İntihar Önleme Çalışması Olarak İntihar Sonrası Müdahale: En İyi Uygulamalar ve Öneriler

Abstract

İntihar sadece intihar girişiminde bulunan kişiyi değil, aynı zamanda olaya şahitlik edenleri, olayzedenin yakınlarını, ilk müdahale ekiplerini, ruh sağlığı çalışanlarını ve hatta toplumun diğer üyelerini etkilemektedir. Bu etkilere ikincil travma, depresyon, yas ve yeni intihar girişimleri dahil edilebilmektedir. Bu bağlamda intihar sonrası müdahale, olaydan etkilenenler için zamanında psikososyal destek sağlamayı ve riskleri azaltmayı amaçlamaktadır. Ancak intiharı önlemenin önemli bir parçası olarak intihar sonrası müdahale hakkında artan kanıtlara rağmen -özellikle düşük ve orta gelir düzeyindeki ülkelerde- ulusal sağlık sistemlerine entegrasyonu sınırlı kalmaktadır. Bu nedenle, bu betimsel derleme çalışması, intihar sonrası müdahale kavramını tanıtmayı; en iyi uygulamaları psikolojik destek hizmetleri, okul tabanlı müdahaleler, medya yönergeleri, gönüllü çabalar ve deneysel çalışmalar gibi tematik alanlar altında sınıflandırarak incelemeyi ve Türkiye'nin mevcut durumunu değerlendirerek öneriler getirmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Bu çalışma, özgün müdahalelere örnekler sunarak, geleneksel ve tepkisel yaklaşımlardan proaktif ve multidisipliner yaklaşımlara doğru yönelen küresel eğilimi vurgulamaktadır. Son olarak Türk toplumunda ruh sağlığının korunması ve güçlendirilmesi için, intihar sonrası müdahale hizmetlerine yönelik kanıta dayalı, kültürel bağlama duyarlı ve kapsayıcı bir ulusal stratejinin geliştirilmesine duyulan ihtiyaç ön plana çıkarılmaktadır. Bu strateji, yalnızca acil müdahaleleri değil, uzun vadeli toplumsal dayanıklılığı güçlendirecek eğitim ve farkındalık programlarını da içermelidir.

Keywords

• Koruyucu sağlık hizmetleri
• psikososyal destek sistemleri
• intihar
• intiharın önlenmesi

Suicide Postvention as Suicide Prevention: Best Practices and Recommendations

Abstract

Suicide can impact not only the person who attempts suicide, but also bystanders, relatives, first-responders, mental health workers and even distant members of society. These effects include secondary trauma, depression, grief, and new suicide attempts. In this context, suicide postvention as a critical part of suicide prevention aims to provide timely psychosocial support and reduce subsequent risks for affected ones. However, its integration into national health systems seems limited, especially in low- and middle-income countries although there is a growing body of literature. Therefore, this narrative review aims to introduce the concept of suicide postvention; to examine best practices by classifying them under thematic areas such as psychological support services, school-based interventions, media guidelines, volunteer efforts and experimental studies; and to make recommendations by evaluating the current situation in Türkiye. The study implies a global trend from the traditional reactive approach toward a proactive and multidisciplinary approach by exemplifying creative efforts. Finally, it highlights the need for an evidence-based, culturally sensitive and inclusive national strategy and innovative practices to support Turkish community mental health in postvention services. This strategy should encompass not only emergency interventions but also long-term education and awareness programs to strengthen societal resilience.

Keywords

• Preventive health services
• psychosocial support systems
• suicide
• suicide prevention

References

1. Abbate L, Chopra J, Poole H, Saini P (2024) Evaluating postvention services and the acceptability of models of postvention: A systematic review. Omega (Westport), 90:865-905.
2. ABEPS (2020) Posvenção ao suicídio: Acolhimento aos sobreviventes enlutados. https://posvencaodosuicidio.com.br (Accessed 15.02.2025).
3. AFSP (2023) What is a L.O.S.S. team?. lossteam.com/historyofloss. (Accessed 15.02.2025)
4. AFSP, SPRC (2018) After a Suicide: A Toolkit for Schools, 2nd ed. Massachusetts, Education Development Center.
5. Aguirre RT, Slater H (2010) Suicide postvention as suicide prevention: Improvement and expansion in the United States. Death Stud, 34:529–540.
6. Aluri J, Haddad JM, Parke S, Schwartz V, Joshi SV, Menon M et al. (2023) Responding to suicide in school communities: An examination of postvention guidance from expert recommendations and empirical studies. Curr Psychiatry Rep, 25:345–356.
7. Andriessen K (2009) Can postvention be prevention? Crisis, 30:43–47.
8. Andriessen K, Krysinska K, Grad O (2017) Current understandings of suicide bereavement. In Postvention in Action: The International Handbook of Suicide Bereavement Support, 1st Ed. (Eds. K Andriessen, K Krysinska, O Grad):3–16. Göttingen, Hogrefe.

