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Psychotic Process in the COVID-19 Pandemic: Dopamine Effect

Year 2024, , 203 - 209, 30.06.2024
https://doi.org/10.18863/pgy.1181901

Abstract

The global impact of severe acute respiratory syndrome COVID-19 has extended beyond physical health, significantly affecting mental well-being worldwide. Amid the pandemic's initial wave, COVID-19 patients exhibited symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder and notably depressive symptoms. Alongside manifestations like delirium, confusion, agitation, and altered consciousness, prevalent mental health issues during the pandemic encompassed depression, anxiety, and insomnia. Individuals recovering from COVID-19 may face enduring psychiatric challenges post-hospital discharge, potentially linked to dopamine. Dopaminergic receptors might heighten the susceptibility of certain viruses to bind with the central nervous system, instigating viral encephalitis in the virus's early infection stages. Dopamine could also disrupt the human basal carotid body's respiratory response to hypoxia. Additionally, the virus could manipulate the immune system by elevating dopamine levels, facilitating viral entry. These findings emphasize the significance of considering dopamine's role in the diagnosis, treatment, and care of COVID-19 patients and those with diagnosed psychosis. Tailored interventions are crucial for individuals exhibiting distinctive features. Another intriguing aspect worthy of investigation is whether dopamine confers protection against COVID-19. This review article aims to elucidate the intricate relationship between the impactful COVID-19 pandemic and dopamine, shedding light on its potential implications and avenues for further exploration.

