Farklı Dindarlık Türlerinin Dehşet Yönetimindeki Rollerine İlişkin Araştırmalar Üzerine Bir Derleme

Year 2024, , 289 - 305, 30.06.2024

Kenan Alparslan , M. Ersin Kuşdil

https://doi.org/10.18863/pgy.1328993

Abstract

Bu derleme çalışması, Dehşet Yönetim Kuramı (DYK) kapsamında gerçekleştirilen ve dindarlığı iç-grup ve dış-grup ayrımı açısından ele alan araştırmaları inceleyerek dindarlığın farklı biçimlerinin dehşet yönetimindeki rolünü ortaya koymayı amaçlamaktadır. Araştırmalar olgunun iki önemli sonucuna işaret etmektedir: Bunlardan birincisi, dindarlığı ölçmek amacıyla dindarlığın sadece bir yönüne (dinsel aidiyet, ahiret inancı vb.) odaklanan genel dindarlığın kullanıldığı çalışmalarda bu değişkenin dünya görüşü savunmasını artırarak ölümlülük belirginliği hipotezini desteklemesidir. İkincisi, farklı dinsel yönelimlerin (içsel, köktenci vb.) ölümlülük belirginliği arttığında kendilerine has özelliklerine bağlı olarak farklı tepkilere neden olmasıdır. Mevcut çalışmada, çeşitli araştırma bulguları arasındaki farklılıkların olası nedenleri tartışılmıştır. Farklı dindarlık türlerinin dehşet yönetiminde oynadığı rolleri açıklığa kavuşturmak için Sarouglu tarafından geliştirilen “inanma” ve “ait olma” boyutlarının güçlü-esnek ve dışlayıcı-kapsayıcı kutuplarına dayalı bir sınıflandırma önerilmiştir. Böylece, dindarlık türlerinin, bu sınıflandırmadaki konumlarına bağlı olarak dehşet yönetiminde farklı şekillerde işlev göreceği savunulmuştur. Örneğin, dinsel dünya görüşü tehdit edildiğinde, güçlü-dışlayıcı örüntü (örneğin, dinsel köktencilik) daha olumsuz tepkilere yol açabilirken, güçlü-kapsayıcı örüntü (örneğin, içsel dindarlık) gruplar arası ilişkilerdeki olumlu süreçlerle ilişkilendirilebilir. Bu sınıflandırma ve dindarlık türleri üzerine gelecekte yapılacak araştırmalar DYK’nın geliştirilmesine özgün katkılar sağlayabilir. Öte yandan, farklı dindarlık biçimlerinin varoluşsal kaygıları yönetmedeki rollerini bilmek, ölüm, yas, kayıp ve ilgili süreçlerle başa çıkmada terapötik fayda da sağlayabilir.

Keywords

dehşet yönetimi, dindarlık, dini yönelim, ölüm korkusu, ölümlülük belirginliği

A Review of Research on the Role of Different Types of Religiosity in Terror Management

Abstract

This review paper aims to reveal the role of different types of religiosity based on research addressing religiosity in terms of in-group and out-group distinction within the scope of Terror Management Theory (TMT). Studies point out two important results of the phenomenon: the first is the fact that general religiosity focusing on only one aspect of religiosity (religious belongingness, afterlife belief, etc.) to measure religiosity increases worldview defense, supporting the hypothesis of mortality salience. The second is the fact that different religious orientations (intrinsic, fundamentalist, etc.) cause various reactions, depending on their unique characteristics when mortality is salient. In the current study, possible reasons for the differences between research findings are discussed. In order to clarify the roles that different types of religiosity play in terror management, a classification based on the strong-flexible and exclusive-inclusive poles of the “belief” and “belonging” dimensions suggested by Sarouglu has been proposed. It has been argued that religiosity types would function in terror management in different ways, depending on the classification in which they are placed. For example, when the religious worldview is threatened, the strong-exclusive pattern (e.g., religious fundamentalism) can lead to more negative reactions, while the strong-inclusive pattern (e.g., intrinsic religiosity) can be associated with positive processes in inter-group relationships. Future research on this classification and types of religiosity can provide unique contributions to developing TMT. On the other hand, knowing the roles of different forms of religiosity in managing existential concerns may be of therapeutic benefit in coping with death, bereavement, grief and related processes.

