Bipolar Disorder and Cancer

Abstract

Prevalence studies and studies on causation relations have shown that the relation between psychiatric disorders and chronic physical diseases is neglected. For heterogeneous diseases an increasing number of susceptibility variants are being defined. Alzheimer disease, bipolar disorder, breast and prostate cancer, coronary artery disease, Chron's disease, systemic lupus eritematosus, type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus are mentioned together with epigenetic concept. In acrocentric zone of chromosome 13, breast cancer, retinoblastoma, chronic Iymphocytic leukemia genes with B cells, dopamin loci of bipolar disorder are found together. Among bipolar and healthy individuals, an increase risk of breast cancer in female cases has been resported. On the other hand, psychosocial factors that affect stress and response to stress itself may be important variables in prognosis and progression of different cancer types. During the course of many cancer types –especially brain tumors- and during treatment of chemotherapeutic agents, bipolar symptomatology may appear. In this article, it is reviewed with relevant literature that whether an etiological relation between bipolar disorder and cancer exist and how both diseases affect each other's course and treatment.

Keywords

• Bipolar disorder, cancer, psychotropic drugs

Bipolar Bozukluk ve Kanser

Öz

Yaygınlık çalışmaları ve nedensel ilişki arayan çalışmalar psikiyatrik bozukluklar ile kronik fiziksel hastalıklar arasındaki ilişkinin ihmal edildiğini göstermektedir. Farklı hastalık grupları için artan sayıda yatkınlık varyantları tanımlanmaya başlamıştır. Epigenetik ilkeleri çerçevesinde, Alzheimer hastalığı, bipolar bozukluk, meme ve prostat kanseri, koroner arter hastalığı, Chron\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\'s hastalığı, sistemik lupus eritematozus ve tip 1 ve 2 diyabet birlikte anılmaktadır. Kromozom 13 akrosentrik bölgede, meme kanseri, retinoblastom, B hücreli kronik lenfositik lösemi genleri ve bipolar bozukluğun dopaminerjik lokusları birlikte yer almaktadır. Bipolar bozukluğu olan ve sağlıklı bireyler arasında, meme kanseri riski kadın olgularda artmış bulunmuştur. Diğer taraftan stresi ve stres yanıtını etkileyen psikososyal etkenler, farklı kanser tiplerinin prognozunda ve ilerlemesinde etkin önemli değişkenler olabilir. En başta beyin tümörleri olmak üzere, pek çok kanser tipi ve kemoterapötik ajan ile bipolar bozukluk belirtileri ortaya çıkabilmektedir. Bu yazıda bipolar bozukluk ile kanser arasında olası bir etiyolojik ilişkinin olup olamayacağı, her iki hastalığın birbirinin gidişini ve tedavisini nasıl etkilediği ilgili literatür bulguları eşliğinde gözden geçirilmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Bipolar bozukluk, kanser, psikotrop ilaçlar

References

1. Gautam S. Fourth revolution in pscychiatry: addressing comorbidity with chronic physical disorders. Indian J Psychiatry 2010; 52:213-219.
2. Amar S, Belmaker RH, Agam G. The possible involvement of GSK-3 in diyabetes, cancer and central nervous system disease. Curr Pharm Des. 2011; 17:2264-2277.
3. Adler JT, Hottinger DG, Kunnimalaiyaan M, Chen H. Combination therapy with histone deacetylase inhibitors and lithium chloride: a novel treatment for carcinoid tumors. Ann Surg Oncol 2009; 16:481-486.
4. Donnadieu A, Achalle JY. Studies on tumors of the corpus callosum; mental symptomatology in tumor in aged with manic-depressive psychosis. Encephale 1953; 42:241-249.
5. Couleon M, Couleon H, Anne L, Clerc G, Guıraldetrenqualye JP. Encysted hydroma of the aqueduct of sylvius with psychomotor excitation syndrome in a person having suffered a mild manic attack 6 years previously, cure after surgical intervention. Ann Med Psychol (Paris) 1965; 123:627-629.
6. Greenberg DB, Brown GL. Mania resulting from brain stem tumor. J Nerv Ment Dis 1985; 173:434-436.
7. Salazar-Calderon Perriggo VH, Oommen KJ, Sobonya RE. Silent solitary right parietal chondroma resulting in secondary mania. Clin Neuropathol 1993; 12:325- 329.
8. Sokolski KN, Denson TF. Exacerbation of mania secondary to right temporal lobe astrocytoma in a bipolar patient previously stabilized on valproate. Cogn Behav Neurol 2003; 16:234-238.

