Posttraumatic Growth and Resilience in Cancer Experience

Year 2017, , 388 - 397, 31.12.2017

Yeter Sinem Üzar Özçetin , Duygu Hiçdurmaz

https://doi.org/10.18863/pgy.290285

Cited By: 16

Abstract

Each individual experience cancer in a different way. While some perceive cancer as a complex and traumatic experience by developing some psychosocial and additional physical problems, others overcome cancer-related difficulties by gaining benefits such as posttraumatic growth owing to their resilience. Successful adjustment to life-threatening illnesses such as cancer require resilience. Post-traumatic growth ensures a deeper perspective and strength to people after traumatic events. Hence, individuals having higher levels of posttraumatic growth feel powerful enough to handle the prob-lems in their life and can easily adapt to cancer process by focusing on the positive outcomes of trauma, having improved coping mechanisms and an improved psychological well-being. Resilience and posttraumatic growth have strong mutual relations and this phenomenon should be considered for a qualified cancer care. In this paper, we aimed to provide a better understanding of resilience and posttraumatic growth and relations of these two concepts with cancer experience. 

Keywords

Posttraumatic growth, resilience, cancer

Kanser Deneyiminde Travma Sonrası Büyüme ve Psikolojik Sağlamlık

Abstract

Her birey kanser sürecini farklı deneyimlemektedir. Bazıları kanseri çeşitli psikososyal problemler ve ek fiziksel sorunlarla ilerleyen kompleks ve travmatik bir deneyim olarak yaşarken; diğer bireyler psikolo-jik sağlamlık sonucunda gelişen travma sonrası büyüme gibi olumlu kazançlar sağlayabilmektedir. Kanser gibi yaşam tehdit edici hastalıklara başarılı uyumun sağlanması psikolojik sağlamlığı içermek-tedir. Travma sonrası büyüme bireylerde travmatik olayın ardından daha derin bir bakış açısı ve güçlenme ortaya çıkmasını sağlamaktadır. Bu nedenle, travma sonrası büyüme düzeyi yüksek olan bireyler kendilerini karşılaştıkları yaşam problemlerinin üstesinden gelebilecek güçte hissetmekte, gelişmiş baş etme becerilerine sahip olmakta, travmanın olumlu yönlerine odaklanarak kanser süreci ile daha kolay baş edebilmekte ve gelişmiş bir psikososyal iyi-oluş düzeyine ulaşmaktadır. Psikolojik sağlamlık ve travma sonrası büyüme arasında güçlü bir ilişki vardır ve bu olgu daha kaliteli kanser bakımı için dikkate alınmalıdır. Bu makalenin amacı, psikolojik sağlamlık ve travma sonrası büyüme kavramlarının ve bu iki kavramın kanser deneyimini ile ilişkisinin daha iyi anlaşılmasını sağlamaktır