References

  • Antonini V, Leta J, Teo KR (2020) Outcome of Parkinson’s disease patients affected by COVID-19. Mov Disord, 35:905-908.
  • Atıcı Y, Elbaş Y, Bakır F, Yıldırımkaya MM (2021) COVID-19 Enfeksiyonunda ACE ve ACE2 reseptörlerinin potansiyel rolü. In COVID-19 Pandemisinde Tıbbi Biyokimyanın Artan Rolü. (Ed. D Yücel):57-62. Ankara, Türkiye Klinikleri.
  • Attademo L, Bernardini F (2021) Are dopamine and serotonin involved in COVID-19 pathophysiology? Eur J Psychiatry, 35:62–63.
  • Aydemir D, Türk Ö, Ceylan B, Yıldırım N, Baylam EÖ, Koçkar İN et al. (2021) COVID-19 ve nörolojik hastalıklar. SDÜ Tıp Fakültesi Derg, 1:235-240.
  • Berger M, Juster RP, Westphal S, Amminger GP, Bogerts B, Schiltz K et al. (2018) Allostatic load is associated with psychotic symptoms and decreases with antipsychotic treatmentin patients with schizophrenia and first‐episode psychosis. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 90:35‐42.
  • Chaudhary AMD, Musavi N B, Saboor S, Javed S, Khan S, Naveed S (2022) Psychosis during the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review of case reports and case series. J Psychiatr Res, 153:37–55.
  • Chen R, Wang K, Yu J, French L, Chen Z, Wen C et al. (2021) The spatial and Cell-type distribution of SARS-CoV-2 receptor ACE2 in the human and mouse brains. Front Neurol, 11:573095.
  • Colizzi M, Peghin M, De Martino M, Bontempo G, Gerussi V, Palese A et al (2023) Mental health symptoms one year after acute COVID-19 infection: Prevalence and risk factors. Rev Psiquiatr Salud Ment, 16:38–46.
  • Debost JP, Larsen JT, Munk-Olsen T, Mortensen PB, Meyer U, Petersen L et al (2017) Joint effects of exposure to prenatal infection and peripubertal psychological trauma in schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull. 43:171–179.
  • Ellul P, Choucha W (2015) Neurobiological approach of catatonia and treatment perspectives. Front Psychiatry, 6:182-185.
  • Filatov A, Sharma P, Hindi F, Espinosa P (2020) Neurological complications of coronavirus Disease (COVID-19): Encephalopathy. Cureus, 12:e7352.
  • Gaskill PJ, Yano HH, Kalpana GV, Javitch JA, Berman JW (2014) Dopamine receptor activation increases HIV entry into primary human macrophages. PloS One, 9:e108232.
  • Ghebreyesus TA (2020) Addressing mental health needs: an integral part of COVID-19 response. World Psychiatry 19:129-130.
  • Grover S, Rani S, Kohat K, Kathiravan S, Kathiravan S, Patel G, Sahoo S, et al (2022) First episode psychosis following receipt of first dose of COVID-19 vaccine: A case report. Schizophr Res, 241:70–71.
  • Hamilton OS, Cadar D, Steptoe A (2021) Systemic inflammation and emotional responses during the COVID-19 pandemic. Transl Psychiatry, 11:626.
  • Kannan G, Gressitt KL, Yang S, Stallings CR., Katsafanas E, Schweinfurth LA (2017) Pathogen-mediated NMDA receptor autoimmunity and cellular barrier dysfunction in schizophrenia. Transl Psychiatry, 7:e1186.
  • Kępińska AP, Iyegbe CO, Vernon AC, Yolken R, Murray RM, Pollak TA (2020) Schizophrenia and influenza at the centenary of the 1918-1919 Spanish influenza pandemic: Mechanisms of psychosis risk. Front Psychiatry,11:72.
  • Kępińska AP, Iyegbe CO, Vernon AC, Yolken, R, Murray RM, Pollak TA (2020) Schizophrenia and ınfluenza at the centenary of the 1918-1919 Spanish ınfluenza pandemic: mechanisms of psychosis risk. Front Psychiatry, 11:72.
  • Khalefah MM, Khalifah AM (2020) Determining the relationship between SARS-CoV-2 infection, dopamine, and COVID-19 complications. J Taibah Univ Med Sci, 15:550–553.
  • Kulaga SS, Miller C (2021) Viral respiratory infections and psychosis: A review of the literature and the implications of COVID-19. Neurosci Biobehav Rev, 127:520–530.
  • Li Y, Bai W, Hashikawa T (2020) The neuroinvasive potential of SARS‐CoV2 may play a role in the respiratory failure of COVID‐19 patients J Med Virol, 92:552-555.
  • Loch A A, Mota NB, Rössler W, Gattaz WF (2022) Exacerbation of psychosis risk during the COVID-19 pandemic: The disproportionate impact on the lower income population. Psychiatry Res, 307:114319.
  • Matheson G J, Plavén-Sigray P, Louzolo A, Borg, J, Farde L, Petrovic P et al (2020). Dopamine D1 receptor availability is not associated with delusional ideation measures of psychosis proneness. Schizophr Res, 222:175–184.
  • Maury A, Lyoubi A, Peiffer-Smadja N, de Broucker T, Meppiel E (2021) Neurological manifestations associated with SARS-CoV-2 and other coronaviruses: A narrative review for clinicians. Rev Neurol, 177: 51–64.
  • McCutcheon RA, Abi-Dargham A, Howes OD (2019) Schizophrenia, dopamine and the striatum: From biology to symptoms. Trends Neurosci, 42:205–220.
  • McCutcheon RA, Jauhar S, Pepper F, Nour MM, Rogdaki M, Veronese M et al (2020) The topography of striatal dopamine and symptoms in psychosis: An integrative positron emission tomography and magnetic resonance imaging study. Biol Psychiatry Cogn Neurosci Neuroimaging, 5:1040-1051.
