Is it Possible to Identify Basic Citizenship Values and Skills at a Universal Level? A Framework Attempt

Year 2024, Volume: 11 Issue: 2, 97 - 116, 01.03.2024

Betül Gökçınar , İlker Dere

https://doi.org/10.17275/per.24.21.11.2

Cited By: 1

Abstract

This research aims to create a framework that includes basic citizenship skills and values. The framework focuses on citizenship values and skills directly or implicitly addressed in the literature on citizenship education. The research sample comprises 183 international studies, including books, book chapters, articles, reports, and proceedings. In terms of reflecting the sample, this figure is quite significant. Based on our study, we defined responsibility, respect, equality, helpfulness, justice, ethics, sensitivity, dedication, honesty, and freedom as basic citizenship values. Basic citizenship skills involve participation, literacy, communication, problem-solving, critical thinking, decision-making, cooperation, awareness, empathy, and questioning. There are several other values and skills beyond those listed. In this study, we have attempted to standardize the basic citizenship values and skills that we believe are significant in many nations. To establish a benchmark, we included the ten most mentioned values and skills in the literature to ensure representativeness. We also utilizes expert evaluations to improve the reliability and validity of the study. Various researchers can verify this framework because the values and skills were derived from the analyzed studies on reliability and validity. As a result, we expect this study to provide an up-to-date perspective on the values and skills that all citizens should possess.

Keywords

citizenship, citizenship education, citizenship types, values, skills

Ethical Statement

Since this study is based on literature studies, it does not require ethics committee approval.

Thanks

This article was produced from the master's thesis written by the first author under the supervision of the second author.