Keywords

terror management, religiosity, religious orientation, fear of death, mortality salience

References

• Abeyta AA, Blake EN (2020) The existential implications of individual differences in religious defensive and growth orientations: Fundamentalism, quest religiosity, and intrinsic/extrinsic religiosity. In The Science of Religion, Spirituality, and Existentialism (Eds KE Vail III, C Routledge):351–357. Cambridge, MA, Academic Press.
• Aksüt-Çiçek, S. (2008) Dindarlık ile saldırganlık arasındaki etkileşimin terör yönetimi kuramı çerçevesinde incelenmesi (Yüksek lisans tezi). Mersin, Mersin Üniversitesi.
• Allport GW (1966) The Religious context of prejudice. J Sci Study Relig, 5:447–457.
• Allport GW, Ross JM (1967) Personal religious orientation and prejudice. J Pers Soc Psychol, 5:432–443.
• Alparslan K (2022) Ölüm kaygısı ve dindarlık arasındaki ilişki üzerine bir değerlendirme. Dini Araştırmalar, 25:529-552.
• Altemeyer B (2003) Why do religious fundamentalists tend to be prejudiced? Int J Psychol Relig, 13:17–28.
• Altemeyer B, Hunsberger B (1992) Authoritarianism, religious fundamentalism, quest, and prejudice. Int J Psychol Relig, 2:113–133.
• Arrowood RB, Coleman TJ, Swanson SB, Hood RW, Cox CR (2018) Death, quest, and self-esteem: re-examining the role of self-esteem and religion following mortality salience. Relig Brain Behav, 8:69–76.
• Arrowood RB, Vail KE, Cox CR (2022) The existential quest: Doubt, openness, and the exploration of religious uncertainty. Int J Psychol Relig, 32:89–126.
• Batson CD, Schoenrade P, Ventis WL (1993) Religion and the Individual: A Social-Psychological Perspective. New York, Oxford University Press.
• Batson CD, Stocks EL (2004) Religion: Its core psychological functions. In Handbook of Experimental Existential Psychology (Eds J Greenberg, SL Koole, T Pyszczynski):141–155. New York, Guilford Press.
• Beck R (2004) The function of religious belief: Defensive versus existential religion. J Psychol Christ, 23:208–218.
• Beck R (2006) Defensive versus existential religion: Is religious defensiveness predictive of worldview defense? J Psychol Theol, 34:143–153.
• Burke BL, Martens A, Faucher EH (2010) Two decades of terror management theory: A meta-analysis of mortality salience research. Personal Soc Psychol Rev, 14:155–195.
• Burling JW (1993) Death concerns and symbolic aspects of the self: The effects of mortality salience on status concern and religiosity. Personal Soc Psychol Bull, 19:100–105.
• Cohen AB, Pierce JD, Chambers J, Meade R, Gorvine BJ, Koenig HG (2005) Intrinsic and extrinsic religiosity, belief in the afterlife, death anxiety, and life satisfaction in young Catholics and Protestants. J Res Pers, 39:307–324.
• Dechesne M, Pyszczynski T, Arndt J, Ransom S, Sheldon KM, Van Knippenberg A et al. (2003) Literal and symbolic immortality: The effect of evidence of literal immortality on self-esteem striving in response to mortality salience. J Pers Soc Psychol, 84:722–737.
• Friedman M (2008) Religious fundamentalism and responses to mortality salience: A quantitative text analysis. Int J Psychol Relig, 18:216–237.
• Friedman M, Rholes WS (2007) Successfully challenging fundamentalist beliefs results in increased death awareness. J Exp Soc Psychol, 43:794–801.
• Friedman M, Rholes WS (2008) Religious fundamentalism and terror management. Int J Psychol Relig, 18:36–52.
• Golec de Zavala A, Cichocka A, Orehek E, Abdollahi A (2012) Intrinsic religiosity reduces intergroup hostility under mortality salience. Eur J Soc Psychol, 42:451–461.
• Greenberg J, Helm PJ, Landau MJ, Solomon S (2020) Dwelling forever in the house of the lord: on the terror management function of religion. In The Science of Religion, Spirituality, and Existentialism (Eds KE Vail III, C Routledge):3–20. . Cambridge, MA, Academic Press.