  • McCutcheon RA, Krystal JH, Howes OD (2020). Dopamine and glutamate in schizophrenia: biology, symptoms and treatment. World Paychiatry, 19:15–33.
  • Menninger KA (1919) Psychoses associated with influenza. JAMA, 72:235-241.
  • Mighdoll MI, Tao R, Kleinman JE, Hyde TM (2015) Myelin, myelin-related disorders, and psychosis. Schizophr Res, 161:85–93.
  • Murray A (2022) Heightened risk factors in the midst of the pandemic: Supporting individuals with psychosis during COVID-19. Perspect Psychiatr Care, 58:164–169.
  • Nataf S (2020) An alteration of the dopamine synthetic pathway is possibly involved in the pathophysiology of COVID-19. J Med Virol, 92:1743–1744.
  • Nugent KL, Chiappelli J, Rowland LM, Hong LE (2015) Cumulative stress pa-thophysiology in schizophrenia as indexed by allostatic load. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 60:120‐129.
  • O'Leary KB, Keenmon C (2023) New-onset psychosis in the context of COVID-19 infection: An illustrative case and literature review. J Acad Consult Liaison Psychiatry, 64:383-391.
  • Premraj L, Kannapadi NV, Briggs J, Seal SM, Battaglini D, Fanning J et al. (2022) Mid and long-term neurological and neuropsychiatric manifestations of post-COVID-19 syndrome: a meta-analysis. J Neurol Sci, 434:120162.
  • Pruessner M (2017) The neural diathesis-stress model of schizophrenia revisited: an update on recent findings considering illness stage and neurobiological and methodological complexities. Neurosci Biobehav Rev, 73:191-218.
  • Raison C, Reed R, Rook G, Chir B, Miller A (2017) Immune system and central nervous system interactions. In Kaplan & Sadock’s Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry 10th ed. Vol.1 (Eds B J Sadock, P Ruiz, VA Sadock):178-200. Philadephia, PA, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins.
  • Rogers JP, Chesney E, Oliver D, Pollak TA, McGuire P, Fusar-Poli P et al (2020) Psychiatric and neuropsychiatric presentations associated with severe coronavirus infections: A systematic review and meta-analysis with comparison to the COVID-19 pandemic. Lancet Psychiatry, 7:611–627.
  • Russell B, Moss C, George G, Santaolalla A, Cope A, Papa S et al (2020). Associations between immune-suppressive and stimulating drugs and novel COVID-19-a systematic review of current evidence. Ecancermedicalscience, 14:1022.
  • Safiabadi Tali SH, LeBlanc JJ, Sadiq Z, Oyewunmi OD, Camargo C, Nikpour B et al (2021) Tools and techniques for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)/COVID-19 detection. Clin Microbiol Rev, 34:e00228-20.
  • Simanjuntak Y, Liang JJ, Lee YL, Lin YL(2017) Japanese encephalitis virus exploits dopamine D2 receptor-phospholipase C to target dopaminergic human neuronal cells. Front Microbiol, 8:651.
  • Vaessen T, Reininghaus U, Aubel E, Beijer-Klippel A, Steinhart H, Myin-Germeys I et al. (2023) Neural correlates of daily-life affective stress reactivity in early psychosis: A study combining functional MRI and experience sampling methodology. Schizophr Res, 255:93-101.
  • Vargas T, Conley RE, Mittal VA (2020) Chronic stress, structural exposures and neurobiological mechanisms: A stimulation, discrepancy and deprivation model of psychosis. Int Rev Neurobiol, 152:41–69.
  • Vincent JL, Creteur J (2020) Ethical aspects of the COVID-19 crisis: how to deal with an overwhelming shortage of acute beds. Eur Heart J Acute Cardiovasc Care, 9:248-252.
  • Vindegaard N, Benros ME (2020) COVID-19 pandemic and mental health consequences: Systematic review of the current evidence. Brain Behav Immun, 89:531–542.
  • Walker CK, Roche JK, Sinha V, Roberts RC (2018) Substantia nigra ultrastructural pathology in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res, 197:209–218.
  • Watson CJ, Thomas RH, Solomon T, Michael BD, Nicholson TR, Pollak TA (2021) COVID-19 and psychosis risk: Real or delusional concern?. Neurosci Lett, 741:135491.
  • WHO (2022) WHO Coronavirus (COVID-19) Dashboard. https://covid19.who.int/ (Accessed 01.03.2023)
  • Wu Y, Xu X, Chen Z, Duan J, Hashimoto K, Yang L et al (2020) Nervous system involvement after infection with COVID-19 and other coronaviruses. Brain Behav Immun, 87:18–22.
  • Xu H, Li XM (2011) White matter abnormalities and animal models examining a putative role of altered white matter in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res Treatment, 2011:826976.
  • Yesilkaya UH, Balcioglu YH (2020) Neuroimmune correlates of the nervous system involvement of COVID-19: A commentary. J Clin Neurosci, 78:449–450.
  • Yesilkaya UH, Sen M, Tasdemir BG (2021) A novel adverse effect of the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine: First episode of acute mania with psychotic features. Brain Behav Immun Health, 18:100363.
  • Yolken RH, Torrey EF (1995) Viruses, schizophrenia, and bipolar disorder. Clin Microbiol Rev, 8:131-145.