References

• A Common Sense Media. (2011). Digital literacy and citizenship in the 21st century: Educating, empowering, and protecting America’s kids. https://www.itu.int/council/groups/wg-cop/second-meeting-june-2010/CommonSenseDigitalLiteracy-CitizenshipWhitePaper.pdf
• Adeyemi, O. O. (2020). Effects of teaching citizenship components of social studies on junior secondary school students’ civic knowledge and skills in Oyo State. Capital Journal of Educational Studies (CAJES), 6(2), 25-31.
• Al Qatawneh, S. S., Alsalhi, N. R., & Eltahir, M. E. (2019). The citizenship values included in intermediate stage Arabic-language textbooks and teachers’ awareness of them in the UAE: A case study. Heliyon, 5, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02424
• Alsaeed, H. R., Mohammed, S. Z., Elsayed, S. A., & Helali, M. M. (2022). Teachers’ hidden curriculum and its role in promoting citizenship values among primary school students in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Journal of Positive Psychology and Wellbeing, 6(2), 1176–1195. https://www.journalppw.com/index.php/jppw/article/view/10375
• Althof, W., & Berkowitz, M. W. (2006). Moral education and character education: Their relationship and roles in citizenship education. Journal of Moral Education, 35(4), 495-518. https://doi.org/10.1080/03057240601012204
• Amalia, S., & Sapriya, S. (2020). The implementation of the project citizen learning model in civics education subjects as an effort to build civic skills. In Journal of International Conference Proceedings (JICP), 3(1), 248-254. https://www.neliti.com/publications/425263/the-implementation-of-the-project-citizen-learning-model-in-civics-education-sub
• Armstrong, C. (2021). Key methods used in qualitative document analysis. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3996213
• Aveyard, H. (2014.) Doing a literature review in health and social care: A practical guide. McGraw-Hill Education Open University Press.
• Buchholz, B. A., DeHart, J. & Moorman, G. (2020). Digital citizenship during a global pandemic: Moving beyond digital literacy. Journal of Adolescent & Adult Literacy, 64(1), 11-17. https://doi.org/10.1002/jaal.1076
• Carretero, M., Haste, H., & Bermudez, A. (2016). Civic education. In L. Corno & M. E. Anderman (Eds.), Handbook of educational psychology (pp. 295-308). London: Routledge Publishers.
• Chelmis, S. K. (1999). Citizenship values and political education in Greek primary school: A historical perspective. In Ross, A. (Ed.) Young citizens in Europe (pp. 65–71). London: CiCe.
• Comber, M. K. (2005). Civic skills and civic education: An empirical assessment [Doctoral dissertation, University of Maryland]. ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global.
• Delanty, G. (2003). Citizenship as a learning process: Disciplinary citizenship versus cultural citizenship. Int. of Lifelong Education, 22(6), 597–605. https://doi.org/10.1080/0260137032000138158
• Dere, İ., Kızılay, N., & Alkaya, S. (2017). İyi vatandaş’ kavramı, ailede ve okulda ‘iyi vatandaşlık’ eğitimi hakkında velilerin görüşleri ve algıları [Viewpoints and perceptions of parents about the concept of 'good citizen', 'good citizenship' education in family and at school]. IJOESS, 8(30), 1974-1993.
• Dere, İ., & Gökçınar, B. (2022). Değişen paradigma bağlamında vatandaşlık [Citizenship in the context of a changing paradigm]. In E. Dinç, İ. Dere, & S. Üztemur (Eds.), Vatandaşlık bilgisi ve eğitimi- Demokratik vatandaşlık eğitimi için yeni bir yaklaşım [Knowledge and education of citizenship - A new approach to democratic citizenship education] (pp. 7-26). Ankara: Pegem.
• El Karfa, A. (2007). Open classroom communication and the learning of citizenship values. English Teaching Forum, 45, 38–42. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ1099418
• Erdem, F. H. (2012). Anayasal vatandaşlık ve yeni anayasa [Constitutional citizenship and the new constitution]. Liberal Düşünce Dergisi [Journal of Liberal Thinking], 66, 49-56. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/liberal/issue/48166/609456
• Escudero, A. (2013). “Responsible trust”: A value to strengthen active citizenship. Journal of Social Studies Education Research, 4(2), 27–54. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/jsser/issue/19101/202707
• Finfgeld-Connett, D. (2014). Use of content analysis to conduct knowledge-building and theory-generating qualitative systematic reviews. Qualitative Research, 14(3), 341–352. https://doi.org/10.1177/1468794113481790
• Fitriasari, S., Insani, N. N., Iswandi, D., & Aulia, S. R. (2021). Analysis of civic skill in the student exchange program merdeka belajar-kampus merdeka policy. In Annual Civic Education Conference (ACEC), (pp. 529-533). Atlantis Press.
• Gbadamosi, T. V. (2013). Effects of teaching citizenship components of social studies on primary school pupils’ civic knowledge and skills. Nigerian Journal of Social Studies, 2, 1-12. https://njss.org.ng/vol_xvi_2_oct_13.php
• Gough, D., Oliver, S., & Thomas, J. (2012). Introducing systematic reviews. D. Gough, S. Oliver & J. Thomas, (Ed.), In An introduction to systematic reviews (pp. 1-16). London: SAGE Publications.