9. Liebaldt GP. Hypothalamic hamartoma in a case of uncontrollable exhibitionism. J Neurovisc Relat 1971; suppl 10:713-719.
10. Sweet RA. Case of craniopharyngioma in late life. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 1990; 2:464-465.
11. Mark M, Modai I, Aizenberg D, Heilbronn Y, Elizur A. Bipolar disorder associated with an acoustic neurinoma. Hosp Community Psychiatry 1991; 42:1258-1260.
12. Tiano S, Wijsenbeek H, Munitz H. Mental changes due to parathyroid adenoma. Harefuah 1970; 79:220-221.
13. Leonhard K. Development of oneiroid conditions in endogenous psychoses and in a pituitary tumor. Arch Psychiatr Nervenkr 1972; 215:269-292.
14. Quera-Salva MA, Hartley S, Claustrat B, Brugiéres L. Circadian rhythm disturbances associated with psychiatric symptoms in a patient with a pineal region tumor. Am J Psychiatry 2011; 168:99-100.
15. Chatagnon C, Chatagnon P, Wılkın MO, Fournıer M, Lorcy P. Hypochromic anemia, gastric schwannoma, hyper-alpha-l-globulinemia in a case of mental degeneration with cyclic manifestations. Ann Med Psychol (Paris) 1961; 119:554- 566.
16. Fras I, Litin EM, Bartholomew LG. Mental symptoms as an aid in the early diagnosis of carcinoma of the pancreas. Gastroenterology 1968; 55:191-198.
17. Privitera A, Zanibelli G. On case of paraneoplastic psychosis in the course of primary carcinoma of the liver. Policlinico Prat 1964; 71:1559-1565.
18. Cesari G, Loperfido E. Psychotic, hyperazotemic, hyperthermic syndrome due to metastatic diencephalic localization (anatomo-clinical observation). Riv Patol Nerv Ment 196; 85:607-626.
19. Slattery C, Agius M, Zaman R. Bipolar disorder associated with paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration: a case report. Psychiatr Danub 2010; 22(suppl 1):S137-S138.
20. Chan YC, Hankins MB, John-Daniel B. Mania in hyperandrogenism, insulin resistance, and nigricans acanthosis syndrome. Am J Psychiatry 2002; 159:318.
21. Solomon JG, Solomon S. Psychotic depression and bronchogenic carcinoma. Am J Psychiatry 1978; 135:859-860.
22. Collins C, Oakley-Browne M. Mania associated with small cell carcinoma of the lung. Aust NZJ Psychiatry 1988; 22:207-209.
23. Nwokoro NA, Korytkowski MT, Rose S, Gorin MB, Penles Stadler M, Witchel F, et al. Spectrum of malignancy and premalignancy in Carney syndrome. Am J Med Genet 1997; 73:369-377.
24. Aoki A, Tsukada T, Yasuda H, Kayashima S, Nagase T, Ito T et al. Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 presented with manic-depressive disorder: a case report with an identified MEN1 gene mutation. Jpn J Clin Oncol 1997; 27:419-422.
25. Bourgeois M, Campagne A. Manic-depressive and Garcin's syndrome. Ann Med Psychol (Paris) 1967; 125(suppl 2):S451-S460.
26. Wamboldt FW, Weiler SJ, Kalin NH. Cyclosporin-associated mania. Biol Psychiatry 1984; 19:1161-1162.
27. Lajeunesse C, Parent R, Villeneuve A. Manic-like episode following flutamide treatment. Am J Psychiatry 1986; 143:1498-1499.
28. Brieger P, Marneros A, Wolf HH, Schmoll HJ. Manic episode in an ifosfamide- treated patient. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 2000; 22:52-53.
29. Strite D, Valentine AD, Meyers CA. Manic episodes in two patients treated with interferon alpha. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 1997; 9:273-276.
30. Greenberg DB, Jonasch E, Gadd MA, Ryan BF, Everett JR, Sober AJ et al. Adjuvant therapy of melanoma with interferon-alpha-2b is associated with mania and bipolar syndromes. Cancer 2000; 89:356-362.
31. Pacchiarotti I, Mazzarini L, Pellegrini P, Venturelli V, Sani G, Sánchez-Moreno J et al. A case of manic episode during treatment with 5-fluorouracil, epirubicin and cyclophosphamide for breast cancer. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 2007; 29:461-463.
32. Evans NJ, Baldwin JA, Gath D. The incidence of cancer among in-patients with affective disorders. Br J Psychiatry 1974; 124:518-525.
33. Milenkov K. Epidemiology and clinic for manic-depressive psychosis in People's Republic of Bulgaria. Psychiatr Neurol Med Psychol (Leipz) 1977; 29:23-30.
