Use of Complementary and Alternative Therapies in Autism Spectrum Disorder

Abstract

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder which has multifactorial etiology. Parents of children diagnosed with ASD often use complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) on the grounds that they do not benefit from traditional medical treatments. In this article it is aimed to clarify the definition of CAM, to examine the prevalence of the use of CAM in ASD, to examine the CAM interventions and their efficacy used in ASD, and to review the studies about use of CAM among children diagnosed ASD in Turkey. For this purpose, publications in the Science Citation Index (SCI) and SCI-Expanded, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, DergiPark, TÜBİTAK/ULAKBİM-Turkish Medical Index, Turkish Psychiatry Index and Turkish Medline indexes were reviewed. Although current data on the effectiveness of CAM is limited, considering the usage rates, physicians should be informed about CAM interventions, clearly ask about the use of CAM and share information on the subject.

Keywords

• autism
• autism spectrum disorder
• complementary and alternative medicine
• treatment

Project Number

yok

Otizm Spektrum Bozukluğunda Tamamlayıcı ve Alternatif Tedavilerin Kullanımı

Abstract

Otizm Spektrum Bozukluğu (OSB) etyolojisinde birden fazla faktörün rol aldığı nörogelişimsel bir bozukluktur. OSB tanılı çocukların ebeveynleri geleneksel tıbbi tedavilerden yeterince fayda sağlayamadıkları gerekçesiyle sıklıkla tamamlayıcı ve alternatif tedavilere (TAT) yönelebilmektedir. Bu gözden geçirme yazısında TAT kavramının tanımı, kullanım yaygınlığı, OSB’de kullanılan TAT yöntemleri ve etkinliklerinin incelenmesi ve ülkemizde OSB’li çocuklarda TAT kullanımı ile ilgili çalışmaların gözden geçirilmesi amaçlanmıştır. TAT uygulamalarının OSB’de etkinliklerine dair güncel veriler sınırlı olmakla birlikte kullanım oranları göz önüne alındığında hekimlerin TAT yöntemleri hakkında bilgi sahibi olmaları, ailelerle TAT kullanımını açık bir şekilde sormaları ve bilgi paylaşımında bulunmaları gerekmektedir.

Keywords

• otizm
• otizm spektrum bozukluğu
• tedavi
• tamamlayıcı ve alternatif tıp

Supporting Institution

yok

Project Number

yok

References

1. Adams JB, Audhya T, McDonough-Means S, Rubin RA, Quig D, Geis E, Gehn E, Loresto M, Mitchell J, Atwood S, Barnhouse S & Lee W (2011) Effect of a vitamin/mineral supplement on children and adults with autism. BMC pediatrics 11:111.
2. Adams JB, Audhya T, McDonough-Means S, Rubin RA, Quig D, Geis E, Gehn E, Loresto M, Mitchell J, Atwood S, Barnhouse S & Lee W (2011) Effect of a vitamin/mineral supplement on children and adults with autism. BMC pediatrics 11:111.
3. Amminger GP, Berger GE, Schäfer MR, Klier C, Friedrich MH & Feucht M (2007) Omega-3 fatty acids supplementation in children with autism: a double-blind randomized, placebo-controlled pilot study. Biological psychiatry 61:551-3.
4. Amminger GP, Berger GE, Schäfer MR, Klier C, Friedrich MH & Feucht M (2007) Omega-3 fatty acids supplementation in children with autism: a double-blind randomized, placebo-controlled pilot study. Biological psychiatry 61:551-3.
5. Azzam HM, Sayyah H, Youssef S, Lotfy H, Abdelhamid IA, Abd Elhamed HA & Maher S (2015) Autism and vitamin D: An intervention study. Middle East Current Psychiatry 22:9-14.
6. Azzam HM, Sayyah H, Youssef S, Lotfy H, Abdelhamid IA, Abd Elhamed HA & Maher S (2015) Autism and vitamin D: An intervention study. Middle East Current Psychiatry 22:9-14.
7. Barton EE, Reichow B, Schnitz A, Smith IC & Sherlock D (2015) A systematic review of sensory-based treatments for children with disabilities. Research in developmental disabilities 37:64-80.
8. Barton EE, Reichow B, Schnitz A, Smith IC & Sherlock D (2015) A systematic review of sensory-based treatments for children with disabilities. Research in developmental disabilities 37:64-80.

