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Gut-Brain Axis: The Role of Gut Microbiota in Psychiatric Disorders

Year 2015, , 461 - 472, 15.08.2015
https://doi.org/10.5455/cap.20150128123852

Abstract

Gut microbiota is essential to human health, playing a major and important role in the bidirectional communication between the gut and the brain. There is significant evidence linking gut microbiota and metabolic disorders such as obesity, diabetes and neuropsychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia, autism, anxiety, depression. New studies show microbiota can activate immune system, neural pathways and central nervous system signaling systems, including commensal, probiotic and pathogenic microorganisms in the gastrointestinal tract. This microorganisms are capable of producing and delivering neuroactive substances such as gamma-aminobutyric acid and serotonin, which act on the gut-brain axis. Preclinical evaluation in rodents suggests that certain probiotics possess antidepressant or anxiolytic activity. Effects may be mediated via the vagus nerve, spinal cord, immune system or neuroendocrine systems. Here we review recent literature that examines the impact of gut microbiota on the brain, behavior and psychiatric disorders.

 

References

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Bağırsak Beyin Ekseni: Psikiyatrik Bozukluklarda Bağırsak Mikrobiyotasının Rolü

Year 2015, , 461 - 472, 15.08.2015
https://doi.org/10.5455/cap.20150128123852

Abstract

Bağırsak mikrobiyotası beyin ve bağırsak arasında karşılıklı bir ilişki oluşturarak insan sağlığı üzerinde temel ve önemli bir rol oynar. Obesite, diyabet gibi metabolik hastalıklar ve şizofreni, otizm, anksiye-te, depresyon gibi neuropsikiyatrik bozukluklarla bağırsak mikrobiyotası arasında bağlantı olduğuna ilişkin güçlü kanıtlar vardır. Yeni araştırmalar gastrointestinal sistemde yaşayan dost, zararlı ve probiyotik mikroorganizmaların bağışıklık sistemini, nöral yolakları ve peşi sıra merkezi sinir sistemini uyardığını ortaya koymaktadır. Bu mikroorganizmalar bağırsak beyin ekseninde rol oynayan gama-aminobutirik asit ve serotonin gibi nöroaktif maddeleri üretmektedir. Preklinik hayvan deneyleri bazı probiyotik bakterilerin anksiyolitik ve antidepresan etkiye sahip olduğunu göstermektedir. Bu maka-lede bağırsak mikrobiyotasının beyin, davranış ve psikiyatrik bozukluklar üzerine etkisi gözden geçirilmiştir.

 

References

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  • Backhed F, Manchester JK, Semenkovich CF, Gordon JI (2007) Mechanisms underlying the resistance to diet-induced obesity in germ-free mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 104:979-984.
  • Bailey MT, Coe CL (1999) Maternal separation disrupts the integrity of the intestinal microflora in infant rhesus monkeys. Dev Psychobiol, 35:146-155.
  • Barrett E, Ross RP, O’Toole PW, Fitzgerald GF, Stanton C (2012) γ-Aminobutyric acid production by culturable bacteria from the human intestine. J Appl Microbiol, 113:411-417.
  • Berk M, Williams LJ, Jacka FN, O’Neil A, Pasco JA, Maylan S et al. (2013) So depression is an inflammatory disease, but where does the inflammation come from? BMC Med, 11:200.
  • Borre YE, O’keeffe GW, Clarke G, Stanton C, Dinan TG, Cryan JF (2014) Microbiota and neurodevelopmental windows: implications for brain disorders. Trends Mol Med, 20:509-518.
  • Borovikova LV, Ivanova S, Zhang M, Yang H, Botchkina GI, Watkins LR et al. (2000) Vagus nerve stimulation attenuates the systemic inflammatory response to endotoxin. Nature, 405, 458–462
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  • Bravo JA, Forsythe P, Chew MV, Escaravage E, Savignac HM, Dinan TG et al. (2011) Ingestion of Lactobacillus strain regulates emotional behavior and central GABA receptor expression in a mouse via the vagus nerve. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 108:16050- 16055.
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  • Collins SM, Bercik P (2009) The relationship between intestinal microbiota and the central nervous system in normal gastrointestinal function and disease. Gastroenterology, 136:2003-2014.
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  • David LA, Maurice CF, Carmody RN, Gootenberg DB, Button JE, Wolfe BE et al. (2014) Diet rapidly and reproducibly alters the human gut microbiome. Nature, 505:559-563.
  • Davey KJ, O’Mahony SM, Schellekens H, O’Sullivan O, Bienenstock J, Cotter PD et al. (2013) Olanzapine induced weight gain in the rat: Impact on inflammatory, metabolic and microbiota parameters. Psychopharmacology (Berl), 221:155-169.
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  • de Theije CGM, Koelink PJ, Korte-Bouws GAH, Lopes da Silva S, Korte SM, Olivier B et al. (2014b) Intestinal inflammation in a murine model of autism spectrum disorders. Brain Behav Immun, 37:240-247.
  • de Vos WM, de Vos EA (2012): Role of the intestinal microbiome in health and disease: From correlation to causation. Nutr Rev, 70:45-56.
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  • Diaz Heijtz R, Wang S, Anuar F, Qian Y, Björkholm B, Samuelsson A et al. (2011) Normal gut microbiota modulates brain development and behavior. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 108:3047-3052.
  • Dinan TG, Quigley EM (2011) Probiotics in the treatment of depression: Science or science fiction? Aust N Z J Psychiatry, 45:1023- 1025.
  • Dokuyucu R, Kokacya H, Inanır S, Copoglu US Erbas O (2014) Antipsychotic-like effect of minocycline in the rat model. Int J Clin Exp Med, 7:3354-3361.
  • Douglas-Escobar M, Elliott E, Neu J (2013) Effect of intestinal microbial ecology on the developing brain. JAMA Pediatr, 167:374– 379.
  • Fetissov SO, Dechelotte P (2011) The new link between gut–brain axis and neuropsychiatric disorders. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care, 14:477-482.
  • Finegold SM, Dowd SE, Gontcharova V, Liu C, Henley KE, Wolcott RD et al. (2010) Pyrosequencing study of fecal microflora of autistic and control children. Anaerobe, 16:444-453.
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Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Review
Authors

Alper Evrensel

Mehmet Emin Ceylan This is me

Publication Date August 15, 2015
Published in Issue Year 2015

Cite

AMA Evrensel A, Ceylan ME. Bağırsak Beyin Ekseni: Psikiyatrik Bozukluklarda Bağırsak Mikrobiyotasının Rolü. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar. August 2015;7(4):461-472. doi:10.5455/cap.20150128123852

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