-esteem cause better performance, interpersonal success, happiness, or healthier lifestyles? Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 4(1), 1-44.
  • Chakma, U., Li, B., & Kabuhung, G. (2021). Creating online metacognitive spaces: Graduate research writing during the COVID-19 pandemic. Issues in Educational Research, 31(1), 37-55.
  • ÇİÇEK, İ. (2021). Mediating role of self-esteem in the association between loneliness and psychological and subjective well-being in university students International Journal of Contemporary Educational Research, 8(2), 83-97.
  • Dash, G., & Paul, J. (2021). CB-SEM vs PLS-SEM methods for research in social sciences and technology forecasting. Technological Forecasting & Social Change, 173(121092), 10.1016/j.techfore.2021.121092.
  • Eleftheriades, R., Fiala, C., & Pasic, M. D. (2020). The challenges and mental health issues of academic trainees. F1000Research, 9(104). doi:10.12688/f1000research.21066.1
  • Emadpoor, L., Lavasani, M. G., & Shahcheraghi, S. M. (2015). Relationship between perceived social support and psychological well-being among students based on mediating role of academic motivation. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction. doi:10.1007/s11469-015-9608-4
  • Farhan, S., & Khan, I. (2015). Impact of stress, self-esteem and gender factor on students’ academic achievement. International Journal on New Trends in Education and Their Implications, 6(2), 154-167.
  • Fauziah, M., Handarini, D. M., & Muslihati. (2018). Self-esteem, social support, personality and psychological well being of junior high school student. Jurnal Pendidikan Humaniora, 6(1), 17-23.
  • Ganesan, Y., Talwar, P., Norsiah, F., & Oon, Y. B. (2018). A study on stress level and coping strategies among undergraduate students. Journal of Cognitive Sciences and Human Development, 3(2), 37-47. doi:10.33736/jcshd.787.2018
  • Gates, D. M. (2001). Stress and coping: A model for the workplace. Workplace Health and Safety Journal, 49(8), 390-398.
  • Hair, J. F., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2011). PLS-SEM: Indeed a silver bullet. Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice, 19(2), 139–152. doi:10.2753/mtp1069-6679190202
  • Hair Jr, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. M., Sarstedt, M., Danks, N. P., & Ray, S. (2021). Partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) using R. Switzerland: Springer Nature Switzerland AG.
  • Hämmig, O. (2017). Health and well-being at work: The key role of supervisor support. Population Health, 3, 393–402. doi:10.1016/j.ssmph.2017.04.002
  • Holmes, B., Waterbury, T., Baltrinic, E., & Davis, A. (2018). Angst about academic writing: Graduate students at the brink. Contemporary Issues in Education Research, 11(2), 65-70.
  • Husted, H. S. (2017). The relationship between psychological well-being and successfully transitioning to university. (Honors Thesis), King’s University College, Canada. Retrieved from https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/psychK_uht/54
  • Ioannou, M., Kassianos, A. P., & Symeou, M. (2019). Coping with depressive symptoms in young adults: Perceived social support protects against depressive symptoms only under moderate levels of stress. Frontiers in Psychology, 9(2780). doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02780
  • Jairam, D., & Kahl, D. H. (2012). Navigating the doctoral experience: The role of social support in successful degree completion. International Journal of Doctoral Studies, 7, 311-329.
  • Janta, H., Lugosi, P., & Brown, L. (2014). Coping with loneliness: A netnographic study of doctoral students. Journal of Further and Higher Education, 38(4), 553-571. doi:10.1080/0309877X.2012.726972
  • Jeyaraj, J. J. (2020). Academic writing needs of postgraduate research students in Malaysia. Malaysian Journal of Learning and Instruction, 17(2), 1-23.
  • Kitamura, T., & Kishida, Y. (2004). Ryff's psychological well-being inventory: Factorial structure and life history correlates among japanese university students. Psychological Reports, 94, 83-103.
  • Kong, F., Zhao, J., & You, X. (2013). Self-esteem as mediator and moderator of the relationship between social support and subjective well-being among chinese university students. Social Indicators Research, 112, 151–161. doi:10.1007/s11205-012-0044-6
  • Kumar, R., Lal, R., & Bhuchar, V. (2014). Impact of social support in relation to self-esteem and aggression among adolescents. International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, 4(12), 1-5.
  • Lang, F. R. (2001). Regulation of social relationships in later adulthood. Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences, 56(6), 321–P326.
  • Lau, R. W. K. (2019). You are not your PhD: Managing stress during doctoral candidature. In L. Pretorius, L. Macaulay, & B. C. d. Caux (Eds.), Wellbeing in doctoral education (pp. 47-58). Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
  • Lazarus, R. S., & Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, Appraisal and Coping. New York: Springer.