9. Andriessen K, Krysinska K, Hill NT, Reifels L, Robinson J, Reavley N et al. (2019a) Effectiveness of interventions for people bereaved through suicide: A systematic review of controlled studies of grief, psychosocial and suicide-related outcomes. BMC Psychiatry, 19:49.
10. Andriessen K, Krysinska K, Kõlves K, Reavley N (2019b) Suicide postvention service models and guidelines 2014–2019: A systematic review. Front Psychol, 10:2677.
11. Arya V (2024) Suicide prevention in India. Ment Health Prev, 33:200316.
12. Ata EE, Bayrak NG, Yılmaz EB (2021) İntihar girişimi nedeniyle acil servise başvuran olguların incelenmesi: Bir yıllık retrospektif bir çalışma. Cukurova Medical Journal, 46:1675-1686.
13. Australian Government’s Department of Health (2014) MindMatters. https://health.gov.au/internet/publications/publishing.nsf/Content/suicide-prevention-activities-evaluation~positioning-the-nspp~mindmatters (Accessed 15.02.2025).
14. BBC Turkish (2019) Fatih'te siyanürle öldükleri açıklanan dört kardeş: Bakkaldaki veresiye defterinde 2.260 lira borç. http://bbc.com/turkce/haberler-dunya-50322797 (Accessed 15.02.2025).
15. Berman AL (2011) Estimating the population of survivors of suicide: Seeking an evidence base. Suicide Life Threat Behav, 41:110–116.
16. Brent DA, Perper JA, Moritz G, Liotus L, Richardson D, Canobbio R et al. (1995) Posttraumatic stress disorder in peers of adolescent suicide victims: Predisposing factors and phenomenology. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 34:209-215.
17. Bridge JA, Greenhouse JB, Ruch D, Stevens J, Ackerman J, Sheftall AH et al. (2020) Association between the release of Netflix’s 13 Reasons Why and suicide rates in the United States: An interrupted time series analysis. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 59:236–243.
18. Cai C, Yin C, Tong Y, Qu D, Ding Y, Ren D et al. (2023) Development of the Life Gatekeeper suicide prevention training programme in China: a Delphi study. Gen Psychiatr, 36:e101133.
19. Campbell F, Cataldie L, McIntosh J, Millet K (2004) An active postvention program. Crisis, 25:30–32.
20. Carli V, Iosue M, Wasserman D (2021) Universal suicide prevention in schools. In Oxford Textbook of Suicidology and Suicide Prevention (Ed. D Wasserman):653–664. Oxford, Oxford University Press.
21. Cerel J, Maple M, Aldrich R, van de Venne J (2013) Exposure to suicide and identification as survivor. Crisis, 34:413-419.
22. Chow AYM (2006) The day after: Experiences of bereaved suicide survivors. In Death, Dying and Bereavement: A Hong Kong Chinese Experience (Eds. CLW Chan, AYM Chow):293–308. Hong Kong, Hong Kong University Press.
23. Cox GR, Bailey E, Jorm AF, Reavley NJ, Templer K, Parker A et al. (2016) Development of suicide postvention guidelines for secondary schools: A Delphi study. BMC Public Health, 16:180-191.
24. Cusimano MD, Sameem M (2011) The effectiveness of middle and high school-based suicide prevention programmes for adolescents: A systematic review. Inj Prev, 17:43-49.
25. Cycle Against Suicide (2024) Cycle against suicide. https//cycleagainstsuicide.com (Accessed 15.02.2025).
26. Dağ BN, Yalçınkaya-Alkar Ö (2022) İntihar sonrası yas süreci: Bir sistematik gözden geçirme. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar, 14:371–382.
27. Dare AJ, Andriessen KA, Nordentoft M, Meier M, Huisman A, Pirkis JE (2011) Media awards for responsible reporting of suicide: Experiences from Australia, Belgium and Denmark. Int J Ment Health Syst, 5:1-6.
28. De Groot M, de Keijser J, Neeleman J, Kerkhof A, Nolen W, Burger H (2007) Cognitive behaviour therapy to prevent complicated grief among relatives and spouses bereaved by suicide: Cluster randomised controlled trial. Br Med J, 334:994.
