Transition Process of Landscape Through Changing Tropical Gardens from Productive Function into Recreational Purpose

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 1, 45 - 63, 30.07.2021

Rahman Tafahomi

https://doi.org/10.51552/peyad.930418

Öz

The urban gardens are under transformation that results in the modification of function, activity, hardscape, softscape of gardens. The aim of this paper is to analyse the transitional process of the gardens from the productive function to recreational purposes in Kigali city, Rwanda. The methodology of the research was designed qualitative methods such as interview, observation, photography, sketching, mapping, and graphical analysis. The findings identified that the transition process has affected both the configuration and composition of gardens. The configuration refers to the hardscape including buildings, walls, paving, and accessibility, and composition includes the softscape such as trees, shrubs, flowers, pots, and furniture. Additionally, this transition resulted in changing functions and activities in the gardens from productive to leisure and from private to semi-private and semi-public. This transition could be addressed to the new generation of social middle classes in the city who are raising new needs, desires, and expectations from the urban area to increase social interaction through semi-public activities.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Landscape, Gardens, Configuration, Composition, Function

Teşekkür

This research would like to appreciate all participants particularly the fourth-year students in the department of architecture and the owner of the gardens those who cooperated with the research in the collecting of data.

Transition Process of Landscape Through Changing Tropical Gardens from Productive Function into Recreational Purpose

Öz

The urban gardens are under transformation that results in the modification of function, activity, hardscape, softscape of gardens. The aim of this paper is to analyse the transitional process of the gardens from the productive function to recreational purposes in Kigali city, Rwanda. The methodology of the research was designed qualitative methods such as interview, observation, photography, sketching, mapping, and graphical analysis. The findings identified that the transition process has affected both the configuration and composition of gardens. The configuration refers to the hardscape including buildings, walls, paving, and accessibility, and composition includes the softscape such as trees, shrubs, flowers, pots, and furniture. Additionally, this transition resulted in changing functions and activities in the gardens from productive to leisure and from private to semi-private and semi-public. This transition could be addressed to the new generation of social middle classes in the city who are raising new needs, desires, and expectations from the urban area to increase social interaction through semi-public activities.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Landscape, Gardens, Configuration, Composition, Function