COVID-19 Pandemisinde Psikotik Süreç: Dopamin Etkisi

Year 2024, , 203 - 209, 30.06.2024
https://doi.org/10.18863/pgy.1181901

Abstract

Ağır akut solunum yolu sendromu COVID-19'un küresel etkisi, fiziksel sağlığın ötesine geçerek dünya çapında ruh sağlığını önemli ölçüde etkilemiştir. Pandeminin ilk dalgasının ortasında, COVID-19 hastaları travma sonrası stres bozukluğu ve özellikle depresif semptomlar sergilemiştir. Pandemi sırasında deliryum, konfüzyon, ajitasyon ve bilinç değişikliği gibi belirtilerin yanı sıra depresyon, anksiyete ve uykusuzluk gibi yaygın ruh sağlığı sorunları da ortaya çıkmıştır. COVID-19'dan iyileşen bireyler, hastaneden taburcu olduktan sonra, dopamine bağlı olması muhtemel kalıcı psikiyatrik zorluklarla karşılaşabilirler. Dopaminerjik reseptörler, belirli virüslerin merkezi sinir sistemine bağlanma duyarlılığını artırarak virüsün erken enfeksiyon aşamalarında viral ensefaliti tetikleyebilir. Dopamin ayrıca insan bazal karotis cisimciğinin hipoksiye karşı solunum tepkisini de bozabilir. Ayrıca virüs, dopamin düzeylerini yükselterek bağışıklık sistemini etkileyebilir ve viral girişi kolaylaştırabilir. Bu bulgular, COVID-19 hastalarının ve psikoz teşhisi konmuş kişilerin tanı, tedavi ve bakımında dopaminin rolünün dikkate alınmasının önemini vurgulamaktadır. Ayırt edici özellikler sergileyen bireylere özgü müdahalelerde bulunulması çok önemlidir. Araştırmaya değer bir başka ilgi çekici konu da dopaminin COVID-19'a karşı koruma sağlayıp sağlamadığıdır. Bu derlemede, Covid-19 salgını ile dopamin arasındaki karmaşık ilişkinin aydınlatılması, potansiyel sonuçlarına ve daha fazla araştırmaya yönelik olası noktalara ışık tutulması amaçlanmaktadır.