29. Demir ZGY, Yılmaz M (2023) İntihar sonrası ailelerin psikososyal sağlık durumunu iyileştirmede psikiyatri hemşiresinin rolü. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar, 15:287–295.
30. DERBIS (2025) Dernekler bilgi sistemi. https://derbis.dernekler.gov.tr (Accessed 15.02.2025).
31. Devrimci-Özgüven H, Sayıl İ (1999) Ankara Üniversitesi Kriz Merkezi’ne bir yıl süresince başvuran yeni vakaların sorun alanları ve tanılarına göre değerlendirilmesi. Kriz Dergisi, 7:7–13.
32. Domaradzki J (2021) The Werther effect, the Papageno effect or no effect? A literature review. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 18:2396-2416.
33. Dyregrov K (2011) What do we know about needs for help after suicide in different parts of the world? Crisis, 32:310–318.
34. Eraslan AN, Görücü RA, Öztürk M, Yılmaz A, Taşar MA (2021) İntihar girişiminde bulunan ergenlerin sosyodemografik özelliklerinin incelenmesi ve depresyon tanısı açısından değerlendirilmesi. Tepecik Eğitim ve Araştırma Hastanesi Dergisi, 31:322-332.
35. Erdem E, Kesgin B, Zengin O (2023) Klinik sosyal hizmet alanında intiharın yeri. Ufkun Ötesi Bilim Dergisi, 23:22-41.
36. Erlangsen A, Fleischer E (2017) Denmark–support for the bereaved by suicide. In Postvention in Action: The International Handbook of Suicide Bereavement Support, 1st Ed. (Eds. K Andriessen, K Krysinska, O Grad):320-324. Göttingen, Hogrefe.
37. Erlangsen A, Pitman A (2017) Effects of suicide bereavement on mental and physical health. In Postvention in Action: The International Handbook of Suicide Bereavement Support, 1st Ed. (Eds. K Andriessen, K Krysinska, O Grad):17–26. Göttingen, Hogrefe.
38. Eskin M, Karkin AN, Eyisoylu E, Seker E, Yilmaz E, Sevin G et al. ( 2025) The experiences and support needs of Turkish individuals bereaved by suicide: An online qualitative investigation. Death Stud, 49:1129-1141.
39. Evans A, Abrahamson K (2020) The influence of stigma on suicide bereavement: A systematic review. J Psychosoc Nurs Ment Health Serv, 58:21-27.
40. Habertürk (2022) “Türkiye'de 1 milyon kişi intihar eğiliminde! Siyanürün satışını durdurun!”. https://haberturk.com/son-dakika-turkiye-de-1-milyon-kisi-intihar-egiliminde-siyanurun-satisini-durdurun-haberler-2538898 (Accessed 15.02.2025).
41. Hagström AS, Forinder U, Hovén E (2025) Losing a parent to suicide: Posttraumatic stress, sense of coherence and family functioning in children, adolescents and remaining parents before attending a grief support program. Death Stud, 49:841-849.
42. HEMHA (2018) Presentations. http//hemha.org/presentations (Accessed 15.02.2025).
43. Hill NT, Walker R, Andriessen K, Bouras H, Tan SR, Amaratia P et al. (2022) Reach and perceived effectiveness of a community-led active outreach postvention intervention for people bereaved by suicide. Front Public Health, 10:104032.
44. Hofmann L, Wagner B (2025) Understanding the complexity of suicide loss: PTSD, complex PTSD and prolonged grief disorder following suicide bereavement. Death Stud, 49:897-906.
45. Hope Against Suicide (2025) Hope against suicide. https//hopeagainstsuicide.org.uk (Accessed 15.02.2025).
46. Independent Turkish (2021) Desteğin sunulduğu tek hat 14 yıl önce kapatıldı. https//www.indyturk.com/node/357771 (Accessed 15.02.2025).
47. Işıklı Ş, Fazlıoğlu EF (2024) Etik, yetkinlik ve ideoloji arasında gazetecilik: İntihar haberlerindeki teknik hatalar ve etik ihlaller üzerine bir analiz. Maltepe Üniversitesi İletişim Fakültesi Dergisi, 10:104–133.
48. Jordan JR, McIntosh JL (2011) Grief after Suicide: Understanding the Consequences and Caring for the Survivors. New York, Routledge.
