A Review of Research on the Role of Different Types of Religiosity in Terror Management

Abstract

This review paper aims to reveal the role of different types of religiosity based on research addressing religiosity in terms of in-group and out-group distinction within the scope of Terror Management Theory (TMT). Studies point out two important results of the phenomenon: the first is the fact that general religiosity focusing on only one aspect of religiosity (religious belongingness, afterlife belief, etc.) to measure religiosity increases worldview defense, supporting the hypothesis of mortality salience. The second is the fact that different religious orientations (intrinsic, fundamentalist, etc.) cause various reactions, depending on their unique characteristics when mortality is salient. In the current study, possible reasons for the differences between research findings are discussed. In order to clarify the roles that different types of religiosity play in terror management, a classification based on the strong-flexible and exclusive-inclusive poles of the “belief” and “belonging” dimensions suggested by Sarouglu has been proposed. It has been argued that religiosity types would function in terror management in different ways, depending on the classification in which they are placed. For example, when the religious worldview is threatened, the strong-exclusive pattern (e.g., religious fundamentalism) can lead to more negative reactions, while the strong-inclusive pattern (e.g., intrinsic religiosity) can be associated with positive processes in inter-group relationships. Future research on this classification and types of religiosity can provide unique contributions to developing TMT. On the other hand, knowing the roles of different forms of religiosity in managing existential concerns may be of therapeutic benefit in coping with death, bereavement, grief and related processes.

Keywords

• terror management
• religiosity
• religious orientation
• fear of death
• mortality salience

Farklı Dindarlık Türlerinin Dehşet Yönetimindeki Rollerine İlişkin Araştırmalar Üzerine Bir Derleme

Öz

Bu derleme çalışması, Dehşet Yönetim Kuramı (DYK) kapsamında gerçekleştirilen ve dindarlığı iç-grup ve dış-grup ayrımı açısından ele alan araştırmaları inceleyerek dindarlığın farklı biçimlerinin dehşet yönetimindeki rolünü ortaya koymayı amaçlamaktadır. Araştırmalar olgunun iki önemli sonucuna işaret etmektedir: Bunlardan birincisi, dindarlığı ölçmek amacıyla dindarlığın sadece bir yönüne (dinsel aidiyet, ahiret inancı vb.) odaklanan genel dindarlığın kullanıldığı çalışmalarda bu değişkenin dünya görüşü savunmasını artırarak ölümlülük belirginliği hipotezini desteklemesidir. İkincisi, farklı dinsel yönelimlerin (içsel, köktenci vb.) ölümlülük belirginliği arttığında kendilerine has özelliklerine bağlı olarak farklı tepkilere neden olmasıdır. Mevcut çalışmada, çeşitli araştırma bulguları arasındaki farklılıkların olası nedenleri tartışılmıştır. Farklı dindarlık türlerinin dehşet yönetiminde oynadığı rolleri açıklığa kavuşturmak için Sarouglu tarafından geliştirilen “inanma” ve “ait olma” boyutlarının güçlü-esnek ve dışlayıcı-kapsayıcı kutuplarına dayalı bir sınıflandırma önerilmiştir. Böylece, dindarlık türlerinin, bu sınıflandırmadaki konumlarına bağlı olarak dehşet yönetiminde farklı şekillerde işlev göreceği savunulmuştur. Örneğin, dinsel dünya görüşü tehdit edildiğinde, güçlü-dışlayıcı örüntü (örneğin, dinsel köktencilik) daha olumsuz tepkilere yol açabilirken, güçlü-kapsayıcı örüntü (örneğin, içsel dindarlık) gruplar arası ilişkilerdeki olumlu süreçlerle ilişkilendirilebilir. Bu sınıflandırma ve dindarlık türleri üzerine gelecekte yapılacak araştırmalar DYK’nın geliştirilmesine özgün katkılar sağlayabilir. Öte yandan, farklı dindarlık biçimlerinin varoluşsal kaygıları yönetmedeki rollerini bilmek, ölüm, yas, kayıp ve ilgili süreçlerle başa çıkmada terapötik fayda da sağlayabilir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• dehşet yönetimi
• dindarlık
• dini yönelim
• ölüm korkusu
• ölümlülük belirginliği

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