References

  • Antonini V, Leta J, Teo KR (2020) Outcome of Parkinson’s disease patients affected by COVID-19. Mov Disord, 35:905-908.
  • Atıcı Y, Elbaş Y, Bakır F, Yıldırımkaya MM (2021) COVID-19 Enfeksiyonunda ACE ve ACE2 reseptörlerinin potansiyel rolü. In COVID-19 Pandemisinde Tıbbi Biyokimyanın Artan Rolü. (Ed. D Yücel):57-62. Ankara, Türkiye Klinikleri.
  • Attademo L, Bernardini F (2021) Are dopamine and serotonin involved in COVID-19 pathophysiology? Eur J Psychiatry, 35:62–63.
  • Aydemir D, Türk Ö, Ceylan B, Yıldırım N, Baylam EÖ, Koçkar İN et al. (2021) COVID-19 ve nörolojik hastalıklar. SDÜ Tıp Fakültesi Derg, 1:235-240.
  • Berger M, Juster RP, Westphal S, Amminger GP, Bogerts B, Schiltz K et al. (2018) Allostatic load is associated with psychotic symptoms and decreases with antipsychotic treatmentin patients with schizophrenia and first‐episode psychosis. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 90:35‐42.
  • Chaudhary AMD, Musavi N B, Saboor S, Javed S, Khan S, Naveed S (2022) Psychosis during the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review of case reports and case series. J Psychiatr Res, 153:37–55.
  • Chen R, Wang K, Yu J, French L, Chen Z, Wen C et al. (2021) The spatial and Cell-type distribution of SARS-CoV-2 receptor ACE2 in the human and mouse brains. Front Neurol, 11:573095.
  • Colizzi M, Peghin M, De Martino M, Bontempo G, Gerussi V, Palese A et al (2023) Mental health symptoms one year after acute COVID-19 infection: Prevalence and risk factors. Rev Psiquiatr Salud Ment, 16:38–46.
  • Debost JP, Larsen JT, Munk-Olsen T, Mortensen PB, Meyer U, Petersen L et al (2017) Joint effects of exposure to prenatal infection and peripubertal psychological trauma in schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull. 43:171–179.
  • Ellul P, Choucha W (2015) Neurobiological approach of catatonia and treatment perspectives. Front Psychiatry, 6:182-185.
  • Filatov A, Sharma P, Hindi F, Espinosa P (2020) Neurological complications of coronavirus Disease (COVID-19): Encephalopathy. Cureus, 12:e7352.
  • Gaskill PJ, Yano HH, Kalpana GV, Javitch JA, Berman JW (2014) Dopamine receptor activation increases HIV entry into primary human macrophages. PloS One, 9:e108232.
  • Ghebreyesus TA (2020) Addressing mental health needs: an integral part of COVID-19 response. World Psychiatry 19:129-130.
  • Grover S, Rani S, Kohat K, Kathiravan S, Kathiravan S, Patel G, Sahoo S, et al (2022) First episode psychosis following receipt of first dose of COVID-19 vaccine: A case report. Schizophr Res, 241:70–71.
  • Hamilton OS, Cadar D, Steptoe A (2021) Systemic inflammation and emotional responses during the COVID-19 pandemic. Transl Psychiatry, 11:626.
  • Kannan G, Gressitt KL, Yang S, Stallings CR., Katsafanas E, Schweinfurth LA (2017) Pathogen-mediated NMDA receptor autoimmunity and cellular barrier dysfunction in schizophrenia. Transl Psychiatry, 7:e1186.
  • Kępińska AP, Iyegbe CO, Vernon AC, Yolken R, Murray RM, Pollak TA (2020) Schizophrenia and influenza at the centenary of the 1918-1919 Spanish influenza pandemic: Mechanisms of psychosis risk. Front Psychiatry,11:72.
  • Kępińska AP, Iyegbe CO, Vernon AC, Yolken, R, Murray RM, Pollak TA (2020) Schizophrenia and ınfluenza at the centenary of the 1918-1919 Spanish ınfluenza pandemic: mechanisms of psychosis risk. Front Psychiatry, 11:72.
  • Khalefah MM, Khalifah AM (2020) Determining the relationship between SARS-CoV-2 infection, dopamine, and COVID-19 complications. J Taibah Univ Med Sci, 15:550–553.
  • Kulaga SS, Miller C (2021) Viral respiratory infections and psychosis: A review of the literature and the implications of COVID-19. Neurosci Biobehav Rev, 127:520–530.
  • Li Y, Bai W, Hashikawa T (2020) The neuroinvasive potential of SARS‐CoV2 may play a role in the respiratory failure of COVID‐19 patients J Med Virol, 92:552-555.
  • Loch A A, Mota NB, Rössler W, Gattaz WF (2022) Exacerbation of psychosis risk during the COVID-19 pandemic: The disproportionate impact on the lower income population. Psychiatry Res, 307:114319.
  • Matheson G J, Plavén-Sigray P, Louzolo A, Borg, J, Farde L, Petrovic P et al (2020). Dopamine D1 receptor availability is not associated with delusional ideation measures of psychosis proneness. Schizophr Res, 222:175–184.
  • Maury A, Lyoubi A, Peiffer-Smadja N, de Broucker T, Meppiel E (2021) Neurological manifestations associated with SARS-CoV-2 and other coronaviruses: A narrative review for clinicians. Rev Neurol, 177: 51–64.
  • McCutcheon RA, Abi-Dargham A, Howes OD (2019) Schizophrenia, dopamine and the striatum: From biology to symptoms. Trends Neurosci, 42:205–220.
  • McCutcheon RA, Jauhar S, Pepper F, Nour MM, Rogdaki M, Veronese M et al (2020) The topography of striatal dopamine and symptoms in psychosis: An integrative positron emission tomography and magnetic resonance imaging study. Biol Psychiatry Cogn Neurosci Neuroimaging, 5:1040-1051.
  • McCutcheon RA, Krystal JH, Howes OD (2020). Dopamine and glutamate in schizophrenia: biology, symptoms and treatment. World Paychiatry, 19:15–33.
  • Menninger KA (1919) Psychoses associated with influenza. JAMA, 72:235-241.