49. Kirmayer LJ (2022) Suicide in cultural context: An ecosocial approach. Transcult Psychiatry, 59:3-12.
50. Kreuz G, Antoniassi RPN (2020) Grupo de apoio para sobreviventes do suicídio. Psicol Estud, 25:e42427.
51. Law YW, Yip PSF, Wong PWC, Chow AYM (2017) Hong Kong – Support for people bereaved by suicide: Evidence-based practices. In Postvention in Action: The International Handbook of Suicide Bereavement Support (Eds. K Andriessen, K Krysinska, O Grad):391–395. Göttingen, Hogrefe.
52. TCK (2004a) Press law. https//resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2004/06/20040626.htm#1 (Accessed 15.02.2025).
53. TCK (2004b) Turkish penal code https//resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2004/10/20041012.htm#1 (Accessed 15.02.2025).
54. Levi-Belz Y, Ben-Yaish T (2022) Prolonged grief symptoms among suicide-loss survivors: The contribution of intrapersonal and interpersonal characteristics. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 19:10545.
55. Lifeline (2025) Who we are. https//lifeline.org.au/about/who-we-are (Accessed 15.02.2025).
56. Maple M, Pearce T, Sanford RL, Cerel J (2017) The role of social work in suicide prevention, intervention, and postvention: A scoping review. Aust Soc Work, 70:289-301.
57. Marek F, Oexle N (2024) Supportive and non-supportive social experiences following suicide loss: A qualitative study. BMC Public Health, 24:1190.
58. McDonnell S, Nelson PA, Leonard S, McGale B, Chew-Graham CA, Kapur N et al. (2020) Evaluation of the impact of the PABBS suicide bereavement training on clinicians' knowledge and skills. Crisis, 41:351-358.
59. McGeechan GJ, Richardson C, Weir K, Wilson L, O'Neill G, Newbury-Birch D (2018) Evaluation of a pilot police-led suicide early alert surveillance strategy in the UK. Inj Prev, 24:267–271.
60. McNally S, McMahon J, Thirion D (2017) USA – Collaboration of volunteers and professionals in suicide bereavement support: The EMPACT experience. In Postvention in Action: The International Handbook of Suicide Bereavement Support (Eds. K Andriessen, K Krysinska, O Grad):302–305. Göttingen, Hogrefe.
61. Mental Health Association (2020) IMDAT: İntiharla mücadelede danışmanlık ağına tutun. https//imdat.ruhsagligidernegi.org (Accessed 15.02.2025).
62. Mental Health Commission of Australia (2017) Fifth National Mental Health and Suicide Prevention Plan. Sydney, NMHC.
63. Mindframe (2020) About. https//mindframe.org.au/about (Accessed 15.02.2025).
64. NEFOS (2025) About NEFOS. https//nefos.dk/om-nefos (Accessed 15.02.2025).
65. Öğütlü H, McNicholas F, Türkçapar H (2021) Stress and burnout in psychiatrists in Turkey during COVID-19 pandemic. Psychiatr Danub, 33:225-230.
66. Özden N, İpek Z (2024) İntiharla mücadelede sosyal hizmetin önemi ve Türkiye’de intiharların önlenmesine yönelik kurumsal bir model önerisi. Sosyal Politika Çalışmaları Dergisi, 24:631–661.
67. Özel EK, Deniz Ş (2016) Türk medyasının intihar haberlerini sunumunda etik sorunlar: Cem Garipoğlu ve Mehmet Pişkin intiharları. Bilig, 77:223-270.
68. Pak K, Ferreira KE, Ghahramanlou-Holloway M (2019) Suicide postvention for the United States military: Literature review, conceptual model, and recommendations. Arch Suicide Res, 23:179–202.
69. Peláez S, Wels P, Valencia, I (2017) Uruguay – Working with suicide survivors. In Postvention in Action: The International Handbook of Suicide Bereavement Support (Eds. K Andriessen, K Krysinska, O Grad):281–284. Göttingen, Hogrefe.
70. Peters K, Staines A, Cunningham C, Ramjan L (2015) The Lifekeeper Memory Quilt: Evaluation of a suicide postvention program. Death Stud, 39:353–359.
71. Phillips DP (1974) The influence of suggestion on suicide: Substantive and theoretical implications of the Werther effect. Am Sociol Rev, 39:340-354.