9. Bent S, Bertoglio K, Ashwood P, Bostrom A & Hendren RL (2011) A pilot randomized controlled trial of omega-3 fatty acids for autism spectrum disorder. J Autism Dev Disord 41:545-54.
10. Bent S, Bertoglio K, Ashwood P, Bostrom A & Hendren RL (2011) A pilot randomized controlled trial of omega-3 fatty acids for autism spectrum disorder. J Autism Dev Disord 41:545-54.
11. Bent S, Hendren RL, Zandi T, Law K, Choi JE, Widjaja F, Kalb L, Nestle J & Law P (2014) Internet-based, randomized, controlled trial of omega-3 fatty acids for hyperactivity in autism. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 53:658-66.
12. Bent S, Hendren RL, Zandi T, Law K, Choi JE, Widjaja F, Kalb L, Nestle J & Law P (2014) Internet-based, randomized, controlled trial of omega-3 fatty acids for hyperactivity in autism. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 53:658-66.
13. Bertoglio K, Jill James S, Deprey L, Brule N & Hendren RL (2010) Pilot study of the effect of methyl B12 treatment on behavioral and biomarker measures in children with autism. Journal of alternative and complementary medicine (New York, N.Y.) 16:555-60.
14. Bertoglio K, Jill James S, Deprey L, Brule N & Hendren RL (2010) Pilot study of the effect of methyl B12 treatment on behavioral and biomarker measures in children with autism. Journal of alternative and complementary medicine (New York, N.Y.) 16:555-60.
15. Biçer İ & Balçık PY (2019) GELENEKSEL VE TAMAMLAYICI TIP: TÜRKİYE VE SEÇİLEN ÜLKELERİNİN İNCELENMESİ. Hacettepe Sağlık İdaresi Dergisi 22:245-257.
16. Biçer İ & Balçık PY (2019) GELENEKSEL VE TAMAMLAYICI TIP: TÜRKİYE VE SEÇİLEN ÜLKELERİNİN İNCELENMESİ. Hacettepe Sağlık İdaresi Dergisi 22:245-257.
17. Bilgic A, Cöngöloğlu A, Hergüner S, Türkoğlu S, Bahali K, Gürkan K, Durukan I & Türkbay T (2013) Use of complementary and alternative medicine in children with autism spectrum disorders: a multicenter study. Nöro Psikiyatri Arşivi 50:237.
18. Bilgic A, Cöngöloğlu A, Hergüner S, Türkoğlu S, Bahali K, Gürkan K, Durukan I & Türkbay T (2013) Use of complementary and alternative medicine in children with autism spectrum disorders: a multicenter study. Nöro Psikiyatri Arşivi 50:237.
19. Bilgiç A & Cöngöloğlu A OTİZM SPEKTRUM BOZUKLUKLARINDA BİYOLOJİK TEMELLİ TAMAMLAYICI VE ALTERNATİF TIP UYGULAMALARI.
20. Bilgiç A & Cöngöloğlu A OTİZM SPEKTRUM BOZUKLUKLARINDA BİYOLOJİK TEMELLİ TAMAMLAYICI VE ALTERNATİF TIP UYGULAMALARI.
21. Brondino N, Fusar-Poli L, Rocchetti M, Provenzani U, Barale F & Politi P (2015) Complementary and alternative therapies for autism spectrum disorder. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2015.
22. Brondino N, Fusar-Poli L, Rocchetti M, Provenzani U, Barale F & Politi P (2015) Complementary and alternative therapies for autism spectrum disorder. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2015.
23. Brown MJ, Willis T, Omalu B & Leiker R (2006) Deaths resulting from hypocalcemia after administration of edetate disodium: 2003-2005. Pediatrics 118:e534-6.
24. Brown MJ, Willis T, Omalu B & Leiker R (2006) Deaths resulting from hypocalcemia after administration of edetate disodium: 2003-2005. Pediatrics 118:e534-6.
25. Calvert JW, Cahill J & Zhang JH (2007) Hyperbaric oxygen and cerebral physiology. Neurological research 29:132-41.
26. Calvert JW, Cahill J & Zhang JH (2007) Hyperbaric oxygen and cerebral physiology. Neurological research 29:132-41.
27. Case-Smith J, Weaver LL & Fristad MA (2015) A systematic review of sensory processing interventions for children with autism spectrum disorders. Autism : the international journal of research and practice 19:133-48.
28. Case-Smith J, Weaver LL & Fristad MA (2015) A systematic review of sensory processing interventions for children with autism spectrum disorders. Autism : the international journal of research and practice 19:133-48.
29. Chez MG, Buchanan CP, Aimonovitch MC, Becker M, Schaefer K, Black C & Komen J (2002) Double-blind, placebo-controlled study of L-carnosine supplementation in children with autistic spectrum disorders. Journal of child neurology 17:833-7.
30. Chez MG, Buchanan CP, Aimonovitch MC, Becker M, Schaefer K, Black C & Komen J (2002) Double-blind, placebo-controlled study of L-carnosine supplementation in children with autistic spectrum disorders. Journal of child neurology 17:833-7.