• Harwood, T. G., & Garry, T. (2003). An overview of content analysis. The Marketing Review, 3(4), 479–498. https://doi.org/10.1362/146934703771910080
• Hébert, Y., & Wilkinson, L. (2001). Values for pluralistic democratic societies. M. Montané & Y. Beernaert (Eds.), Towards active citizenship: Connecting young citizens across Europe and the world (pp. 42-54). Universal Forum of Cultures.
• Hébert, Y., & Wilkinson, L. (2011). Meeting the challenges of the new century: Creating common values as fundamental to citizenship. In Canadian Issues/Thèmes Canadiens, 28-34.
• Hidayah, Y., Ulfah, N., & Suryaningsih, A. (2021). Contribution of citizenship education in developing civic skills to face 4.0 era during the pandemic in Indonesia. Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, 581, 494-499. https://doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.211028.165
• Hoffrén, J. (2021). Statistical literacy competencies as post-modern basic civic skills. In Proceedings 63rd ISI World Statistics Congress, 489–492. https://www.isi-web.org/files/docs/papers-and-abstracts/129-day3-cps028-statistical-literacy-competenc.pdf
• Hoskins, B. L., & Mascherini, M. (2009). Measuring active citizenship through the development of a composite indicator. Social Indicators Research, 90(3), 459-488. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-008-9271-2
• Iija, V. I. (2011). An analysis of the concept of citizenship: Legal, political, and social dimensions. Master’s Thesis, University of Helsinki.
• Ijiwole, A. A., & Adeyemi, M. A. (2021). An investigation into citizenship values of college of education students in South West, Nigeria. Indiana Journal of Economics and Business Management, 1(1), 31-39. https://indianapublications.com/articles/IJEBM_1(1)_31-38_618bfdd3d47222.27522191.pdf
• Kennedy, K. J. (2012). Asian students' citizenship values and their relationship to civic understanding: An exploratory study comparing Thai and Hong Kong students. Research in Comparative and International Education, 7(2), 248–259. https://doi.org/10.2304/rcie.2012.7.2.248
• Kennedy, K. J., Kuang, X., & Chow, J. K. F. (2013). Exploring Asian students’ citizenship values and their relationship to civic knowledge and school participation. Educational Psychology, 33(3), 240-261. https://doi.org/10.1080/01443410.2013.775003.
• Khalehar, F., Darmawan, C., & Bestari, P. (2021). Youth voters’ behavior in Pilkada to realize civic skills (study of description of Medan State University students’ perceptions in the 2020 Medan mayor election). Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, 636, 94-100. https://doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.220108.017
• Kılınç, E., & Dere, İ. (2013). Lise öğrencilerinin 'iyi vatandaş' kavramı hakkındaki görüşleri [High school students’ perception of the concept of ‘good citizen’]. Journal of Social Studies Education Research, 4(2), 103-124. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/jsser/issue/19101/202713
• Kirlin, M. (2003). The role of civic skills in fostering civic engagement. Center For Information and Research on Civic Learning and Engagement (CIRCLE) working paper 06, 1-30. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED497607
• Kirlin, M. (2005). Understanding the relationship between civic skills and civic participation: Educating future public managers. Journal of Public Affairs Education, 11(4), 305–314. https://doi.org/10.1080/15236803.2005.12001404
• Komalasari, K. (2012). The effect of contextual learning in civic education on students’ civic skills. Educare, 4(2), 179-190. https://doi.org/10.2121/edu-ijes.v4i2.255
• Korkut, L. (2015). Siyasi kimlik olarak vatandaşlık: Türkiye’de ve dünya devletlerinde anayasal vatandaşlık tanımları [Citizenship as political identity: Definitions of citizenship in the constitutions of Turkey and world states]. İstanbul Medipol Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi [The Journal of Istanbul Medipol University School of Law], 1(2), 5-42. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/imuhfd/issue/54304/736943
• Kuisma, M. (2008). Rights or privileges? The challenge of globalization to the values of citizenship. Citizenship Studies, 12(6), 613–627. https://doi.org/10.1080/13621020802450684
• Liou, S. M. (2002). The effect of we the people… Project citizen on the civic skills and dispositions of Taiwanese adolescent students. [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Indiana University.
• Lithoxoidou, A., Seira, E., Vrantsi, A., & Dimitriadou, C. (2020). Promoting resiliency, peer mediation and citizenship in schools: The outcomes of a three-fold research intervention. Participatory Educational Research, 8(2), 109-128.
• Lott, J. L. (2006). Racial identity and black students' perceptions of civic skills. Race, Gender & Class, 239–254. https://www.jstor.org/stable/41675183
• Lucey, T. A. & Meyer, B. B. (2013). Does social studies teaching uphold the citizenship values to which students should aspire? Survey findings from one state. Action in Teacher Education, 35(5), 462–474. https://doi.org/10.1080/01626620.2013.846764
• Maiello, C., Oser, F., & Biedermann, H. (2003). Civic knowledge, civic skills and civic engagement. European Educational Research Journal, 2(3), 384-395. https://doi.org/10.2304/eerj.2003.2.3.5
