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Suicide in Old Age: Causes, Risk Factors, and the Profile in Türkiye

Year 2026, Volume: 18 Issue: 1, 74 - 85, 31.03.2026
https://doi.org/10.18863/pgy.1590380

Abstract

Aging is an irreversible physiological process, with the period of 65 years and older defined as old age. Suicide, a deliberate act of ending one’s life, is a complex global public health issue with multifaceted psychological, biological, social, cultural, and economic dimensions. This study aims to examine the risk factors associated with suicide in the elderly population and provide an overview of elderly suicides within the context of Türkiye. The World Health Organization (WHO) categorizes older adults into young-old (65–74), middle-old (75–84), and oldest-old (85+) groups, noting that mortality rates due to suicide increase significantly with advancing age. Key risk factors identified include depression, often underdiagnosed and presenting atypically in this demographic, social isolation, loneliness, chronic physical illnesses, and experiencing significant losses such as bereavement or loss of social status. The most common methods of suicide among Turkish elderly are hanging and firearms, with chronic disease being the most frequently cited reason. The findings underscore the critical need for a multifaceted prevention approach. This includes strengthening social support networks to combat isolation, improving accessibility and detection of mental health services within primary care settings, and implementing targeted, community-based suicide prevention programs. Addressing these factors through updated assessment tools, public awareness campaigns, and supportive government policies is essential for mitigating suicide risk in the growing elderly population.