Kaynakça

• Alexsander, C. (1977). A pattern language. New York: Oxford University Press.
• Antrop, M. (2013). A brief history of landscape research. In P. Howard, I. Thompson, & E. Waterton, The Routledge Companion to Landscape Studies (pp. 12-22). New York: The Routledge.
• Antrop, M., & Eetvelde, V. V. (2008). Mechanisms in recent landscape transformation. (Ü. B.-D. Mander, Ed.) Geo-Environment and Landscape Evolution III, 183-192.
• APA, A. (2006). Planning and urban design standards. New Jersey: John Wiley and Sons Inc.
• Baard, J. A., & Kraaij, T. (2014). Alien flora of the Garden Route National Park, South Africa. Alien flora of the Garden Route National Park, South Africa, 94, 51–63.
• Backeus, I., Lindberg, C., & Stromquist, L. (2009). Past, present, and future: Perspectives in landscape dynamics as seen from two case studies in Tanzania. In E. Kalipeni, I.
• Kakoma, Y. Sanogo, K. Fawcett, & R. Warner (Eds.), Turning science into action: Biodiversity conservation and natural resources management In Africa (pp. 157-169). Kigali, Rwanda: Africa World Press Inc.
• Bairnsfather, N. (2012). Remarkable gardens of South Africa. Cape Town: Quiver tree Publications.
• Bashir, A. (2007). A case for historical and landscape approaches to geography. Journal of the Environment, 2, 53-62.
• Bell, S. (2004). Elements of visual design in the landscape (Second ed.). New York: Spon.
• Bell, S. (2008). Design for outdoor recreation (Second ed.). London: Taylor & Francis.
• Bigell, W., & Chang, C. (2014). The meanings of landscape: Historical development, cultural frames, linguistic variation, and antonyms. Ecozon, 5(1), 84-103.
• Bonnes, M., & Bonaiuto, M. (2002). Environmental psychology: From spatial-physical environment to sustainable development. In R. B. Bechtel, & A. Churchman (Eds.), Handbook of environmental psychology (pp. 28-54). New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
• Bowring, J. (2014). On loanwords and calques: the appropriation and replication of geomorphological features in gardens. Hamilton Gardens (p. N/A). Hamilton, New Zealand: Hamilton Gardens.
• Buyinza, M. (2004). Forestry education in changing landscape: Emerging lessons from Uganda. Makerere Journal of Education, 1, 61-68.
• Cannon, C. H., & Kua, C. S. (2017). Botanic gardens should lead the way to create a “Garden Earth” in the Anthropocene. Plant Diversity, 1-7.
• CoK. (2013). Detailed district physical plan. Kigali: City of Kigali.
• CoK. (2015). Affordable housing for Kigali city. Kigali: Cok.
• Crowder, M. (1993). Africa under British and Belgian domination, 1935-45. In A. A. Mazuri, & C. Cwondji, General history of Africa, VIII, Africa since 1935 (pp. 76-104). Paris: UNESCO.
• Deming, E. M., & Swaffield, S. (2011). Landscape architecture research: Inquiry, strategy, design. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
• Denzin, N. K., & Lincoln, Y. S. (2018). The SAGE handbook of qualitative research (5 ed.). Los Angeles: SAGE Publications, Inc.
• Duflot, R., Ernoult, A., Aviron, S., Fahrig, L., & Burel, F. (2017). Relative effects of landscape composition and configuration on multi-habitat gamma diversity in agricultural landscapes. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 241, 62–69.
• Eyres, P. (2013). A cultural history of gardens in the age of enlightenment. London: Bloomsbury.
• Fu, J., Xiao, G., & Wu, C. (2016). Urban green transition: conceptual change and stakeholder involvement in depth. Urban Transitions Conference. 198, pp. 781 – 789. Shanghai: Procedia Engineering.
• Georgoula, O., Stamnas, A., Patias, P., Georgiadis, C., & Fragkoulidou, V. (2013). Historical coastal urban landscapes digital documentation and temporal study with 2D/3D modeling functionality: The case of Thessaloniki, Greece. Journal of Cultural Heritage, 14(5), 396-402.
• Given, L. M. (2008). The SAGE encyclopedia of qualitative research methods (Vols. 1-0). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc. doi:10.4135/9781412963909 Gleason, K. (2010). Constructing nature: The built garden, with notice of a new monumental garden at the Villa Arianna, Stabiae. International Congress of Classical Archaeology. D / D9 / 3, pp. 8-15. Rome: Bollettino di Archeologia.
• Gökyer, E. (2013). Understanding landscape structure using Landscape metrics. Advances in Landscape Architecture, 663-676. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/55758
• Goldsmith, S. (2014). Turning over old ground: an examination of garden heritage in Aotearoa New Zealand. Garden at the frontier: New perspective on gardens history . Hamilton: Hamilton Gardens.
• Groat, L., & Wang, D. (2002). Architectural research methods. New York: John Wiley & Sons INC.
• Groening, G. (2005). Aspects of garden culture and open space development in Germany. GEOUSP - Espaço e Tempo, 18, 201 - 212.
• Groening, G. (2007). The "landscape must become the law" - or should it? Landscape Research, 32(5), 595-612.