• Maitles, H., Cowan, P., & Butler, E. (2006). Never again! Does Holocaust education have an effect on pupils’ citizenship values and attitudes? SEED: Edinburgh.
• Martin, L. A., Morehart, L. M., Lauzon, G. P., & Daviso, A. W. (2013). Teachers’ views of student’s self-determination and citizenship skills. American Secondary Education, 41(2), 4-23. https://www.jstor.org/stable/43694155
• Merriam, S. B. (2018). Qualitative research: A guide to design and implementation. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
• Muntengwa, W., Namadula, B., Hamainza, V., Simwatachela, R., Kakana, F., Simui, F., & Muleya, G. (2020). Unearthing Disablers in the cultivation of civic skills among learners in selected secondary schools in Lusaka district, Zambia. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS), 4(9), 228-238. http://dspace.unza.zm/handle/123456789/6939
• Murdiono, M., Suharno, & Wuryandani, W. (2019). Global citizenship values in the student’s book of Pancasila and civic education. International Conference on Educational Research and Innovation (ICERI) (pp. 169-175). Atlantis Press. https://doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.200204.031
• Nussbaum, M. C. (2006). Education and democratic citizenship: Capabilities and quality education. Journal of Human Development, 7(3), 385-395. https://doi.org/10.1080/14649880600815974
• Oxfam. (2015). Education for global citizenship: A guide for schools. https://ox-familibrary.openrepository.com/bitstream/handle/10546/620105/edu-global-citizenship-schools-guide-091115-en.pdf?sequence=11&isAllowed=y
• Peart, M. T., Gutiérrez-Esteban, P., & Cubo-Delgado, S. (2020). Development of the digital and socio-civic skills (DIGISOC) questionnaire. Educational Technology Research and Development, 68(6), 3327-3351. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11423-020-09824-y
• Ramalho-Correia, A. M. (2002). Information literacy for an active and effective citizenship. White Paper prepared for UNESCO, the US National Commission on Libraries and Information Science, and the National Forum on Information Literacy, for use at the Information Literacy Meeting of Experts, Prague, The Czech Republic.
• Ridley, D. (2012). The literature review: A step-by-step guide for students. SAGE.
• Schulz, W., Ainley, J., Fraillon, J., Losito, B., Agrusti, G., & Friedman, T. (2018). Becoming citizens in a changing world: IEA international civic and citizenship education study 2016 international report. Springer Nature. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-19389-8.
• Shah, R., Brett, P., & Thomas, D. (2020). Visualizing civic values: Representations of idealized citizenship behaviours in images found in Nepalese social studies textbooks. Citizenship Teaching & Learning, 15(1), 79-99. https://doi.org/10.1386/ctl_00021_1
• Shuttleworth, J. M. (2020). Framing the pandemic within global citizenship education. Journal of International Social Studies, 10(2), 67–75. https://iajiss.org/index.php/iajiss/article/view/563
• Smith, G. F. (2002). Modern citizenship. In E. F. Isin & B. S. Turner (Eds.), Handbook of citizenship studies (pp. 105–115). London: SAGE.
• Starratt, G. K., Fredotovic, I., Goodletty, S., & Starratt, C. (2017). Holocaust knowledge and Holocaust education experiences predict citizenship values among US adults. Journal of Moral Education, 46(2), 177-194. https://doi.org/10.1080/03057240.2017.1303465
• Stolp, A., Groen, W., van Vliet, J., & Vanclay, F. (2002). Citizen values assessment: Incorporating citizens' value judgments in environmental impact assessment. Impact Assessment and Project Appraisal, 20(1), 11-23. https://doi.org/10.3152/147154602781766852
• Tamara, T., & Sapriya, S. (2021). Literature study: Cultivating civic skills through student organizations in higher education. ICOPE. https://eudl.eu/doi/10.4108/eai.16-10-2020.2305224
• Westheimer, J., & Kahne, J. (2004a). Educating the "good" citizen: Political choices and pedagogical goals. PS: Political Science and Politics, 37(2), 241-247. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1049096504004160
• Westheimer, J., & Kahne, J. (2004b). What kind of citizen? The politics of educating for democracy. American Educational Research Journal, 41(2), 237-269. https://doi.org/10.3102/00028312041002237
• Wolf, J., Brown, K., & Conway, D. (2009). Ecological citizenship and climate change: Perceptions and practice. Environmental Politics, 18(4), 503–521. https://doi.org/10.1080/09644010903007377
• Wolhuter, C., Janmaat, J. G., van der Walt, J. H. L., & Potgieter, F. J. (2020). The role of the school in inculcating citizenship values in South Africa: Theoretical and international comparative perspectives. South African Journal of Education, 40(2), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.15700/saje.v40ns2a1782
• Yusuf, H. T., Odutayo, A. O., & Akintola, M. A. (2020). Civic knowledge, skills and values as correlates of undergraduates’ civic engagement in Kwara State. International Journal Pedagogy of Social Studies, 5(2), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.17509/ijposs.v5i2.28458