Dikkat Eksikliği Hiperaktivite Bozukluğu ve Obezite Birlikteliği: Bir Sistematik Gözden Geçirme

Abstract

Bu çalışmada dikkat eksikliği hiperaktivite bozukluğu (DEHB) ve obezite arasındaki potansiyel ilişkinin, sistematik olarak incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaçla DSM-IV ya da DSM-5 ölçütleri esas alınarak İngilizce ve/veya Türkçe olarak yazılmış, Pubmed veri tabanında Ocak 1990-Aralık 2017 tarihleri arasında yayımlanan, olgu sunumları, sistematik derlemeler ile meta-analizler dışında kalan makalelerden tam metnine ulaşılabilenler çalışmaya dahil edilmiştir. Ampirik olarak elde edilen kanıtlar, DEHB tanılı olguların beden ağırlıklarının beklenenden daha ağır olduğunu göstermektedir. Ayrıca, gözden geçirilmiş çalışmaların tamamına yakını özellikle obezite kliniklerinde tedavi gören obez hastaların DEHB prevalansının da beklenenden daha yüksek olabileceğini düşündürmektedir. İleride yapılacak çalışmalar, her ikisi de morbidite riski yüksek tanılar olan DEHB ve obezite için gerekli sağlık politikalarının düzenlenmesi ve bu olguların yaşam kalitelerinin artırılması açısından yararlı olacaktır..

Keywords

• DEHB,dürtüsellik,obezite

Comorbidity of Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder and Obesity: A Systematic Review

Abstract

In this review, systemical evaluation of the potential relationship between attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and obesity is aimed. Based on DSM-IV or DSM-5 criteria, written in English and/or Turkish except the case reports, sistematic rewievs and meta-analysis published in the Pubmed database between January 1990 and December 2017 are included in the study. Evidence based on emprical analysis suggests that subjects with ADHD are heavier than expected. Moreover, nearly all reviewed studies indicate that the prevalence of ADHD in obese patients, especially those treated in obesity clinics, may be higher than expected. Future studies will be useful in regulating the health policies and increasing the quality of life for ADHD and obesity, both of which are high-risk morbidity.

Keywords

• ADHD,impulsivity,obesity

References

1. Agranat-Meged AN, Deitcher C, Goldzweig G, Leibenson L, Stein M, Galili-Weisstub E (2005) Childhood obesity and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a newly described comorbidity in obese hospitalized children. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 37(4):357-359.
2. Agranat-Meged A, Ghanadri Y, Eisenberg I, Ben NZ, Kieselstein- Gross E, Mitrani-Rosenbaum S (2008) Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in obese melanocortin‐4‐receptor (MC4R) deficient subjects: A newly described expression of MC4R deficiency. American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B: Neuropsychiatric Genetics, 147(8):1547-1553.
3. Aguirre Castaneda RL, Kumar S, Voigt RG, Leibson CL, Barbaresi WJ, Weaver AL et al. (2016) Childhood attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, sex, and obesity: a longitudinal population-based study. Mayo Clin Proc, 91:352-61.
4. Albayrak O, Putter C, Volckmar A-L, Cichon S, Hoffmann P, Nothen MM et al. (2013) Common obesity risk alleles in childhood attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet, 162:295-305.
5. Alfonsson S, Parling T, Ghaderi A (2012) Screening of adult ADHD among patients presenting for bariatric surgery. Obesity surgery, 22(6):918-926.
6. Altfas JR (2002) Prevalence of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder among adults in obesity treatment. BMC psychiatry, 2(1):9.
7. Anderson, SE, Cohen P, Naumova EN, Must A (2006) Relationship of childhood behavior disorders to weight gain from childhood into adulthood. Ambul. Pediatr, 6:297-301.
8. Association AP. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 4nd Edition. Washington DC, 1994.