References

  • Akbaş E, Yiğitoğlu GT, Çunkuş N (2020) Yaşlılıkta sosyal izolasyon ve yalnızlık. OPUS Uluslararası Toplum Araştırmaları Dergisi, 15:4540-4562.
  • Alptekin K. Duyan V (2019) What was the distribution of suicide rates by socio-demographic factors between 2007 and 2016 in Turkey? J Psychosoc Nurs, 10:270-276.
  • Artan T, Solmaz U (2020) The evaluation of suicide in elderliness period from the perspective of social work. Turkish Journal of Applied Social Work, 3:125-137.
  • Aslan M, Hocaoğlu Ç (2014) Yaşlılarda intihar davranışı. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar, 6:294-309.
  • Aslan M, Hocaoğlu Ç (2017) Yaşlanma ve yaşlanma dönemiyle ilişkili psikiyatrik sorunlar. Düzce Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 7:53-62.
  • Ausubel J (2020) Living Arrangements of Older Adults: A Comparison of the U.S. and the World. Washington DC, Pew Research Center.
  • Avci D, Selcuk KT, Dogan S (2017) Suicide risk in the hospitalized elderly in Turkey and affecting factors. Arch Psychiatr Nurs, 31:55-61.
  • Baskak İ, Aslantürk H (2022) Türkiye’de 2002-2018 yılları arasındaki yaşlı intiharlarının incelenmesi. Sosyal Politika ve Sosyal Hizmet Çalışmaları Dergisi, 3:114-128.
  • Boğan M, Beki̇rcan E, Boğan F, Kara N, Kara AC (2024) Retrospective study on suicide attempts among psychiatric emergencies admitted to the emergency department of a Regional hospital in Turkey. Curr Psychol, 43:26503–26510.
  • Brady C, Fenton C, Loughran O, Hayes B, Hennessy M, Higgins A et al. (2022) Nursing home staff mental health during the Covid‐19 pandemic in the Republic of Ireland. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry, 37:10.1002/gps.5648.
  • Carlo C, Vittoria M, Natalia C, Maria LS, Rossana C (2019) Suicide in the elderly: a 37-years retrospective study. Acta Biomed, 90:68-76.
  • Chen YY, Yu S, Hu YH, Li CY, Artaud F, Carcaillon-Bentata L et al. (2021) Risk of suicide among patients with Parkinson disease. JAMA Psychiatry, 78:293-301.
  • Cho SE, Geem ZW, Na KS (2021) Development of a suicide prediction model for the elderly using health screening data. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 18:10150.
  • Çunkuş N, Yiğitoğlu GT, Akbaş E (2019) Yaşlılık ve toplumsal dışlanma. Geriatrik Bilimler Dergisi, 2:58-67.
  • Duru HG (2009) Yaşlı intiharları, nedenleri ve önleyici uygulamalar. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Hemşirelik Fakültesi Dergisi, 16:34-41.
  • Eskiyurt R, Özkan B (2020) Psikiyatri kliniğinde yatan hasta bireylerin yaşamı sürdürme nedenleri ile intihar davranışı arasındaki ilişki: sistematik derleme. Koç Üniversitesi Hemşirelikte Eğitim ve Araştirma Dergisi, 17:73-82
  • Fang H, Lei Z, Lin L, Zhang P, Zhou M (2023) Family companionship and elderly suicide: Evidence from the Chinese Lunar New Year. J Dev Econ, 162:103055.
  • Jones AL, Pastor DK (2020) Older adult suicides: What you should know and what you can do. Home Healthc Now, 38:124-130.
  • Karadağ E, Sölpük N (2018) Türkiye'de yapılan çalışmalarda depresyon ve kaygı ilişkisi: Bir meta-analiz çalışması. Dusunen Adam, 31:163-176A.
  • Kim DW, Cho SE, Kang JM, Woo SK, Kang SG, Yeon BK et al. (2021) Risk factors for serious suicide attempts: difference between older and younger attempters in the emergency department. Front Psychiatry, 11:607811.
  • Laflamme L, Vaez M, Lundin K, Sengoelge M (2022) Prevention of suicidal behavior in older people: a systematic review of reviews. PLoS One, 17:e0262889.
  • Lutzman M, Sommerfeld E (2023) The role of meaning in life as a protective factor in suicidal ideation among elderly men with physical illnesses. Curr Psychol, 42:10603-10612.
  • Lutzman M, Sommerfeld E, Ben-David S (2021) Loneliness and social integration as mediators between physical pain and suicidal ideation among elderly men. Int Psychogeriatr, 33:453-459.
  • Maier A, Riedel-Heller SG, Pabst A, Luppa M (2021) Risk factors and protective factors of depression in older people 65+. A systematic review. PLoS One, 16:e0251326.
  • OECD (2024) Society at a Glance 2024: OECD Social Indicators. Paris, OECD Publishing.
  • Oon-Arom A, Wongpakaran T, Satthapisit S, Saisavoey N, Kuntawong P, Wongpakaran N (2019) Suicidality in the elderly: Role of adult attachment. Asian J Psychiatr, 44:8-12.
  • Park SC, Na KS, Kwon SJ, Kim M, Kim HJ, Baik M et al. (2020) “Suicide CARE” (standardized suicide prevention program for gatekeeper intervention in Korea): an update. Psychiatry Investig, 17:911-924.
  • Raue PJ, Ghesquiere AR, Bruce ML (2014) Suicide risk in primary care: identification and management in older adults. Curr Psychiatry Rep, 16:466.
  • Richards JE, Whiteside U, Ludman EJ, Pabiniak C, Kirlin B, Hidalgo R et al. (2019) Understanding why patients may not report suicidal ideation at a health care visit prior to a suicide attempt: a qualitative study. Psychiatr Serv, 70:40-45.
  • Ridwan CM, Nousayhah A, XiangRong Z, Yao Z (2022) Suicidality in the geriatric population. Asian J Psychiatr, 75:103213.
  • Robinson RG, Jorge RE (2016) Post-stroke depression: A review. Am J Psychiatry, 173:221-31.
  • Sadek J, Diaz-Piedra B, Saleh L, MacDonald L (2024) A narrative review: suicide and suicidal behaviour in older adults. Front Psychiatry, 15:1395462.
  • Silva SPZ, Bocchi SCM (2020) Measuring suicide risk in the elderly with non-institutionalized depression: an integrative review. Rev Bras Enferm, 73:e20200106.
  • Spottswood M, Lim CT, Davydow D, Huang H (2022) Improving suicide prevention in primary care for differing levels of behavioral health integration: a review. Front Med (Lausanne), 9:892205.
  • Szanto K, Galfalvy H, Kenneally L, Almasi R, Dombrovski AY (2020) Predictors of serious suicidal behavior in late-life depression. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol, 40:85-98.
  • Şen H, Üstün V (2024) Engelli yaşlı bireylerin sosyal izolasyon ve yalnızlık durumlarının değerlendirilmesi. Sosya,l Beşeri ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 7: 529-544.
  • Tekin Epik M (2020) Psikososyal bir risk olarak işyeri intiharı. Sosyal ve Beşeri Bilimler Dergisi, 12: 175-197.
  • TurkStat (2023) İstatistiklerle yaşlılar, 2023. https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Istatistiklerle-Yaslilar-2023-53710 (Accessed 01.01.2025).
  • TurkStat (2024a) Dünya nüfus günü, 2024. https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Dunya-Nufus-Gunu-2024-53680 (Accessed 01.01.2025).
  • TurkStat (2024b) Ölüm ve ölüm nedeni istatistikleri, 2023. https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Olum-ve-Olum-Nedeni-Istatistikleri-2023-53709 (Accessed 01.02.2025).
  • United Nations (2022) World population prospects 2022. https://population.un.org/wpp/ (Accessed 01.01.2025).
  • United Nations (2024) World population prospects 2024. http://population.un.org/wpp/ (Accessed 01.01.2025).
  • WHO (2013) World Health Statistics 2013. Geneva, World Health Organization.
  • WHO (2015) World Report on Ageing and Health. Geneva, World Health Organization.
  • WHO (2021a) WHO Guideline on Self-Care Interventions for Health and Well-Being. Geneva, World Health Organization.
  • WHO (2021b) Suicide Worldwide in 2019: Global Health Estimates. Geneva, World Health Organization.
  • WHO (2024) Suicide. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/suicide (Accessed 01.01.2025).
  • Zhang D, Wang R, Zhao X, Zhang J, Jia J, Su Y et al. (2021) Role of resilience and social support in the relationship between loneliness and suicidal ideation among Chinese nursing home residents. Aging Ment Health, 25:1262-1272.
  • Zubaroğlu Yanardağ M. Say Şahin D (2019) Yaşlı bireylerde sürekli kaygı ve sürekli depresyon üzerine bir inceleme. Toplum ve Sosyal Hizmet, 30:37-55.