• Groening, G., & Hennecke, S. (2014). Urban greening: Macro-scale landscaping. Horticulture: Plants for People and Places, 2, 671-692.
• Groening, G., & Schneider, U. (1997). The urban private garden as an amplification of the house: leisure according to regulation. Nordisk Arkitektur Forskning, 1, 21-30.
• Groning, G., & Wolschke-Bulmahn, J. (2003). The native plant enthusiasm. Landscape Research, 28(1).
• Hall, M. (2003). The native, naturalized and exotic, plants and animals in human history. Landscape Research, 28(1), 5-9.
• Harris, C. W., & Dines, N. T. (1998). Time saver standard for landscape architecture: Design and construction data (2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Publishing Company.
• Helmreich, A. (2002). The English garden and national identity, the competing styles of garden design 1870–1914. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Hermand, J. (1997). Rousseau, Goethe, Humboldt: Their influence on later advocates of the nature garden. In J. Wolschke-Bulmahn, Nature and ideology, natural garden design in the twentieth century (pp. 35-57). Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection.
• Hopper, L. J. (2007). Landscape architecture graphic standards. New Jersey: John Wily & Sons.
• Huang, C. M., Tuan, C. L., & Wongchai, A. (2014). Development analysis of leisure agriculture: A case study of longjing tea garden, Hangzhou, China. APCBEE Procedia 8 (pp. 210 – 215). ScienceDirect.
• Jackson, B. J. (1979). The order of a landscape: Reason and religion in Newtonian America, the interpretation of ordinary landscapes. In D. W. Meinig, Geographical Essays (pp. 153-163). New York: Oxford University Press.
• Keswick, M., Hardie, A., & Jencks, C. (2003). The Chinese garden: History, art and architecture (3 edition ed.). New York: Harvard University Press.
• Khansari, M., Moghtader, M. R., & Yavari, M. (2003). The Persian garden: Echoes of paradise. Toronto: Mage Publishers.
• Koskinen, I., Zimmerman, J., Binder, T., Redstrom, J., & Wensveen, S. (2011). Design Research through Practice. New York: Elsevier, Morgan Kaufmann.
• Krippendorff, K. H. (2003). Content analysis: An introduction to its methodology (2nd edition ed.). New York: Sage Publications.
• Laseau, P. (2000). Graphic thinking for architects and designers (3th ed.). New York: Wiley.
• Marshall, C., & Rossman, G. B. (2006). Designing qualitative research. New York: SAGE Publications.
• Mazrui, A. A. (1993). Towards the year 2000. In A. A. Mazrui, & C. Wondji, General History of Africa VIII, Africa since 1935 (pp. 905-933). Paris: UNESCO.
• Micoulina, E. (2010). The history of gardens and the evolution of the environment. Retrieved from https://www.icomos.org/publications/93garden7.pdf
• Milam, J. (2017). Cosmopolitan translation and patriotic sensibilities in German garden art. Intellectual History Review: Visual and Aural Intellectual Histories, 27(3), 377-403.
• Miller, G., Dingwall, R., & Morphy, E. (2004). Using qualitative data and analysis. In D. Silverman, Qualitative research: Theory, method, and practice (pp. 325-341). London: Sage Publications.
• MININFRA. (2015). Rwanda report Habitat III. Kigali: Rwanda Ministry of Infrastructure.
• Morris, A. E. (1979). History of the urban form. London: George Godwin Limited.
• Moughtin, C., & Shirley, P. (2006). Urban design: Green dimensions (2 ed.). Oxford: Architectural Press.
• Mugerauer, R. (1995). Interpreting environments: tradition, deconstruction, hermeneutics. Texas: University of Texas.
• Mugerauer, R. (2014). Interpreting nature: the emerging field of environmental hermeneutics. Robert: Fordham University Press.
• Munyaneza, E., Bizuro, E., Nshutiyayesu, S., Bigendako, M. J., & Minani, V. (2009). The role of cultural practices in the conservation of biodiversity in Rwanda. In E. Kalipeni, I.
• Kakoma, Y. Sanogo, K. Fawcett, & R. Warner (Eds.), Turning science into action: Biodiversity conservation and natural resources management In Africa (pp. 417-430). Kigali, Rwanda: Africa World Press Inc.
• Neuman, W. L. (2006). Social research methods: Qualitative and quantitative approaches. London: Pearson Education, Ink, Fifth Edition.
• Newbury, D. (1992). Kings and clans, Ijwi Island and the Lake Kivu Rift, 1780-1840. Wisconsin: The University of Wisconsin Press.
• Niezabitowska, E. D. (2018). Research methods and techniques in architecture (1st Edition ed.). New York: Routledger.
• Noordwijk, M. v., Bizard, V., Wangpakapattanawong, P., Tata, H. L., Villamor, G. B., & Leimona, B. (2014). Tree cover transitions and food security in Southeast Asia. Global Food Security, 3, 200–208.
• O’Donoghue, R., Sandoval-Rivera, J. A., & Payyappallimana, U. (2019). Landscape, memory and learning to change in changing worlds: Contemplating intergenerational learning and traditional knowledge practices within social-ecological landscapes of change. Southern African Journal of Environmental Education, 35, 1-34.