9. Bass JL, Corwin M, Gozal D, Moore C, Nishida H, Parker S et al. (2004) The effect of chronic or intermittent hypoxia on cognition in childhood: a review of the evidence. Pediatrics, 114(3):805-816.
10. Biederman J, Faraone SV, Monuteaux MC, Plunkett EA, Gifford J, Spencer T (2003) Growth deficits and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder revisited: impact of gender, development, and treatment. Pediatrics, 111:1010-1016.
11. Braet C, Claus L, Verbeken S, Van Vlierberghe L (2007) Impulsivity in overweight children. European child & adolescent psychiatry, 16(8):473-483.
12. Choudhry Z, Sengupta SM, Grizenko N, Thakur GA, Fortier M-E, Schmitz N et al. (2013) Association between obesity-related gene FTO and ADHD. Obesity, 21:E738-44.
13. Cook BG, Li D, Heinrich KM (2015) Obesity, physical activity, and sedentary behavior of youth with learning disabilities and ADHD. J Learn Disabil, 48:563-76.
14. Cortese S, Castellanos FX (2014) The relationship between ADHD and obesity: implications for therapy. Expert review of neurotherapeutics, 14(5):473-479.
15. Cortese S, Isnard P, Frelut ML, Michel G, Quantin L, Guedeney A et al. (2007) Association between symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and bulimic behaviors in a clinical sample of severely obese adolescents. Int J Obes (Lond), 31(2):340-346.
16. Cortese S, Peñalver CM (2010) Comorbidity between ADHD and obesity: exploring shared mechanisms and clinical implications. Postgraduate medicine, 122(5):88-96.
17. Cortese S, Vincenzi B (2011) Obesity and ADHD: clinical and neurobiological implications. In Behavioral neuroscience of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and its treatment. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 199-218.
18. Cortese S, Comencini E, Vincenzi B, Speranza M, Angriman M (2013) Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and impairment in executive functions: a barrier to weight loss in individuals with obesity?. BMC psychiatry, 13(1), 286.
19. Cortese S, Faraone SV, Bernardi S, Wang S, Blanco C (2013a) Adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and obesity: epidemiological study. Br J Psychiatry, 203:24-34.
20. Cortese S, Olazagasti MAR, Klein RG, Castellanos FX, Proal E, Mannuzza S (2013b) Obesity in men with childhood ADHD: a 33-year controlled, prospective, follow-up study. Pediatrics, 131(6):e1731-e1738.
21. Cortese S, Moreira-Maia CR, St. Fleur D, Morcillo-Peñalver C, Rohde LA, Faraone SV (2015) Association between ADHD and obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis. American Journal of Psychiatry, 173(1):34-43.
22. Cortese S, Tessari L (2017) Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Obesity: Update 2016. Curr Psychiatry Rep, 19(1):4.
23. Çolpan M, Eray Ş, Eren E, Vural AP (2018) Perceived Expressed Emotion, Emotional and Behavioral Problems and Self Esteem in Obese Adolescents: A Case-Control Study. Journal of clinical research in pediatric endocrinology.
24. Davis C, Levitan RD, Smith M, Tweed S, Curtis C (2006) Associations among overeating, overweight, and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a structural equation modelling approach. Eat Behav, 7(3): 266-274.
25. de Zwaan M, Gruß B, Müller A, Philipsen A, Graap H, Martin A et al. (2011) Association between obesity and adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in a German community-based sample. Obesity facts, 4(3):204-211.
26. Erermis S, Cetin N, Tamar M, Bukusoglu N, Akdeniz F, Goksen D (2004) Is obesity a risk factor for psychopathology among adolescents?. Pediatrics International, 46(3):296-301.
27. Faraone SV, Biederman J, Monuteaux M, Spencer T (2005) Long-term effects of extended-release mixed amphetamine salts treatment of attention- deficit/hyperactivity disorder on growth. J. Child. Adolesc. Psychopharmacol, 15:191-202.
28. Fleming JP, Levy LD, Levitan RD (2005) Symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in severely obese women. Eat Weight. Disord, 10:e10-e13.
29. Fliers EA, Buitelaar JK, Maras A, Bul K, Hohle E, Faraone SV et al. (2013) ADHD is a risk factor for overweight and obesity in children. J Dev Behav Pediatr, 34:566–74.
30. Gruss B, Mueller A, Horbach T, Martin A, Zwaan M (2012) Attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder in a prebariatric surgery sample. European Eating Disorders Review, 20(1).
31. Güngör S, Celiloğlu ÖS, Raif SG, Özcan ÖÖ, Selimoğlu MA (2016) Malnutrition and obesity in children with ADHD. Journal of attention disorders, 20(8):647-652.
32. Halfon N, Larson K, Slusser W (2013) Associations between obesity and comorbid mental health, developmental, and physical health conditions in a nationally representative sample of US children aged 10 to 17. Academic pediatrics, 13(1):6-13.
33. Hanc T, Slopien A, Wolanczyk T, Dmitrzak-Weglarz M, Szwed A, Czapla Z et al. (2015a) ADHD and overweight in boys: cross-sectional study with birth weight as a controlled factor. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 24:41-53.
34. Hanc T, Slopien A, Wolanczyk T, Szwed A, Czapla Z, Durda M et al. (2015b) Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder is related to decreased weight in the preschool period and to increased rate of overweight in school-age boys. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol, 25:691-700.
35. Holtkamp K, Konrad K, Müller B, Heussen N, Herpertz S, Herpertz-Dahlmann B et al. (2004) Overweight and obesity in children with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Int. J. Obes. Relat. Metab. Disord, 28:685-689.
36. Hubel R, Jass J, Marcus A, Laessle RG (2006) Overweight and basal metabolic rate in boys with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Eat. Weight. Disord, 11:139-146.