72. Poyraz T, Çalışkan A (2019) Türkiye özelinde intihar olgusunun sosyolojik açıdan analizi. İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi, 8:2957–2974.
73. Randall JR, Nickel, NC, Colman I (2015) Contagion from peer suicidal behavior in a representative sample of American adolescents. J Affect Disord, 186:219-225.
74. Reddit (2024) Suicidewatch. https//reddit.com/r/SuicideWatch (Accessed 15.02.2025).
75. Reed J, Jordan, JR, McIntosh JL (2017) USA – Suicide bereavement support and postvention. In Postvention in Action: The International Handbook of Suicide Bereavement Support (Eds. K Andriessen, K Krysinska, O Grad):285–290. Göttingen, Hogrefe.
76. Rezaeian M (2010). Suicide among young Middle Eastern Muslim females. Crisis, 31:36–42.
77. Robinson J, Cox G, Malone A, Williamson M, Baldwin G, Fletcher K et al. (2013) A systematic review of school-based interventions aimed at preventing, treating, and responding to suicide-related behavior in young people. Crisis. 34:164–182.
78. Rothes, I. A, Santos JC, Santos S (2017) First steps of postvention practice and research in Portugal. In Postvention in Action: The International Handbook of Suicide Bereavement Support (Eds. K Andriessen, K Krysinska, O Grad):356–361. Göttingen, Hogrefe.
79. Saha A, Ahuja S, Harsheeta, Kumar U (2017) Those left behind…: The process of bereavement for suicide survivors and postvention. In Handbook of Suicidal Behaviour (Ed. U Kumar):431–447. Singapore, Springer.
80. Sakarya D, Güneş C, Sakarya A (2013) Googling suicide: Evaluation of websites according to the content associated with suicide. Turk Psikiyatri Derg, 24:37–42.
81. Samaritans (2020) We're here to listen. https//samaritans.org (Accessed 15.02.2025).
82. Schneidman ES (1973) Deaths of Man. London, Penguin books.
83. Schneidman ES (1975) Postvention: The care of the bereaved. In Consultation-liaison Psychiatry: Seminars in Psychiatry (Ed. RO Pasnau):245–256. New York, Grune & Stratton.
84. Seize the Awkward (2020) Seize the Awkward. https//seizetheawkward.org (Accessed 15.02.2025).
85. Slovene Centre for Suicide Research (2013) Slovene Centre for Suicide Research. https//zivziv.si/slovene-centre-for-suicide-research (Accessed 15.02.2025).
86. Slovenian Hospice Association (2024) Our history. https//hospic.si/nasa-zgodovina (Accessed 15.02.2025).
87. Sorensen CC, Lien M, Harrison V, Donoghue JJ, Kapur JS, Kim SH et al. (2022). The tool for evaluating media portrayals of suicide (TEMPOS): development and application of a novel rating scale to reduce suicide contagion. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 19:2994.
88. STGM (2020) İntihar konusunda koruyucu ve önleyici çalışmalar esastır. https//stgm.org.tr/intihar-konusunda-koruyucu-onleyici-calismalar-esastir (Accessed 15.02.2025).
89. Suh S, Ebesutani CK, Hagan CR, Rogers ML, Hom MA, Ringer FB et al. (2017) Cross-cultural relevance of the interpersonal theory of suicide across Korean and US undergraduate students. Psychiatry Res, 251:244-252.
90. Suicide Action Montréal (2025) Our services. https//suicideactionmontreal.org/en/our-services/ (Accessed 15.02.2025).
91. Support After Suicide Partnership (2025) Help is at hand. https//supportaftersuicide.org.uk/resource/help-is-at-hand (Accessed 15.02.2025).
92. Taboo Suizid (2025) About us. https//tabusuizid.de/UeBER-UNS (Accessed 15.02.2025).
93. Taktak Ş (2023) Why are suicides with unknown cause the most important reason for suicide? A retrospective study. Inquiry, 60:1–12.
94. The Cruse Bereavement Support (2025) About us. https//cruse.org.uk (Accessed 15.02.2025).