Keywords

Travma sonrası büyüme, psikolojik sağlamlık, kanser

References

• Agaibi CE, Wilson JP (2005) Trauma, PTSD, and resilience: a review of the literature. Trauma Violence Abuse, 6:195-216.
• American Psychological Association (2004) The Road to Resilience. Available from: URL:http://apahelpcenter.org/featuredtopics/feature.php? Accessed date:18.07.2016.
• Aspinwall LG, Tedeschi RG (2010) The value of positive psychology for health psychology: progress and pitfalls in examining the relation of positive phenomena to health. Ann Behav Med, 39:4-15.
• Benish-Weisman M, Wu LM, Weinberger-Litman SL, Redd WH, Duhamel KN, Rini C et al. (2013) Healing stories: narrative characteristics in cancer survivorship narratives and psychological health among hematopoietic stem cell transplant survivors. Palliat Support Care, 12:261-267.
• Bensimon M (2012) Elaboration on the association between trauma, PTSD and posttraumatic growth: the role of trait resilience. Pers Individ Dif, 52:782-787.
• Bonanno GA (2004) Loss, trauma, and human resilience: Have we underestimated the human capacity to thrive after extremely aversive events? Am Psychol, 59:120-128.
• Bonanno GA, Kennedy P, Galatzer-Levy IR, Lude P, Elfstrom ML (2012) Trajectories of resilience, depression, and anxiety following spinal cord injury. Rehabil Psychol, 57:236-247.
• Bonanno GA, Papa A, O’Neill K (2001) Loss and human resilience. Appl Prev Psychol, 10:193-206.
• Bonanno GA, Westphal M, Mancini AD (2011) Resilience to loss and potential trauma. Annu Rev Clin Psychol, 7:511-535.
• Bonanno GA, Wortman CB, Nesse RM (2004) Prospective patterns of resilience and maladjustment during widowhood. Psychol Aging, 19:260-271.
• Brearley SG, Stamataki Z, Addington-Hall J, Foster C, Hodges L, Jarrett N et al. (2011) The physical and practical problems experienced by cancer survivors: a rapid review and synthesis of the literature. Eur J Oncol Nurs, 15:204-211.
• Büyükaşik-Çolak C, Gündoğdu-Aktürk E, Bozo O (2012) Mediating role of coping in the dispositional optimism –posttraumatic growth relation in breast cancer patients. J Psychol, 146:471-483.
• Carver CS, Antoni MH (2004) Finding benefit in breast cancer during the year after diagnosis predicts better adjustment 5 to 8 years after diagnosis. Health Psychol, 23:595-598.
• Collishaw S, Pickles A, Messer J, Rutter M, Shearer C, Maughan B (2007) Resilience to adult psychopathology following childhood maltreatment: Evidence from a community sample. Child Abuse Negl, 31:211-229.
• Connerty TJ, Knott V (2013) Promoting positive change in the face of adversity: experiences of cancer and post-traumatic growth. Eur J Cancer Care, 22:334-344.
• Connor KM, Davidson JRT, Lee L (2003) Spirituality, resilience, and anger in survivors of violent trauma: a community survey. J Trauma Stress, 16:487-494.
• Connor KM, Zhang W (2006) Recent advances in the understanding and treatment of anxiety disorders: resilience: determinants, measurement, and treatment responsiveness. CNS Spectr, 11:5-12.
• Cohrs JC, Christie DT, White MP, Das C (2013) Contributions of positive psychology to peace toward global well-being and resilience. Am Psychol, 68:590-600.
• Coyne JC, Tennen H (2010) Positive psychology in cancer care: bad science, exaggerated claims, and unproven medicine. Ann. Behav. Med, 39:16-26.
• Davydov DM, Stewart R, Ritchie K, Chaudieu I (2010) Resilience and mental health. Clin Psychol Rev, 30:479-495.
• Friborg O, Hjemdal O, Rosenvinge J, Martinussen M (2003) A new rating scale for adult resilience: what are the central protective resources behind healthy adjustment? Int J Methods Psychiatr Res, 12:65-77.
• Gunst DCM, Kaatsch P, Goldbeck L (2016) Seeing the good in the bad: which factors are associated with posttraumatic growth in long-term survivors of adolescent cancer? Support Care Cancer, 24:4607-4615.
• Haase JE, Kintner EK, Monahan OP, Robb SL (2014) The Resilience in Illness Model (RIM) Part 1: exploratory evaluation in adolescents and young adults with cancer. Cancer Nurs, 37:1-12.