• Greenberg J, Porteus J, Simon L, Pyszczynski T, Solomon S (1995) Evidence of a terror management function of cultural icons: The effects of mortality salience on the inappropriate use of cherished cultural symbols. Personal Soc Psychol Bull, 21:1221–1228.
• Greenberg J, Pyszczynski T, Solomon S (1986) The causes and consequences of a need for self-esteem: A terror management theory. In Public Self and Private Self (Eds RF Baumeister):189–212. New York, Springer.
• Greenberg J, Pyszczynski T, Solomon S, Rosenblatt A, Veeder, M, Kirkland, S et al. (1990) Evidence for terror management theory II: The effects of mortality salience on reactions to those who threaten or bolster the cultural worldview. J Pers Soc Psychol, 58:308–318.
• Hall DL, Matz DC, Wood W (2010) Why don’t we practice what we preach? A meta-analytic review of religious racism. Personal Soc Psychol Rev, 14:126–139.
• Harmon-Jones E, Simon L, Greenberg J, Pyszczynski T, Solomon S, McGregor H (1997) Terror management theory and self-esteem: Evidence that increased self-esteem reduced mortality salience effects. J Pers Soc Psychol, 72:24–36.
• Heflick NA, Goldenberg JL (2012) No atheists in foxholes: Arguments for (but not against) afterlife belief buffers mortality salience effects for atheists. Br J Soc Psychol, 51:385–392.
• Jonas E, Fischer P (2006) Terror management and religion: Evidence that intrinsic religiousness mitigates worldview defense following mortality salience. J Pers Soc Psychol, 91:553–567.
• Jong J, Halberstadt J (2017) What is the causal relationship between death anxiety and religious belief? Religion Brain Behav, 7:1–3.
• Juhl J, Routledge C (2010) Structured terror: Further exploring the effects of mortality salience and personal need for structure on worldview defense. J Pers, 78:969–990.
• Koca-Atabey M, Öner-Özkan B (2011) Defensive or existential religious orientations and mortality salience hypothesis: Using conservatism as a dependent measure. Death Stud, 35:852–865.
• Maheshwari S, Mukherjee T (2019) Role of social detachment in coping with death anxiety: A case of elderly Hindu pilgrims. Omega, 79:191–217.
• Mikulincer M, Florian V, Hirschberger G (2003) The existential function of close relationships: Introducing death into the science of love. Personal Soc Psychol Rev, 7:20–40.
• Mikulincer M, Florian V, Hirschberger G (2004) The terror of death and the quest for love: An existential perspective on close relationships. In Handbook of Experimental Existential Psychology (Eds J Greenberg, SL Koole, T Pyszczynski):287–304. New York, Guilford Press.
• Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG, Group P (2009) Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. PLoS Med, 6:e1000097.
• Newheiser AK, Hewstone M, Voci A, Schmid K (2015) Making and unmaking prejudice: Religious affiliation mitigates the impact of mortality salience on out-group attitudes. J Sci Study Relig, 54:774–791.
• Norenzayan A, Dar-Nimrod I, Hansen IG, Proulx T (2009) Mortality salience and religion: Divergent effects on the defense of cultural worldviews for the religious and the non-religious. Eur J Soc Psychol, 39:101–113.
• Norenzayan A, Hansen IG (2006) Belief in supernatural agents in the face of death. Personal Soc Psychol Bull, 32:174–187.
• Pyszczynski T, Abdollahi A, Solomon S, Greenberg J, Cohen F, Weise D (2006) Mortality salience, martyrdom, and military might: the great satan versus the axis of evil. Personal Soc Psychol Bull, 32:525–537.
• Pyszczynski T, Solomon S, Greenberg J (2015) Thirty years of terror management theory: From genesis to revelation. Adv Exp Soc Psychol, 52:1–70.
• Reicher S, Spears R, Haslam SA (2010) The social identity approach in social psychology. In The SAGE Handbook of Identities (Eds M Wetherell, CT Mohanty):45–62. Thousand Oaks, CA, Sage.