Yaşlılık Döneminde İntihar: Nedenleri, Risk Faktörleri ve Türkiye Profili

Year 2026, Volume: 18 Issue: 1, 74 - 85, 31.03.2026
https://doi.org/10.18863/pgy.1590380

Abstract

Yaşlanma, geri döndürülemez fizyolojik bir süreç olup 65 yaş ve üzeri dönem yaşlılık olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Kişinin yaşamını kasıtlı olarak sonlandırma eylemi olan intihar, psikolojik, biyolojik, sosyal, kültürel ve ekonomik boyutları olan karmaşık bir küresel halk sağlığı sorunudur. Bu çalışma, yaşlı nüfusta intihar ile ilişkili risk faktörlerini incelemeyi ve Türkiye bağlamında yaşlı intiharlarına genel bir bakış sunmayı amaçlamaktadır. Dünya Sağlık Örgütü (DSÖ) yaşlı yetişkinleri genç-yaşlı (65–74), orta-yaşlı (75–84) ve en yaşlı (85+) gruplarına ayırmakta ve intihara bağlı ölüm oranlarının ilerleyen yaşla önemli ölçüde arttığına dikkat çekmektedir. Belirlenen temel risk faktörleri arasında, bu demografik grupta sıklıkla tanı konulamayan ve atipik prezentasyon gösteren depresyon, sosyal izolasyon, yalnızlık, kronik fiziksel hastalıklar ve eş kaybı veya sosyal statü kaybı gibi önemli kayıplar yer almaktadır. Türkiye'deki yaşlı bireylerde en yaygın intihar yöntemleri asma ve ateşli silah kullanımı olup, en sık belirtilen neden kronik hastalıklardır. Bulgular, çok yönlü bir önleme yaklaşımının kritik ihtiyacını vurgulamaktadır. Bu, izolasyonla mücadele için sosyal destek ağlarının güçlendirilmesini, birinci basamak sağlık hizmetleri içinde ruh sağlığı hizmetlerine erişimin ve tespitin iyileştirilmesini ve hedeflenmiş, toplum temelli intihar önleme programlarının uygulanmasını içermektedir. Güncellenmiş değerlendirme araçları, halkı bilinçlendirme kampanyaları ve destekleyici hükümet politikaları aracılığıyla bu faktörlerin ele alınması, büyüyen yaşlı nüfustaki intihar riskini azaltmak için esastır.