37. Kernie SG, Liebl DJ, Parada LF (2000) BDNF regulates eating behavior and locomotor activity in mice. EMBO J, 19(6):1290-1300.
38. Khalife N, Kantomaa M, Glover V, Tammelin T, Laitinen J, Ebeling H et al. (2014) Childhood attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms are risk factors for obesity and physical inactivity in adolescence. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 53:425-36.
39. Kim EJ, Kwon HJ, Ha M, Lim MH, Oh SY, Kim JH et al. (2014) Relationship among attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, dietary behaviours and obesity. Child Care Health Dev, 40:698-705.
40. Kummer A, Barbosa IG, Rodrigues DH, Rocha NP, Rafael MDS, Pfeilsticker L et al. (2016) Frequency of overweight and obesity in children and adolescents with autism and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Revista Paulista de Pediatria: Orgao Oficial da Sociedade de Pediatria de Sao Paulo, 34:71-77.
41. Lam LT and Yang L (2007) Overweight/obesity and attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder tendency among adolescents in China. Int. J. Obes. (Lond), in press.
42. Lingineni RK, Biswas S, Ahmad N, Jackson BE, Bae S, Singh KP (2012) Factors associated with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder among US children: results from a national survey. BMC Pediatr, 12:50.
43. Mustillo S, Worthman C, Erkanli A, Keeler G, Angold A, Costello EJ (2003) Obesity and psychiatric disorder: developmental trajectories. Pediatrics, 111:851-859.
44. Odent M (2010) Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and obesity: Two facets of the same disease?. Medical hypotheses, 74(1):139-141.
45. Ogden CL, Carroll MD, Flegal KM (2008) High body mass index for age among US children and adolescents, 2003-2006. Jama, 299(20):2401-2405.
46. Ozcan O, Arslan M, Gungor S, Yuksel T, Selimoglu MA (2015) Plasma leptin, adiponectin, neuropeptide Y levels in drug naive children with ADHD. Journal of attention disorders, 1087054715587095.
47. Pagoto SL, Curtin C, Lemon SC, Bandini LG, Schneider KL, Bodenlos JS et al. (2009) Association between adult attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and obesity in the US population. Obesity, 17:539-544.
48. Pauli-Pott U, Neidhard J, Heinzel-Gutenbrunner M, Becker K (2014) On the link between attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and obesity: do comorbid oppositional defiant and conduct disorder matter? Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 23:531-537.
49. Perez-Bonaventura I, Granero R, Ezpeleta L (2015) The relationship between weight status and emotional and behavioral problems in Spanish preschool children. J Pediatr Psychol, 40:455-63.
50. Pliszka S, AACAP Work Group on Quality Issues (2007) Practice parameter for the assessment and treatment of children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 46(7):894-921.
51. Polanczyk G, Jensen P (2008) Epidemiologic considerations in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a review and update. Child and adolescent psychiatric clinics of North America, 17(2):245-260.
52. Ptacek R,Kuzelova H, Stefano GB, Raboch J, Sadkova T, Goetz M et al. (2014) Disruptive patterns of eating behaviors and associated lifestyles in males with ADHD. Med Sci Monit, 20:608-613.
53. Racicka E, Hanc T, Giertuga K, Brynska A, Wolanczyk T (2015) Prevalence of overweight and obesity in children and adolescents with ADHD: the significance of comorbidities and pharmacotherapy. J Atten Disord, 1087054715578272.
54. Rojo L, Ruiz E, Domínguez JA, Calaf M, Livianos L (2006) Comorbidity between obesity and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: Population study with 13–15‐year‐olds. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 39(6):519-522.
55. Schweickert LA, Strober M, Moskowitz A (1997) Efficacy of methylphenidate in bulimia nervosa comorbid with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: a case report. Int J Eat Disord, 21(3):299-301.
56. Spencer TJ, Biederman J, Harding M, O'donnell D, Faraone SV, Wilens TE (1996) Growth deficits in ADHD children revisited: evidence for disorder-associated growth delays? J. Am. Acad. Child. Adolesc. Psychiatry, 35:1460–1469.
57. Spencer TJ, Faraone SV, Biederman J, Lerner M, Cooper KM, Zimmerman B et al. (2006) Does prolonged therapy with a long-acting stimulant suppress growth in children with ADHD? J. Am. Acad. Child. Adolesc. Psychiatry, 45:527-537.
58. Swanson J, Greenhill L, Wigal TIM, Kollins S, Stehli A, Davies M et al. (2006) Stimulant-related reductions of growth rates in the PATS. J. Am. Acad. Child. Adolesc. Psychiatry, 45:1304-1313.
59. T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı (2010) Beslenme Durumu ve Alışkanlıklarının Değerlendirilmesi Raporu Türkiye Beslenme ve Sağlık Araştırması. http://beslenme.gov.tr/content/files/yayinlar/kitaplar/diger_kitaplar/TBSA_Beslenme_Yayini.pdf. (15 Eylül 2017'de ulaşıldı).
60. Türkoğlu S, Bilgiç A, Akça ÖF (2015) ADHD symptoms, breast-feeding and obesity in children and adolescents. Pediatrics International, 57(4):546-551.
61. Willcutt EG (2012). The prevalence of DSM-IV attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a meta-analytic review. Neurotherapeutics, 9(3):490-499.
62. World Healt Organization (2014) Obesity. http://www.who.int/topics/obesity/en/ (12 Eylül 2017'de ulaşıldı).
63. Yang R, Mao S, Zhang S, Li R, Zhao Z (2013) Prevalence of obesity and overweight among Chinese children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a survey in Zhejiang Province, China. BMC psychiatry, 13(1):133.