• Rogers R (2011) Conceptualizing death in a worldview consistent, meaningful way and its effects on worldview defense. Death Stud, 35:107–123.
• Rosenblatt A, Greenberg J, Solomon S, Pyszczynski T, Lyon D (1989) Evidence for terror management theory I: The effects of mortality salience on reactions to those who violate or uphold cultural values. J Pers Soc Psychol, 57:681–690.
• Rothschild ZK, Abdollahi A, Pyszczynski T (2009) Does peace have a prayer? The effect of mortality salience, compassionate values, and religious fundamentalism on hostility toward out-groups. J Exp Soc Psychol, 45:816–827.
• Routledge C, Abeyta AA, Roylance C (2018) Death and end times: the effects of religious fundamentalism and mortality salience on apocalyptic beliefs. Relig Brain Behav, 8:21–30.
• Saroglou V (2011) Believing, bonding, behaving, and belonging: The big four religious dimensions and cultural variation. J Cross Cult Psychol, 42:1320–1340.
• Saroglou V, Clobert M, Cohen AB, Johnson KA, Ladd KL, Brandt P-Y et al. (2022) Fundamentalism as dogmatic belief, moral rigorism, and strong groupness across cultures: Dimensionality, underlying components, and related interreligious prejudice. Psycholog Relig Spiritual, 14:558–571.
• Saroglou V, Clobert M, Cohen AB, Johnson KA, Ladd KL, Van Pachterbeke M et al. (2020) Believing, bonding, behaving, and belonging: The cognitive, emotional, moral, and social dimensions of religiousness across cultures. J Cross Cult Psychol, 51:551–575.
• Schimel J, Hayes J, Williams T, Jahrig J (2007) Is death really the worm at the core? Converging evidence that worldview threat increases death-thought accessibility. J Pers Soc Psychol, 92:789–803.
• Schumann K, McGregor I, Nash KA, Ross M (2014) Religious magnanimity: reminding people of their religious belief system reduces hostility after threat. J Pers Soc Psychol, 107:432–453.
• Solomon S, Greenberg J, Pyszczynski T (2004) The cultural animal: Twenty years of terror management theory and research. In Handbook of Experimental Existential Psychology (Eds J Greenberg, SL Koole, T Pyszczynski):13–34. New York, Guilford Press.
• Turner JC (1999) Some current issues in research on social identity and self-categorization theories. In Social Identity: Context, Commitment, Content (Eds N Ellemers, R Spears, B Doosje):6–34. Hoboken NJ, Wiley-Blackwell.
• Vail KE, Arndt J, Abdollahi A (2012a) Exploring the existential function of religion and supernatural agent beliefs among Christians, Muslims, Atheists, and Agnostics. Personal Soc Psychol Bull, 38:1288–1300.
• Vail KE, Juhl J, Arndt J, Vess M, Routledge C, Rutjens BT (2012b) When death is good for life: Considering the positive trajectories of terror management. Personal Soc Psychol Rev, 16:303–329.
• Vail KE, Rothschild ZK, Weise DR, Solomon S, Pyszczynski T, Greenberg J (2010) A terror management analysis of the psychological functions of religion. Personal Soc Psychol Rev, 14:84–94.
• Van Den Bos K, Buurman J, De Theije V, Doosje B, Loseman A, Van Laarhoven D et al. (2012) On shielding from death as an important yet malleable motive of worldview defense: Christian versus Muslim beliefs modulating the self-threat of mortality salience. Soc Cogn, 30:778-802.
• Van Tongeren DR, Davis DE, Hook JN, Johnson KA (2016) Security versus growth: Existential tradeoffs of various religious perspectives. Psycholog Relig Spiritual, 8:77–88.
• Van Tongeren DR, Raad JM, McIntosh DN, Pae J (2013) The existential function of intrinsic religiousness: Moderation of effects of priming religion on intercultural tolerance and afterlife anxiety. J Sci Study Relig, 52:508-523.
• Williams MJ (2017) Prosocial behavior following immortality priming: experimental tests of factors with implications for CVE interventions. Behav Sci Terror Polit Aggress, 9:153–190.