Development and Validation of the Physical Distancing Behavior Scale: A Study Based on the Integrated Behavior Model

Abstract

This paper aims to develop a comprehensive scale within the framework of the Integrated Behavior Model (IBM), which is recommended for the protection of public health during the Covid-19 pandemic period and is the leading physical distancing behavior among health behaviors. Within the scope of the study, an item pool consisting of a total of 109 items was created and the first item analysis was performed in the pilot sample (N= 100). At the end of the pilot study, Physical Distancing Behavior Scale (PDBS) was developed, comprising a total of 39 items. This scale consisted of instrumental attitude, experiential attitude, subjective norms, perceived control, self-efficacy, environmental constraints, knowledge habit, intention, and behavior structures. Af-terwards, Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) was applied to 322 participants (age: 36.48) resulting in 21 items and five structures including instrumental attitude, experiential attitude, perceived control, self-efficacy, and knowledge. After factor structures according to EFA had been formed, a Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) was conducted on 472 participants (age: 36,99). The CFA results confirmed 4 constructs consisting of 19 items which are instrumental attitude, experiential attitude, perceived control, and self-efficacy (RMSEA=0.057, GFI=0.93, CFI=0.94, NFI=0.90, X2/df=2.51), Cronbach’s alpha scores of all sub-scales varied between 0.68-0.85. The results revealed that physical distancing behavior has been evaluated through the instrumental attitude, experi-ential attitude, perceived control, and self-efficacy constructs of IBM. In future studies, the scale may also need to be tested with different model studies. As regards the modeling studies that used this scale, examining diffe-rent samples could guide community-based intervention programs.

Keywords

• COVID-19 pandemic
• physical distancing behavior
• integrated behavioral model

Bütünleşik Davranış Model Perspektifinde Fiziksel Mesafelenme Davranışı Ölçeği: Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması

Öz

Bu çalışmada, Covid-19 pandemisi döneminde toplum sağlığının korunması adına önerilen ve sağlık davranışları arasında en önde gelen fiziksel mesafelenme davranışına yönelik Bütünleşik Davranış Model çerçevesinde kapsamlı bir ölçek geliştirilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Çalışma kapsamında 109 maddeden oluşan bir madde havuzu oluşturulmuş ve pilot çalışmada (n=100) ilk madde analizi gerçekleştirilmiştir. Pilot çalışmanın sonunda toplam 39 maddeden oluşan, Fiziksel Mesafelenme Davranışı Ölçeği (FMDÖ) araçsal tutum, deneysel tutum, öznel normlar, algılanan kontrol, özetkinlik, çevresel engeller, davranışa yönelik bilgi ve beceriler, alışkanlık, niyet ve davranış alt ölçeklerinden oluşmuştur. Sonrasında 322 katılımcıyla (Ortyaş= 36.48) yürütülen Açımlayıcı Faktör Analizi (AFA) FMDÖ’nün araçsal tutum, deneysel tutum, algılanan kontrol, özetkinlik ve davranışa yönelik bilgi ve becerileri içeren beş alt ölçek ve 21 madde ile sonuçlanmıştır. AFA’ya göre faktör yapıları oluşturulan ölçeğin daha sonra 472 kişi (Ortyaş= 36,99) üzerinden Doğrulayıcı Faktör Analizi (DFA) yapılmıştır. DFA sonuçları ise araçsal tutum, deneysel tutum, algılanan kontrol ve özetkinlik olmak üzere 19 maddeden oluşan dört boyutlu yapıyı doğrulamıştır (RMSEA=0.057, GFI=0.93, CFI=0.94, NFI=0.90, X2/df=2.51). Alt ölçeklerin Cronbach alfa değerleri 0.68-0.85 arasında değişmektedir. Sonuçlar, fiziksel mesafe davranışının Bütünleşik Davranış Modeli’nin araçsal tutum, deneysel tutum, algılanan kontrol ve özetkinlik yapıları aracılığıyla değerlendirildiğini ortaya koymuştur. Gelecek çalışmalarda ölçeğin farklı model çalışmalarıyla da test edilmesi gerekebilir. Bu ölçeğin kullanıldığı model çalışmalarında farklı örneklemlerin incelenmesinin ise toplum temelli müdahale programlarına yol gösterebileceği düşünülmüştür.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• COVID-19 pandemisi
• fiziksel mesafelenme davranışı
• bütünleşik davranış modeli

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