31. Christison GW & Ivany K (2006) Elimination diets in autism spectrum disorders: any wheat amidst the chaff? Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics 27:S162-S171.
32. Christison GW & Ivany K (2006) Elimination diets in autism spectrum disorders: any wheat amidst the chaff? Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics 27:S162-S171.
33. Çakmak S & Nural N (2017) Kronik Hastalıklarda Tamamlayıcı ve Alternatif Tedavi Uygulamaları. Turkiye Klinikleri J Intern Med Nurs-Special Topics 3:57-64.
34. Çakmak S & Nural N (2017) Kronik Hastalıklarda Tamamlayıcı ve Alternatif Tedavi Uygulamaları. Turkiye Klinikleri J Intern Med Nurs-Special Topics 3:57-64.
35. Çarman KB, Gürlevik SL, Kaplan E, Dinleyici M, Yarar C & Arslantaş D (2018) The evaluation of use of complementary and alternative medicine practices in the treatment of children with chronic neurological disease. The Medical Journal Of Haydarpaşa Numune Training and Research Hospital 58:117-121.
36. Çarman KB, Gürlevik SL, Kaplan E, Dinleyici M, Yarar C & Arslantaş D (2018) The evaluation of use of complementary and alternative medicine practices in the treatment of children with chronic neurological disease. The Medical Journal Of Haydarpaşa Numune Training and Research Hospital 58:117-121.
37. Danfors T, von Knorring AL, Hartvig P, Langstrom B, Moulder R, Stromberg B, Torstenson R, Wester U, Watanabe Y & Eeg-Olofsson O (2005) Tetrahydrobiopterin in the treatment of children with autistic disorder: a double-blind placebo-controlled crossover study. Journal of clinical psychopharmacology 25:485-9.
38. Danfors T, von Knorring AL, Hartvig P, Langstrom B, Moulder R, Stromberg B, Torstenson R, Wester U, Watanabe Y & Eeg-Olofsson O (2005) Tetrahydrobiopterin in the treatment of children with autistic disorder: a double-blind placebo-controlled crossover study. Journal of clinical psychopharmacology 25:485-9.
39. Davis TN, O’Reilly M, Kang S, Lang R, Rispoli M, Sigafoos J, Lancioni G, Copeland D, Attai S & Mulloy A (2013) Chelation treatment for autism spectrum disorders: A systematic review. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders 7:49-55.
40. Davis TN, O’Reilly M, Kang S, Lang R, Rispoli M, Sigafoos J, Lancioni G, Copeland D, Attai S & Mulloy A (2013) Chelation treatment for autism spectrum disorders: A systematic review. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders 7:49-55.
41. DeFilippis M (2018) The Use of Complementary Alternative Medicine in Children and Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Psychopharmacology bulletin 48:40-63.
42. DeFilippis M (2018) The Use of Complementary Alternative Medicine in Children and Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Psychopharmacology bulletin 48:40-63.
43. Dolske MC, Spollen J, McKay S, Lancashire E & Tolbert L (1993) A preliminary trial of ascorbic acid as supplemental therapy for autism. Progress in neuro-psychopharmacology & biological psychiatry 17:765-74.
44. Dolske MC, Spollen J, McKay S, Lancashire E & Tolbert L (1993) A preliminary trial of ascorbic acid as supplemental therapy for autism. Progress in neuro-psychopharmacology & biological psychiatry 17:765-74.
45. Doreswamy S, Bashir A, Guarecuco JE, Lahori S, Baig A, Narra LR, Patel P & Heindl SE (2020) Effects of Diet, Nutrition, and Exercise in Children With Autism and Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Literature Review. Cureus 12:e12222.
46. Doreswamy S, Bashir A, Guarecuco JE, Lahori S, Baig A, Narra LR, Patel P & Heindl SE (2020) Effects of Diet, Nutrition, and Exercise in Children With Autism and Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Literature Review. Cureus 12:e12222.
47. Elder JH, Shankar M, Shuster J, Theriaque D, Burns S & Sherrill L (2006) The gluten-free, casein-free diet in autism: results of a preliminary double blind clinical trial. J Autism Dev Disord 36:413-20.
48. Elder JH, Shankar M, Shuster J, Theriaque D, Burns S & Sherrill L (2006) The gluten-free, casein-free diet in autism: results of a preliminary double blind clinical trial. J Autism Dev Disord 36:413-20.