References

  • Akbaş E, Yiğitoğlu GT, Çunkuş N (2020) Yaşlılıkta sosyal izolasyon ve yalnızlık. OPUS Uluslararası Toplum Araştırmaları Dergisi, 15:4540-4562.
  • Alptekin K. Duyan V (2019) What was the distribution of suicide rates by socio-demographic factors between 2007 and 2016 in Turkey? J Psychosoc Nurs, 10:270-276.
  • Artan T, Solmaz U (2020) The evaluation of suicide in elderliness period from the perspective of social work. Turkish Journal of Applied Social Work, 3:125-137.
  • Aslan M, Hocaoğlu Ç (2014) Yaşlılarda intihar davranışı. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar, 6:294-309.
  • Aslan M, Hocaoğlu Ç (2017) Yaşlanma ve yaşlanma dönemiyle ilişkili psikiyatrik sorunlar. Düzce Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 7:53-62.
  • Ausubel J (2020) Living Arrangements of Older Adults: A Comparison of the U.S. and the World. Washington DC, Pew Research Center.
  • Avci D, Selcuk KT, Dogan S (2017) Suicide risk in the hospitalized elderly in Turkey and affecting factors. Arch Psychiatr Nurs, 31:55-61.
  • Baskak İ, Aslantürk H (2022) Türkiye’de 2002-2018 yılları arasındaki yaşlı intiharlarının incelenmesi. Sosyal Politika ve Sosyal Hizmet Çalışmaları Dergisi, 3:114-128.
  • Boğan M, Beki̇rcan E, Boğan F, Kara N, Kara AC (2024) Retrospective study on suicide attempts among psychiatric emergencies admitted to the emergency department of a Regional hospital in Turkey. Curr Psychol, 43:26503–26510.
  • Brady C, Fenton C, Loughran O, Hayes B, Hennessy M, Higgins A et al. (2022) Nursing home staff mental health during the Covid‐19 pandemic in the Republic of Ireland. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry, 37:10.1002/gps.5648.
  • Carlo C, Vittoria M, Natalia C, Maria LS, Rossana C (2019) Suicide in the elderly: a 37-years retrospective study. Acta Biomed, 90:68-76.
  • Chen YY, Yu S, Hu YH, Li CY, Artaud F, Carcaillon-Bentata L et al. (2021) Risk of suicide among patients with Parkinson disease. JAMA Psychiatry, 78:293-301.
  • Cho SE, Geem ZW, Na KS (2021) Development of a suicide prediction model for the elderly using health screening data. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 18:10150.
  • Çunkuş N, Yiğitoğlu GT, Akbaş E (2019) Yaşlılık ve toplumsal dışlanma. Geriatrik Bilimler Dergisi, 2:58-67.
  • Duru HG (2009) Yaşlı intiharları, nedenleri ve önleyici uygulamalar. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Hemşirelik Fakültesi Dergisi, 16:34-41.
  • Eskiyurt R, Özkan B (2020) Psikiyatri kliniğinde yatan hasta bireylerin yaşamı sürdürme nedenleri ile intihar davranışı arasındaki ilişki: sistematik derleme. Koç Üniversitesi Hemşirelikte Eğitim ve Araştirma Dergisi, 17:73-82
  • Fang H, Lei Z, Lin L, Zhang P, Zhou M (2023) Family companionship and elderly suicide: Evidence from the Chinese Lunar New Year. J Dev Econ, 162:103055.
  • Jones AL, Pastor DK (2020) Older adult suicides: What you should know and what you can do. Home Healthc Now, 38:124-130.
  • Karadağ E, Sölpük N (2018) Türkiye'de yapılan çalışmalarda depresyon ve kaygı ilişkisi: Bir meta-analiz çalışması. Dusunen Adam, 31:163-176A.
  • Kim DW, Cho SE, Kang JM, Woo SK, Kang SG, Yeon BK et al. (2021) Risk factors for serious suicide attempts: difference between older and younger attempters in the emergency department. Front Psychiatry, 11:607811.
  • Laflamme L, Vaez M, Lundin K, Sengoelge M (2022) Prevention of suicidal behavior in older people: a systematic review of reviews. PLoS One, 17:e0262889.
  • Lutzman M, Sommerfeld E (2023) The role of meaning in life as a protective factor in suicidal ideation among elderly men with physical illnesses. Curr Psychol, 42:10603-10612.
  • Lutzman M, Sommerfeld E, Ben-David S (2021) Loneliness and social integration as mediators between physical pain and suicidal ideation among elderly men. Int Psychogeriatr, 33:453-459.
  • Maier A, Riedel-Heller SG, Pabst A, Luppa M (2021) Risk factors and protective factors of depression in older people 65+. A systematic review. PLoS One, 16:e0251326.
  • OECD (2024) Society at a Glance 2024: OECD Social Indicators. Paris, OECD Publishing.
  • Oon-Arom A, Wongpakaran T, Satthapisit S, Saisavoey N, Kuntawong P, Wongpakaran N (2019) Suicidality in the elderly: Role of adult attachment. Asian J Psychiatr, 44:8-12.