• Owusu, M. (1993). Agriculture and rural development since 1935. In A. A. Mazuri, & C. Wondji, General history of Africa, VIII, Africa since 1935 (pp. 317-356). Paris: Heinemann, UNESCO.
• OZ, A. (2007). Conceptual master plan of Kigali city. Kigali: City of Kigali.
• Paganová, V., & Jureková, Z. (2012). Woody plants in landscape planning and landscape design. (M. Ozyavuz, Ed.) Landscape Planning, 199-216. Retrieved from http://www.intechopen.com/books/landscape-planning/woody-plants-in-landscape-planning-and-landscape design
• Pregill, P., & Volkman, N. (1999). Landscapes in history: Design and planning in the Eastern and Western traditions (Second ed.). New York: John Wiley.
• Regis, R. (2003). Sketchbook: Piazza di Spagna, Rome. In D. Watson, A. Plattus, & R. Shibley, Time saver standards for urban design (pp. 441-448). New York: Mc Grow Hill.
• REMA, R. (2017). Rwanda: State of environment and outlook report 2017. Kigali: REMA.
• Robinson, N. (2004). The planting design handbook (Second Edition ed.). Hants, England: Ashgate Publishing Limited.
• Ruggeri, G., Mazzocchi, C., & Corsi, S. (2016). Urban gardeners’ motivations in a Metropolitan city: The case of Milan. Sustainability, 8, 1-19.
• Sampson, R., & Gifford, S. M. (2010). Place-making, settlement and well-being: The therapeutic landscapes of ecently arrived youth with refugee backgrounds. Health & Place, 16, 116-131.
• Schenker, H. (2013). A cultural history of gardens in the age of the empire. (S. Dümpelmann, Ed.) London: Bloomsbury.
• Shin, H. S., Chen, Y., Lee, W. H., & Kim, H. D. (2015). Sustainability of historical landscape to Gwanghalluwon garden in Namwon city, Korea. Sustainability, 7, 8565-8586.
• Silverman, D. (2004). Qualitative research: Theory, method and practice. New York: SAGE Publications Ltd.
• Silverman, D. (2010). Doing qualitative research. New York: SAGE Publisher . Sperlregen, P. D. (2003). Making as visual survey. In D. Watson, A. Plattus, & R. Shibley, Time saver standards for urban design (pp. 431-440). New York: Mc Grow Hill.
• Spirn, A. W. (1998). The language of landscape. New Haven: Yale University Press.
• Steckel, J., Westphal, C., Peters, M. K., Bellach, M., Rothenwoehrer, C., Erasmi, S., . . . Steffan-Dewenter, I. (2014). Landscape composition and configuration differently affect trap-nesting bees, wasps and their antagonists. Biological Conservation, 172, 56–64.
• Swaffield, S., & Primdahl, J. (2006). Spatial concepts in landscape analysis and policy: some implications of globalisation. Landscape Ecology, 21(3), 315-331.
• Tafahomi, R. (2021). Application of physical and nonphysical elements in the conservation of historic core of city. South African Journal of Geomatics, 10(1), 75-86. doi:10.4314/sajg.v10i1.6
• Tafahomi, R. (2021). Qualities of the green landscape in primary schools, deficiencies and opportunities for health of the pupils. J. Fundam. Appl . Sci, 13(2), 1093 -1116. doi:10.43 14/jfas.v13i2.25
• Tafahomi, R., & Nadi, R. (2016). Dehistoricisation the urban landscape through transition of the enclosure ratio in urban fabric of Gonabad city in Iran. J Archit Eng Tech, Volume 5(Issue 2). doi:doi:10.4172/2168-9717.1000162
• Tafahomi, R., & Nadi, R. (2020). Derivation of a design solution for the conservation of a historical Payab in the redevelopment of Doloeei, Gonabad. International Journal of Built Environment and Sustainability, 7(1), 1-9. doi:10.11113/ijbes.v7.n1.407
• Tafahomi, R., & Nadi, R. (2020). Insight into the missing aspects of therapeutic landscape in psychological centers in Kigali, Rwanda. Cities & Health, 1-13. doi:10.1080/23748834.2020.1774035
• Tessin, W. (1994). Der traum vom garten - ein planerischer alptraum. Berline, Germany: Peter Lang AG.
• Trancik, R. (1986). Finding lost space, theories of urban design. New York: Wiley.
• Turner, M. G. (2015). Spatial statistics. In M. G. Turner, & R. H. Gardner, Landscape ecology in theory and practice (pp. 143-174). New York: Springer.
• Turner, M. G., & Gardner, R. H. (1994). Quantitative methods in landscape ecology. London: Springer.
• Westmacott, R. (1992). African-American gardens: Yards in rural South. New York: University Tennessee Press.
• White, E. T. (1983). Site analysis: Diagramming information for architectural design. Tallahassee, Florida: Architectural Media Ltd.
• Wilkinson, A. (1994). Symbolism and design in ancient Egyptian gardens. Garden History, 22(1), 1-17. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/1586999
• Wolschke-Bulmahn, J., & Groening, G. (1992). The ideology of the nature garden. Nationalistic trends in garden design in Germany during the early twentieth century. the Journal of Garden History, 12(1), 73-80.
• World Bank. (2012). Informal housing: reducing disaster vulnerability through safer construction. Kigali, Rwanda : World Bank.
• Young, D., Young, M., & Yew, T. H. (2011). The art of the Japanese garden. Toronto: Tuttle Publishing.