34. Tsuang MT, Woolson RF, Fleming JA. Premature deaths in schizophrenia and affective disorders: an analysis of survival curves and variables affecting the shortened survival. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1980; 37:979-983.
35. Levav I, Kohn R, Barchana M, Lipshitz I, Pugachova I, Weizman A et al. The risk for cancer among patients with schizoaffective disorders. J Affect Disord 2009; 114:316- 320.
36. Jorgensen P, Mortensen PB. Cause of death in reactive psychosis. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1992; 85:351-353.
37. BarChana M, Levav I, Lipshitz I, Pugachova I, Kohn R, Weizman A et al. Enhanced cancer risk among patients with bipolar disorder. J Affect Disord 2008; 108:43-48.
38. Walters J, Jones I. Clinical questions and uncertainty-prolactin measurement in patients with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. J Psychopharmacol 2008; 22(suppl 2):S82-S89.
39. Dallaspezia S, Lorenzi C, Pirovano A, Colombo C, Smeraldi E, Benedetti F. Circadian clock gene Per 3 variants influence the postpartum onset of bipolar disorder. Eur Psychiatry 2011; 26:138-40.
40. Hippisley-Cox J, Vinogradova Y, Coupland C, Parker C. Risk of malignancy in patients with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder: nested case-control study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2007; 64:1368-1376.
41. McNamara RK, Jandacek R, Rider T, Tso P, Stanford KE, Hahn CG et al. Deficits in docosahexaenoic acid and associated elevations in the metabolism of arachidonic acid and saturated fatty acids in the postmortem orbitofrontal cortex of patients with bipolar disorder. Psychiatry Res 2008; 160:285-299.
42. Rapaport SI. Arachidonic acid and the brain. J Nutr 2008; 138:2515-2520.
43. Horrobin DF, Bennett CN. Depression and bipolar disorder: relationships to impaired fatty acid and phospholipid metabolism and to diabetes, cardiovascular disease, immunological abnormalities, cancer, ageing and osteoporosis. Possible candidate genes. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 1999; 60:217-234.
44. Klar AJ. The chromosome 1;11 translocation provides the best evidence supporting genetic etiology for schizophrenia and bipolar affective disorders. Genetics 2002; 160:1745-1747.
45. Dunham A, Matthews LH,Burton J B, Ashurst JL, Howe KL, Ashcroft KJ et al. The DNA sequence and analysis of human chromosome 13. Nature 2004; 428:522-528.
46. So HC, Guj AH, Cherny SS, Sham PC. Evaluating the heritability explained by known susceptibility variants: a survey of ten complex diseases. Genet Epidemiol 2011; 35:310-317.
47. Shi M, Liu D, Duan H, Han C, Wei B, Qian L et al. Catecholamine up-regulates MMP-7 expression by activating AP-1 and STAT3 in gastric cancer. Mol Cancer. 2010; 12:269-273.
48. Fitzgerald PJ. Is norepinephrine an etiological factor in some types of cancer? Int J Cancer 2009; 124:257-263.
49. Haffman FA, Kishter S, Nelson DL, Pizzo PA. Effect of lithium and other adjuvants on human T-cell production of, and response to interleukin II(IL-2). Proc Am Assoc Cancer Res 1981; 22:280.
50. Sokoloski JA, Li J, Nigam A, Sartorelli AC. Induction of the differentiation of HL-60 and WEHI-3B D+ leukemia cells by lithium chloride. Leuk Res 1993; 17:403-410.
51. Schottlander P, Litka PA, Arkel YS. Chronic granulocytic leukemia with normal leukocyte alkaline phosphatase score in a patient receiving lithium carbonate. J Med Soc N J 1980; 77:197-198.
52. Yeo W, Chow J, Wong N, Chan AT, Johnson PJ. kanserrbamazepine-induced lymphadenopathy mimicking Ki-1 (CD30+) T-cell lymphoma. Pathology 1997; 29:64-66.
53. Jope RS, Song L. AP-1 and NF-kappaB stimulated by carbachol in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells are differentially sensitive to inhibition by lithium. Brain Res Mol Brain Res 1997; 50:171-180.
54. Rayasam GV, Tulasi VK, Sodhi R, Davis JA, Ray A. Glycogen synthase kinase 3: more than a namesake. Br J Pharmacol 2009; 156:885-898.