49. European Federation for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (EFCAM) CAM Definition. Vol 2021).
50. European Federation for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (EFCAM) CAM Definition. Vol 2021).
51. Evangeliou A, Vlachonikolis I, Mihailidou H, Spilioti M, Skarpalezou A, Makaronas N, Prokopiou A, Christodoulou P, Liapi-Adamidou G, Helidonis E, Sbyrakis S & Smeitink J (2003) Application of a ketogenic diet in children with autistic behavior: pilot study. Journal of child neurology 18:113-8.
52. Evangeliou A, Vlachonikolis I, Mihailidou H, Spilioti M, Skarpalezou A, Makaronas N, Prokopiou A, Christodoulou P, Liapi-Adamidou G, Helidonis E, Sbyrakis S & Smeitink J (2003) Application of a ketogenic diet in children with autistic behavior: pilot study. Journal of child neurology 18:113-8.
53. Feng J, Shan L, Du L, Wang B, Li H, Wang W, Wang T, Dong H, Yue X, Xu Z, Staal WG & Jia F (2017) Clinical improvement following vitamin D3 supplementation in Autism Spectrum Disorder. Nutritional neuroscience 20:284-290.
54. Feng J, Shan L, Du L, Wang B, Li H, Wang W, Wang T, Dong H, Yue X, Xu Z, Staal WG & Jia F (2017) Clinical improvement following vitamin D3 supplementation in Autism Spectrum Disorder. Nutritional neuroscience 20:284-290.
55. Frawley JE, Anheyer D, Davidson S & Jackson D (2017) Prevalence and characteristics of complementary and alternative medicine use by Australian children. Journal of paediatrics and child health 53:782-787.
56. Frawley JE, Anheyer D, Davidson S & Jackson D (2017) Prevalence and characteristics of complementary and alternative medicine use by Australian children. Journal of paediatrics and child health 53:782-787.
57. Frye RE, Melnyk S, Fuchs G, Reid T, Jernigan S, Pavliv O, Hubanks A, Gaylor DW, Walters L & James SJ (2013) Effectiveness of methylcobalamin and folinic Acid treatment on adaptive behavior in children with autistic disorder is related to glutathione redox status. Autism research and treatment 2013:609705.
58. Frye RE, Melnyk S, Fuchs G, Reid T, Jernigan S, Pavliv O, Hubanks A, Gaylor DW, Walters L & James SJ (2013) Effectiveness of methylcobalamin and folinic Acid treatment on adaptive behavior in children with autistic disorder is related to glutathione redox status. Autism research and treatment 2013:609705.
59. Frye RE, Slattery J, Delhey L, Furgerson B, Strickland T, Tippett M, Sailey A, Wynne R, Rose S, Melnyk S, Jill James S, Sequeira JM & Quadros EV (2018) Folinic acid improves verbal communication in children with autism and language impairment: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Molecular psychiatry 23:247-256.
60. Frye RE, Slattery J, Delhey L, Furgerson B, Strickland T, Tippett M, Sailey A, Wynne R, Rose S, Melnyk S, Jill James S, Sequeira JM & Quadros EV (2018) Folinic acid improves verbal communication in children with autism and language impairment: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Molecular psychiatry 23:247-256.
61. Gendry Meresse I, Zilbovicius M, Boddaert N, Robel L, Philippe A, Sfaello I, Laurier L, Brunelle F, Samson Y, Mouren MC & Chabane N (2005) Autism severity and temporal lobe functional abnormalities. Annals of neurology 58:466-9.
62. Gendry Meresse I, Zilbovicius M, Boddaert N, Robel L, Philippe A, Sfaello I, Laurier L, Brunelle F, Samson Y, Mouren MC & Chabane N (2005) Autism severity and temporal lobe functional abnormalities. Annals of neurology 58:466-9.
63. Ghanizadeh A & Moghimi-Sarani E (2013) A randomized double blind placebo controlled clinical trial of N-Acetylcysteine added to risperidone for treating autistic disorders. BMC psychiatry 13:196.
64. Ghanizadeh A & Moghimi-Sarani E (2013) A randomized double blind placebo controlled clinical trial of N-Acetylcysteine added to risperidone for treating autistic disorders. BMC psychiatry 13:196.
65. Goel R, Hong JS, Findling RL & Ji NY (2018) An update on pharmacotherapy of autism spectrum disorder in children and adolescents. International review of psychiatry (Abingdon, England) 30:78-95.
66. Goel R, Hong JS, Findling RL & Ji NY (2018) An update on pharmacotherapy of autism spectrum disorder in children and adolescents. International review of psychiatry (Abingdon, England) 30:78-95.
