Cinsel Saldırı Olgularında Psikolojik İlk Yardım

Öz

Cinsel saldırılar sıklıkla kadınları hedef almakta, diğer şiddet formları ile birlikte görülmekte, mağdurlarda fiziksel yaralanmalara ve psikolojik örselenmeye yol açabilmektedir. Cinsel saldırı mağdurlarının önemli bir kısmı adli bildirim yapmamakta, bildirim yapanlar ise delillerin toplanması için gereken kritik süreyi aşmaktadır. Alanyazında bu durumun cinsel şiddetle ilgili yanlış inanışlar, damgalanma, yakın ilişki içinde rıza dışı cinsel ilişkilerin şiddet olarak algılanmaması ve adli muayenenin travmayı hatırlatıcı etkisi ile ilişkili olduğu belirtilmiştir. Adli bildirim sonrasında hayatını nasıl planlayacağıyla ilgili bilinmezlikler mağdurun yardım arama davranışını etkileyen bir başka faktördür. Bu derlemede cinsel saldırı durumunda psikolojik ilkyardımın amacı, zamanlaması ve müdahalenin aşamaları ele alınmıştır. Psikolojik ilkyardım kısa vadede mağdurun güvenlik ihtiyacı ve olumsuz duygularını ele almayı, yardım almaya hazır hissettiğinde ulaşabileceği kaynakların varlığıyla ilgili bilgilendirmeyi hedeflemektedir. Uzun vadede ise mağdurdaki psikolojik örselenmeyi azaltmaya yardımcı olmaktadır. Müdahale mağdurla ilişkinin kurulması, problemlerin tanımlanması, duyguların ele alınması, alternatiflerin keşfedilmesi, eylem planının geliştirilmesi ve takip aşamalarından oluşmaktadır. Psikolojik ilk yardım sadece sağlık çalışanı- hasta kooperasyonunu sağlayarak delillerin sağlıklı bir şekilde toplanmasını sağlamakla kalmaz aynı zamanda mağdurun güvenlik planının hazırlanmasına ve duygusal örselenmesinin azaltmasına da katkı sağlamaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• cinsel istismar
• ilkyardım
• kriz müdahalesi
• travma sonrası stres bozukluğu
• tecavüz

Psychological First Aid in Sexual Assault Cases

Abstract

Sexual assaults often targeting women, cooccur with other forms of violence, may cause physical injuries and psychological harm in victims. A significant number of sexual assault victims do not make legal notifications and those who do exceed the critical time required for collecting evidence. According to the literature, this is related to myths about sexual violence, stigmatization, not perceiving non-consensual sexual behavior as violence in intimate relationships, and the trauma reminding effect of forensic examination. Uncertainties about how to plan the life after a legal notification is another factor that affects the victim’s helpseeking behavior. The aim, timing, and stages of psychological first aid addressed in this review. Psychological first aid aims to address the safety needs and negative feelings of the victim and to inform about the availability of resources when they feel ready to seek help in the short term. It helps to reduce the psychological trauma of the victim in the long run. The intervention consists of establishing a relationship with the victim, identifying problems, dealing with feelings, discovering alternatives, developing an Action plan and follow-up. Psychological first aid not only ensures the collecting evidence by providing healthcare worker-victim cooperation but also the preparation of the victim’s safety plan and reduce the emotional trauma.

Keywords

• Sexual violence
• first aid
• crisis intervention
• posttraumatic stress disorders
• rape

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