• Henry M, Cohen SR, Lee V, Sauthier P, Provencher D, Drouin P et al. (2010). The Meaning-Making intervention (MMi) appears to increase meaning in life in advanced ovarian cancer: a randomized controlled pilot study. Psychooncology, 19:1340-1347.
• Hjemdal O (2007) Measuring protective factors: the development of two resilience scales in Norway. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am, 16:303-321.
• Howell D, Hack TF, Oliver TK, Chulak T, Mayo S, Aubin M et al. (2012) Models of care for post-treatment follow-up of adult cancer survivors: a systematic review and quality appraisal of the evidence. J Cancer Surviv, 6:359-371.
• Hudson SV, Miller SM, Hemler J, Ferrante JM, Lyle J, Oeffinger KC et al. (2012) Adult cancer survivors discuss follow-up in primary care: ‘not what i want, but maybe what i need’. Ann Fam Med, 10:418-427.
• Ickovics JR, Milan S, Boland R, Schoenbaum E, Schuman P, Vlahov D (2006) Psychological resources protect health: 5-year survival and immune function among HIV-infected women from four US cities. AIDS, 20:1851-1860.
• Jim HSL, Jacobsen PB (2008) Posttraumatic stress and posttraumatic growth in cancer survivorship: a review. Cancer J, 14(6):414-419.
• Kanevsky L, Corke M, Frangkiser L (2008) The academic resilience and psychosocial characteristics of inner-city English learners in a museum-based school program. Educ Urban Soc, 40:452-475.
• Karatas Z, Cakar FS (2011) Self-esteem and hopelessness, and resilience: a exploratory study of adolescents in Turkey. International Education Studies, 4:84-91.
• Kenny ME, Gallagher LA, Alvarez-Salvat R, Silsby J (2002) Sources of support and psychological distress among academically successful inner-city youth. Adolescence, 37:161-182.
• Knott V, Turnbull D, Olver I, Winefield A (2011) A grounded theory approach to understanding the cancer-coping process. Br J Health Psychol, 16:551-564.
• Kwak M, Zebrack B, Meeske KA, Embry L, Aguilar C, Block R et al. (2013) Prevalence and predictors of post-traumatic stres symptoms in adolescent and young adult cancer survivors: a 1-year follow-up study. Psychooncology, 22:1798-1806.
• Lee HS, Brown SL, Mitchell M, Schiraldi GR (2008) Correlates of resilience in the face of adversity for Korean women immigrating to the U.S. J Immigr Minor Health. 10:415-422.
• Lepore SJ, Revenson TA (2006) Resilience & posttraumatic growth: recovery, resistance, & reconfiguration. In Handbook of Posttraumatic Growth: Research & Practice. (Eds LG Calhoun, RG Tedeschi):24-46. Mahwah, NJ, Lawrence Erlbaum.
• Levine SZ, Laufer A, Stein E, Hamama-Raz Y, Solomon Z (2009) Examining the relationship between resilience and posttraumatic growth. J Trauma Stress, 22:282-286.
• Li Y, Cao F, Liu J (2015) Nursing students’ post-traumatic growth, emotional intelligence and psychological resilience. J Psychiatr Ment Health Nurs. 22:326-332.
• Loscalzo M, Clark KL, Holland J (2011) Successful strategies for implementing biopsychosocial screening. Psychooncology, 20:455-462.
• Luthar SS, Ciccetti D (2000) The construct of resilience: Implications for interventions and social policies. Dev Psychopathol, 12:857-885.
• Luthar SS, Lyman EL, Crossman EJ (2014) Hand book of developmental psychopathology. (Eds M Lewis, KD Rudolph):125-126. New York, Springer Science+Business Media.
• Luszczynska A, Durawa AB, Dudzinska M, Kwiatkowska M, Knysz B, Knoll N (2012) The effects of mortality reminders on posttraumatic growth and finding benefits among patients with life-threatening illness and their caregivers. Psychol Health, 27(10):1227-1243.
• Mitchell AJ, Vahabzadeh A, Magruder K (2011) Screening for distress and depression in cancer settings: 10 Lessons from 40 years of primary-care research. Psychooncology, 20:572-584.
• Mols F, Vingerhoets AJJM, Coebergh JWW, van de Poll-Franse LV (2009) Well-being, posttraumatic growth and benefit finding in long-term breast cancer survivors. Psychol Health. 24:583-595.
• Moreno PI, Stanton AL (2013) Personal growth during the experience of advanced cancer a systematic review. Cancer J, 19:421-430.