  • Mighdoll MI, Tao R, Kleinman JE, Hyde TM (2015) Myelin, myelin-related disorders, and psychosis. Schizophr Res, 161:85–93.
  • Murray A (2022) Heightened risk factors in the midst of the pandemic: Supporting individuals with psychosis during COVID-19. Perspect Psychiatr Care, 58:164–169.
  • Nataf S (2020) An alteration of the dopamine synthetic pathway is possibly involved in the pathophysiology of COVID-19. J Med Virol, 92:1743–1744.
  • Nugent KL, Chiappelli J, Rowland LM, Hong LE (2015) Cumulative stress pa-thophysiology in schizophrenia as indexed by allostatic load. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 60:120‐129.
  • O'Leary KB, Keenmon C (2023) New-onset psychosis in the context of COVID-19 infection: An illustrative case and literature review. J Acad Consult Liaison Psychiatry, 64:383-391.
  • Premraj L, Kannapadi NV, Briggs J, Seal SM, Battaglini D, Fanning J et al. (2022) Mid and long-term neurological and neuropsychiatric manifestations of post-COVID-19 syndrome: a meta-analysis. J Neurol Sci, 434:120162.
  • Pruessner M (2017) The neural diathesis-stress model of schizophrenia revisited: an update on recent findings considering illness stage and neurobiological and methodological complexities. Neurosci Biobehav Rev, 73:191-218.
  • Raison C, Reed R, Rook G, Chir B, Miller A (2017) Immune system and central nervous system interactions. In Kaplan & Sadock’s Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry 10th ed. Vol.1 (Eds B J Sadock, P Ruiz, VA Sadock):178-200. Philadephia, PA, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins.
  • Rogers JP, Chesney E, Oliver D, Pollak TA, McGuire P, Fusar-Poli P et al (2020) Psychiatric and neuropsychiatric presentations associated with severe coronavirus infections: A systematic review and meta-analysis with comparison to the COVID-19 pandemic. Lancet Psychiatry, 7:611–627.
  • Russell B, Moss C, George G, Santaolalla A, Cope A, Papa S et al (2020). Associations between immune-suppressive and stimulating drugs and novel COVID-19-a systematic review of current evidence. Ecancermedicalscience, 14:1022.
  • Safiabadi Tali SH, LeBlanc JJ, Sadiq Z, Oyewunmi OD, Camargo C, Nikpour B et al (2021) Tools and techniques for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)/COVID-19 detection. Clin Microbiol Rev, 34:e00228-20.
  • Simanjuntak Y, Liang JJ, Lee YL, Lin YL(2017) Japanese encephalitis virus exploits dopamine D2 receptor-phospholipase C to target dopaminergic human neuronal cells. Front Microbiol, 8:651.
  • Vaessen T, Reininghaus U, Aubel E, Beijer-Klippel A, Steinhart H, Myin-Germeys I et al. (2023) Neural correlates of daily-life affective stress reactivity in early psychosis: A study combining functional MRI and experience sampling methodology. Schizophr Res, 255:93-101.
  • Vargas T, Conley RE, Mittal VA (2020) Chronic stress, structural exposures and neurobiological mechanisms: A stimulation, discrepancy and deprivation model of psychosis. Int Rev Neurobiol, 152:41–69.
  • Vincent JL, Creteur J (2020) Ethical aspects of the COVID-19 crisis: how to deal with an overwhelming shortage of acute beds. Eur Heart J Acute Cardiovasc Care, 9:248-252.
  • Vindegaard N, Benros ME (2020) COVID-19 pandemic and mental health consequences: Systematic review of the current evidence. Brain Behav Immun, 89:531–542.
  • Walker CK, Roche JK, Sinha V, Roberts RC (2018) Substantia nigra ultrastructural pathology in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res, 197:209–218.
  • Watson CJ, Thomas RH, Solomon T, Michael BD, Nicholson TR, Pollak TA (2021) COVID-19 and psychosis risk: Real or delusional concern?. Neurosci Lett, 741:135491.
  • WHO (2022) WHO Coronavirus (COVID-19) Dashboard. https://covid19.who.int/ (Accessed 01.03.2023)
  • Wu Y, Xu X, Chen Z, Duan J, Hashimoto K, Yang L et al (2020) Nervous system involvement after infection with COVID-19 and other coronaviruses. Brain Behav Immun, 87:18–22.
  • Xu H, Li XM (2011) White matter abnormalities and animal models examining a putative role of altered white matter in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res Treatment, 2011:826976.
  • Yesilkaya UH, Balcioglu YH (2020) Neuroimmune correlates of the nervous system involvement of COVID-19: A commentary. J Clin Neurosci, 78:449–450.
  • Yesilkaya UH, Sen M, Tasdemir BG (2021) A novel adverse effect of the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine: First episode of acute mania with psychotic features. Brain Behav Immun Health, 18:100363.
  • Yolken RH, Torrey EF (1995) Viruses, schizophrenia, and bipolar disorder. Clin Microbiol Rev, 8:131-145.
There are 52 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Psychiatry, Psychopathology
Journal Section Review
Authors

Ayşegül Dönmez 0000-0001-6563-1311

Gülseren Keskin 0000-0002-5155-0948

Early Pub Date November 26, 2023
Publication Date June 30, 2024
Acceptance Date August 8, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2024

Cite

AMA Dönmez A, Keskin G. Psychotic Process in the COVID-19 Pandemic: Dopamine Effect. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar. June 2024;16(2):203-209. doi:10.18863/pgy.1181901

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