  • Lee, K. (2021). Social support and self-esteem on the association between stressful life events and mental health outcomes among college students. Social Work in Health Care, 59(6), 387-407. doi:10.1080/00981389.2020.1772443
  • Levecque, K., Anseel, F., Beuckelaer, A. D., Heyden, J. V. d., & Gisle, L. (2017). Work organization and mental health problems in PhD students. research Policy, 46, 868-879. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2017.02.008
  • Mann, M. M., Hosman, C. M. H., Schaalma, H. P., & Vries, N. K. d. (2004). Self-esteem in a broad-spectrum approach for mental health promotion. Health Education Research, 19(4), 357–372. doi:10.1093/her/cyg041
  • Mohd Yasin, M. A. S., & Dzulkifli, M. A. (2010). The Relationship between Social Support and Psychological Problems among Students. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 1(3), 110-116.
  • Morales-Rodríguez, F. M., Espigares-López, I., Brown, T., & Pérez-Mármol, J. M. (2020). The relationship between psychologicalwell-being and psychosocial factors in university students. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(4778), 1-20. doi:10.3390/ijerph17134778
  • Nwankwo, C. B., Okechi, B. C., & Nweke, P. O. (2015). Relationship between perceived self-esteem and psychological well-being among student athletes. Academic Research Journal of Psychology and Counselling, 2(1), 8-16. doi:10.14662/IJALIS2015.040
  • Orth, U., & Robins, R. W. (2013). Understanding the link between lowv self-esteem and depression. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 22(6), 455-460. doi:10.1177/0963721413492763
  • Ozbay, F., Johnson, D. C., Dimoulas, E., Morgan, C. A., Charney, D., & Southwick, S. (2007). Social support and resilience to stress: From neurobiology to clinical practice. Psychiatry (Edgmont), 4(5), 35-40.
  • Ozpolat, A. R., Isgor, I. Y., & Sezer, F. (2012). Investigating psychological well being of university students according to lifestyles. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 47, 256 – 262. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.06.648
  • Panahi, S., Mohd Yunus, A. S., Roslan, S., Abdul Kadir, R., Wan Jaafar, W. M., & Panahi, M. S. (2016). Predictors of psychological well-being among Malaysian graduates. The European Journal of Social and Behavioural Sciences, 16, 2067-2083. doi:10.15405/ejsbs.186
  • Park, J.-Y., & Park, E.-Y. (2019). The Rasch analysis of Rosenberg self-esteem scale in individuals with intellectual disabilities Frontiers in Psychology, 10(1992). doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01992
  • Patterson, A. (2009). A needs analysis for information literacy provision for research: A case study in University College Dublin. Journal of Information Literacy, 3(1), 5-18.
  • Peltonen, J., Vekkaila, J., Rautio, P., Haverinen, K., & Pyhältö, K. (2017). Doctoral students’ social support profiles and their relationship to burnout, drop-out intentions, and time to candidacy. International Journal of Doctoral Studies, 12, 157-173.
  • Poudel, A., Gurung, B., & Khanal, G. P. (2020). Perceived social support and psychological wellbeing among nepalese adolescents: The mediating role of self-esteem. BMC Psychology, 8(43), 1-8. doi:10.1186/s40359-020-00409-1
  • Prakash, V., & Flores, R. C. (1985). A study of psychological gender differences: Applications for advertising format. NA - Advances in Consumer, 12, 231-237.
  • Ratanasiripong, P., China, T., & Toyama, S. (2018). Mental health and well-being of university students in Okinawa. Education Research International, 1-7. doi:10.1155/2018/4231836
  • Rehman, A. U., Bhuttah, T. M., & You, X. (2020). Linking burnout to psychological well-being: The mediating role of social support and learning motivation. Psychology Research and Behavior Management, 13, 545–554.
  • Rosenberg, M. (1965). Society and the adolescent self-image. Princeton, New Jersey.: Princeton University Press.
  • Ryff, C. D. (1989). Happiness is everything, or is it? Explorations on the meaning of psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57(6), 1069-1081.
  • Ryff, C. D., & Keyes, C. L. M. (1995). The structure of psychological well-being revisited. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69(4), 719-727.
  • Saputra, M. R., & Palupi, L. S. (2020). Relationship between social support and psychological well-being of the final year students. E3S Web of Conferences, 202(12027), 1-6. doi:10.1051/e3sconf/202020212027
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There are 66 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Educational Psychology
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Hui Xian Ooi 0000-0002-1030-1339

Aswatı Hamzah 0000-0001-7199-0695

Lei Mee Thien

Project Number Nil
Early Pub Date May 13, 2023
Publication Date May 1, 2023
Acceptance Date March 26, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 10 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Ooi, H. X., Hamzah, A., & Thien, L. M. (2023). The Influence of Social Support on Postgraduate Students’ Psychological Well-being: Self-Esteem as a Mediator. Participatory Educational Research, 10(3), 150-166. https://doi.org/10.17275/per.23.49.10.3