95. The Government of India (2022) The National Strategy For Suicide Prevention. New Delhi, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare.
96. Treml J, Nagl M, Linde K, Kündiger C, Peterhänsel C, Kersting A (2021) Efficacy of an internet-based cognitive-behavioural grief therapy for people bereaved by suicide: A randomized controlled trial. Eur J Psychotraumatol, 12:1926650.
97. Turkish Ministry of Education (2018) Suicidal Trauma Psychosocial Support Programme. Ankara, Turkish Ministry of Education Publications.
98. Turkish Ministry of Education (2022) Group Psychoeducational Program For High School Students Who Attempted Suicide.Ankara, Turkish Ministry of Education Publications.
99. Turkish Ministry of Health (2006) Republic of Turkey National Mental Health Policy. Ankara, Tasarimhane Press.
100. Turkish Ministry of Health (2023) National Mental Health Action Plan (2021-2023). https://hsgm.saglik.gov.tr/depo/Yayinlarimiz/Eylem_Planlari/Ulusal_Ruh_Sagligi_Eylem_Plani_2021-2023.pdf (Accessed 15.02.2025).
101. TÜİK (2024) Crude suicide rate. data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/DownloadIstatistikselTablo? p=rjQeEUNKcPLZu8y5FzP74S/pWpwCfTUHA6i5fq9ydWepmRNm7KqV0N2ekW2pME9O (Accessed 15.02.2025).
102. UK Government (2023) Suicide prevention strategy for England: 2023 to 2028. gov.uk/government/publications/suicide-prevention-strategy-for-england-2023-to-2028 (Accessed 15.02.2025).
103. US Department of Health and Human Services (2024) National Strategy for Suicide Prevention. Washington, US Department of Health and Human Services.
104. Veer A, Nijhuis, C (2017) The Netherlands – Support after suicide on the railways. In Postvention in Action: The International Handbook of Suicide Bereavement Support (Eds. K Andriessen, K Krysinska, O Grad):368–373. Göttingen, Hogrefe.
105. Vibrant Emotional Health (2005) 988 suicide & crisis lifeline. https//988lifeline.org/about (Accessed 15.02.2025).
106. Ward-Goldsmith C, Lomas T (2016) Personal and collective resilience building - A suicide prevention program for schools using positive psychology. Consultancy project for an Irish secondary school. J Neurol Stroke, 4:00133.
107. Whitworth J, Galusha J, Carbajal J, Ponder WN, Schuman DL (2023) Affective depression mediates PTSD to suicide in a sample of treatment-seeking first responders. Int J Occup Environ Med, 65:249-254.
108. Willems L, Hoebrechts L (2017) Belgium – Support groups for children and adolescents bereaved by suicide. In Postvention in Action: The International Handbook of Suicide Bereavement Support (Eds. K Andriessen, K Krysinska, O Grad):314–319. Göttingen, Hogrefe.
109. Williams DY, Wexler L, Mueller AS (2022) Suicide postvention in schools: What evidence supports our current national recommendations? Sch Soc Work J, 46:23-69.
110. WJTS (2024) New CALM bench honors veterans and promotes suicide awareness in Dubois County. https//wjts.tv/2024/11/new-calm-bench-honors-veterans-and-promotes-suicide-awareness-in-dubois-county (Accessed 15.02.2025).
111. WHO (2021) LIVE LIFE: An Implementation Guide for Suicide Prevention in Countries. Geneva, World Health Organization.
112. WHO (2023) Preventing suicide: A Resource for Media Professionals, Update 2023. Geneva, World Health Organization.
113. WHO (2024) Clinical Descriptions and Diagnostic Requirements for ICD-11 Mental, Behavioural and Neurodevelopmental Disorders. Geneva, World Health Organization.
114. Yiğit T, Çetinkaya F, Şenol V (2013) Features of women who attempt to commit suicide in Turkey. Indian J Res, 2:279–283.
115. Zisook S, Shear MK, Reynolds CF, Simon NM, Mauro C, Skritskaya NA et al. (2018) Treatment of complicated grief in survivors of suicide loss: A HEAL report. J Clin Psychiatry, 79:21274.