55. Shakoori A, Ougolkov A, Yu ZW, Zhang B, Modarressi MH, Billadeau DD et al. Deregulated GSK3beta activity in colorectal cancer: its association with tumor cell survival and proliferation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005; 334:1365-1373.
56. Gould TD, Gray NA, Manji HK. Effects of a glycogen synthase kinase-3 inhibitor, lithium, in adenomatous polyposis coli mutant mice. Pharmacol Res 2003; 48:49-53.
57. Luo J. Glycogen synthase kinase 3beta (GSK3beta) in tumorigenesis and cancer chemotherapy. Cancer Lett 2009; 273:194-200.
58. Ma C, Wang J, Gao Y, Gao TW, Chen G, Bower KA et al. The role of glycogen synthase kinase 3beta in the transformation of epidermal cells. Cancer Res 2007; 67:7756-7764.
59. Greenblatt DY, Ndiaye M, Chen H, Kunnimalaiyaan M. Lithium inhibits carcinoid cell growth in vitro. Am J Transl Res 2010; 2:248-253.
60. Benítez JA, Arregui L, Cabrera G, Segovia J. Valproic acid induces polarization, neuronal-like differentiation of a subpopulation of C6 glioma cells and selectively regulates transgene expression. Neuroscience 2008; 156:911-920.
61. Sun A, Shanmugam I, Song J, Terranova PF, Thrasher JB, Li B. Lithium suppresses cell proliferation by interrupting E2F-DNA interaction and subsequently reducing S- phase gene expression in prostate cancer. Prostate 2007; 67:976-988.
62. Michaelis M, Doerr HW, Cinatl J Jr. Valproic acid as anti-cancer drug. Curr Pharm Des 2007; 13:3378-3393.
63. Chen CH, Chang YJ, Ku MS, Chung KT, Yang JT. Enhancement of temozolomide- induced apoptosis by valproic acid in human glioma cell lines through redox regulation. Mol Med 2011 ;89:303-315.
64. Lai JS, Zhao C, Warsh JJ, Li PP. Cytoprotection by lithium and valproate varies between cell types and cellular stresses. Eur J Pharmacol 2006; 539:18-26.
65. Yildirim E, Zhang Z, Uz T, Chen CQ, Manev R, Manev H. Valproate administration to mice increases histone acetylation and 5-lipoxygenase content in the hippocampus. Neurosci Lett 2003; 345:141-143.
66. Palmer JT, Payne JL. Stabilization of hypomania following initiation of tamoxifen. Am J Psychiatry 2008; 165:650-651.
67. Hilakivi-Clarke L, Wright A, Lippman ME. DMBA-induced mammary tumor growth in rats exhibiting increased or decreased ability to cope with stress due to early postnatal handling or antidepressant treatment. Physiol Behav 1993; 54:229-236.
68. Bendele RA, Adams ER, Hoffman WP, Gries CL, Morton DM. Carcinogenicity studies of fluoxetine hydrochloride in rats and mice. Cancer Res. 1992; 52:6931- 6935.
69. Tsuruo T, Iida H, Nojiri M, Tsukagoshi S, Sakurai Y. Potentiation of chemotherapeutic effect of vincristine in vincristine resistant tumor bearing mice by calmodulin inhibitor clomipramine. J Pharmacobiodyn 1983; 6:145-147.
70. Brandes LJ, Arron RJ, Bogdanovic RP, Tong J, Zaborniak CL, Hogg GR et al. Stimulation of malignant growth in rodents by antidepressant drugs at clinically relevant doses. Cancer Res 1992; 52:3796-3800.
71. Basso AM, Depiante-Depaoli M, Molina VA. Chronic variable stres facilitates tumoral growth: reversal by imipramine administration. Life Sci 1992; 50:1789- 1796.
72. Mortensen PB. The occurence of cancer in first admitted schizophrenic patients. Schizophr Res 1994; 12:185-194.
73. Gulbinat W, Dupont A, Jablensky A, Jensen OM, Marsella A, Nakane Y et al. Cancer incidence of schizophrenic patients: results of record linkage studies in three countries. Br J Psychiatry 1992; 161(suppl 118):75-83.
74. Jones GR. Cancer therapy: phenothiazines in an unexpected role. Tumori 1985; 71:563-569.
75. Wang QD. Preliminary study on natural killer cell activity in peripheral blood lymphocytes of schizophrenic patients. Zhonghua Shen Jing Jing Shen Ke Za Zhi 1987; 20:215-216.
76. Sermin Kesebir, Doç.Dr., Erenköy Ruh ve Sinir Hastalıkları Eğitim ve Araştırma Hastanesi, İstanbul; Arzu
77. Bayrak, Dr., Erenköy Ruh ve Sinir Hastalıkları Eğitim ve Araştırma Hastanesi, İstanbul