• Morris BA, Shakespeare-Finch J, Scott JL (2012) Posttraumatic growth after cancer: the importance of health-related benefits and newfound compassion for others. Support Care Cancer, 20:749-756.
• Nishi D, Matsuoka Y, Kim Y (2010) Posttraumaticgrowth, posttraumaticstress disorder and resilience of motor vehicle accident survivors. Biopsychosoc Med, 4:7.
• Oginska-Bulik N (2015) The relationship between resiliency and posttraumatic growth following the death of someone close. Omega (Westport), 71:233-244.
• Rosenberg AR, Yi-Frazier JP, Wharton C, Gordon K, Jones B (2014) Contributors and inhibitors of resilience among adolescents and young adults with cancer. J Adolesc Young Adult Oncol, 3:185-193.
• Sagone E, De Caroli ME (2013) Relationships between resilience, self-efficacy, and thinking styles in Italian middle adolescents. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 92:838-845.
• Scali J, Gandubert C, Ritchie K, Soulier M, Ancelin ML (2012) Measuring resilience in adult women using the 10-items Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC). role of trauma exposure and anxiety disorders. PloS One, 7:e39879.
• Schmidt SD, Blank TO, Bellizzi KM, Park CL (2012) The relationship of coping strategies, social support, and attachment style with posttraumatic growth in cancer survivors. J Health Psychol, 17:1033-1040.
• Schwarzer R, Warner LM (2013) Perceived self-efficacy and its relationship to resilience. In Resilience in Children, Adolescents, and Adults: Translating Research into Practice (Eds A Prince-Embury, DH Saklofske):139-150. New York, Springer.
• Sears SR, Stanton AL, Danoff-Burg S (2003) The yellow brick road and the emerald city: benefit finding, positive reappraisal coping and posttraumatic growth in women with early-stage breast cancer. Health Psychol, 22:487-497.
• Seidmahmoodi J, Rahimi C, Mohamadi N (2011) Resiliency and religious orientation: factors contributing to posttraumatic growth in Iranian subjects. Iran J Psychiatry, 6:145-150.
• Sexton MB, Byrd MR, vonKluge S (2010) Measuring resilience in women experiencing infertility using the CD-RISC: examining infertility –related stress, general distress, and coping styles. J Psychiatr Res, 44:236-241.
• Shalev AY (2002) Acute stress reactions in adults. Biol Psychiatry, 51:532-543.
• Sin NL, Lyubomirsky S (2009) Enhancing well-being and alleviating depressive symptoms with positive psychology interventions: A practice-friendly meta-analysis. J Clin Psychol, 65:467-487.
• Souri H, Hassanirad T (2011) Relationship between resilience, optimism and psychological well-being in students of medicine. Procedia Soc Behav Sci, 30:1541-1544.
• Stanton AL (2010) Positive consequences of the experience of cancer: Perception of growth and meaning. In Psycho-oncology, 2nd edition (Eds, JC Holland, WS Breitbar, PB Jacobsen):547-550. New York, Oxford University Press.
• Stanton AL (2012) What happens now? psychosocial care for cancer survivors after medical treatment completion. J Clin Oncol, 30:1215-1220.
• Stanton AL, Bower JE, Low CA (2006) Posttraumatic growth after cancer. In Handbook of Posttraumatic Growth: Research and Practice. (Eds LG Calhoun, RG Tedeschi):138-175. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum
• Stanton AL, Revenson TA, Tennen H (2007) “Health psychology: psychological adjustment to chronic disease.” Annu Rev Psychol, 58:565-592.
• Stewart DE, Yuen T (2011) A systematic review of resilience in the physically Ill. Psychosomatics, 52:199-209.
• Suchankova P, Henningsson S, Baghaei F, Rosmond R, Holm G, Ekman A (2009) Genetic variability within the innate immune system influences personality traits in women. Genes Brain Behav, 8:212-217.
• Sumalla EC, Ochoa C, Blanco I (2009) Posttraumatic growth in cancer: reality or illusion? Clin Psychol Rev, 29:24-33.
• Taku K, Cann A, Calhoun LG, Tedeschi RG (2008) The factor structure of the posttraumatic growth inventory: a comparison of five models using confirmatory factor analysis J Trauma Stress, 21:158-164.