  • Park SC, Na KS, Kwon SJ, Kim M, Kim HJ, Baik M et al. (2020) “Suicide CARE” (standardized suicide prevention program for gatekeeper intervention in Korea): an update. Psychiatry Investig, 17:911-924.
  • Raue PJ, Ghesquiere AR, Bruce ML (2014) Suicide risk in primary care: identification and management in older adults. Curr Psychiatry Rep, 16:466.
  • Richards JE, Whiteside U, Ludman EJ, Pabiniak C, Kirlin B, Hidalgo R et al. (2019) Understanding why patients may not report suicidal ideation at a health care visit prior to a suicide attempt: a qualitative study. Psychiatr Serv, 70:40-45.
  • Ridwan CM, Nousayhah A, XiangRong Z, Yao Z (2022) Suicidality in the geriatric population. Asian J Psychiatr, 75:103213.
  • Robinson RG, Jorge RE (2016) Post-stroke depression: A review. Am J Psychiatry, 173:221-31.
  • Sadek J, Diaz-Piedra B, Saleh L, MacDonald L (2024) A narrative review: suicide and suicidal behaviour in older adults. Front Psychiatry, 15:1395462.
  • Silva SPZ, Bocchi SCM (2020) Measuring suicide risk in the elderly with non-institutionalized depression: an integrative review. Rev Bras Enferm, 73:e20200106.
  • Spottswood M, Lim CT, Davydow D, Huang H (2022) Improving suicide prevention in primary care for differing levels of behavioral health integration: a review. Front Med (Lausanne), 9:892205.
  • Szanto K, Galfalvy H, Kenneally L, Almasi R, Dombrovski AY (2020) Predictors of serious suicidal behavior in late-life depression. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol, 40:85-98.
  • Şen H, Üstün V (2024) Engelli yaşlı bireylerin sosyal izolasyon ve yalnızlık durumlarının değerlendirilmesi. Sosya,l Beşeri ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 7: 529-544.
  • Tekin Epik M (2020) Psikososyal bir risk olarak işyeri intiharı. Sosyal ve Beşeri Bilimler Dergisi, 12: 175-197.
  • TurkStat (2023) İstatistiklerle yaşlılar, 2023. https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Istatistiklerle-Yaslilar-2023-53710 (Accessed 01.01.2025).
  • TurkStat (2024a) Dünya nüfus günü, 2024. https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Dunya-Nufus-Gunu-2024-53680 (Accessed 01.01.2025).
  • TurkStat (2024b) Ölüm ve ölüm nedeni istatistikleri, 2023. https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Olum-ve-Olum-Nedeni-Istatistikleri-2023-53709 (Accessed 01.02.2025).
  • United Nations (2022) World population prospects 2022. https://population.un.org/wpp/ (Accessed 01.01.2025).
  • United Nations (2024) World population prospects 2024. http://population.un.org/wpp/ (Accessed 01.01.2025).
  • WHO (2013) World Health Statistics 2013. Geneva, World Health Organization.
  • WHO (2015) World Report on Ageing and Health. Geneva, World Health Organization.
  • WHO (2021a) WHO Guideline on Self-Care Interventions for Health and Well-Being. Geneva, World Health Organization.
  • WHO (2021b) Suicide Worldwide in 2019: Global Health Estimates. Geneva, World Health Organization.
  • WHO (2024) Suicide. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/suicide (Accessed 01.01.2025).
  • Zhang D, Wang R, Zhao X, Zhang J, Jia J, Su Y et al. (2021) Role of resilience and social support in the relationship between loneliness and suicidal ideation among Chinese nursing home residents. Aging Ment Health, 25:1262-1272.
  • Zubaroğlu Yanardağ M. Say Şahin D (2019) Yaşlı bireylerde sürekli kaygı ve sürekli depresyon üzerine bir inceleme. Toplum ve Sosyal Hizmet, 30:37-55.
There are 49 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Mental Health Nursing
Journal Section Review
Authors

Fatma Boğan 0000-0002-1356-787X

Ali Çayköylü 0000-0003-1586-9334

Birgül Özkan 0000-0002-1271-8007

Submission Date November 23, 2024
Acceptance Date March 30, 2025
Early Pub Date November 27, 2025
Publication Date March 31, 2026
Published in Issue Year 2026 Volume: 18 Issue: 1

Cite

JAMA Boğan F, Çayköylü A, Özkan B. Suicide in Old Age: Causes, Risk Factors, and the Profile in Türkiye. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar - Current Approaches in Psychiatry. 2026;18:74–85.

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Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar - Current Approaches in Psychiatry is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.