67. Green VA, Pituch KA, Itchon J, Choi A, O'Reilly M & Sigafoos J (2006) Internet survey of treatments used by parents of children with autism. Research in developmental disabilities 27:70-84.
68. Green VA, Pituch KA, Itchon J, Choi A, O'Reilly M & Sigafoos J (2006) Internet survey of treatments used by parents of children with autism. Research in developmental disabilities 27:70-84.
69. Hardan AY, Fung LK, Libove RA, Obukhanych TV, Nair S, Herzenberg LA, Frazier TW & Tirouvanziam R (2012) A randomized controlled pilot trial of oral N-acetylcysteine in children with autism. Biological psychiatry 71:956-61.
70. Hardan AY, Fung LK, Libove RA, Obukhanych TV, Nair S, Herzenberg LA, Frazier TW & Tirouvanziam R (2012) A randomized controlled pilot trial of oral N-acetylcysteine in children with autism. Biological psychiatry 71:956-61.
71. Hendren RL, James SJ, Widjaja F, Lawton B, Rosenblatt A & Bent S (2016) Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial of Methyl B12 for Children with Autism. Journal of child and adolescent psychopharmacology 26:774-783.
72. Hendren RL, James SJ, Widjaja F, Lawton B, Rosenblatt A & Bent S (2016) Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial of Methyl B12 for Children with Autism. Journal of child and adolescent psychopharmacology 26:774-783.
73. Höfer J, Hoffmann F & Bachmann C (2017) Use of complementary and alternative medicine in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder: A systematic review. Autism : the international journal of research and practice 21:387-402.
74. Höfer J, Hoffmann F & Bachmann C (2017) Use of complementary and alternative medicine in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder: A systematic review. Autism : the international journal of research and practice 21:387-402.
75. Huffman LC, Sutcliffe TL, Tanner IS & Feldman HM (2011) Management of symptoms in children with autism spectrum disorders: a comprehensive review of pharmacologic and complementary-alternative medicine treatments. Journal of developmental and behavioral pediatrics : JDBP 32:56-68.
76. Huffman LC, Sutcliffe TL, Tanner IS & Feldman HM (2011) Management of symptoms in children with autism spectrum disorders: a comprehensive review of pharmacologic and complementary-alternative medicine treatments. Journal of developmental and behavioral pediatrics : JDBP 32:56-68.
77. Hurvitz EA, Leonard C, Ayyangar R & Nelson VS (2003) Complementary and alternative medicine use in families of children with cerebral palsy. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology 45:364-370.
78. Hurvitz EA, Leonard C, Ayyangar R & Nelson VS (2003) Complementary and alternative medicine use in families of children with cerebral palsy. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology 45:364-370.
79. Hyman SL, Stewart PA, Foley J, Cain U, Peck R, Morris DD, Wang H & Smith T (2016) The Gluten-Free/Casein-Free Diet: A Double-Blind Challenge Trial in Children with Autism. J Autism Dev Disord 46:205-220.
80. Hyman SL, Stewart PA, Foley J, Cain U, Peck R, Morris DD, Wang H & Smith T (2016) The Gluten-Free/Casein-Free Diet: A Double-Blind Challenge Trial in Children with Autism. J Autism Dev Disord 46:205-220.
81. Italia S, Brand H, Heinrich J, Berdel D, von Berg A & Wolfenstetter SB (2015) Utilization of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) among children from a German birth cohort (GINIplus): patterns, costs, and trends of use. BMC complementary and alternative medicine 15:49.
82. Italia S, Brand H, Heinrich J, Berdel D, von Berg A & Wolfenstetter SB (2015) Utilization of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) among children from a German birth cohort (GINIplus): patterns, costs, and trends of use. BMC complementary and alternative medicine 15:49.
83. James S, Stevenson SW, Silove N & Williams K (2015) Chelation for autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The Cochrane database of systematic reviews:Cd010766.
84. James S, Stevenson SW, Silove N & Williams K (2015) Chelation for autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The Cochrane database of systematic reviews:Cd010766.
85. Kałużna-Czaplińska J & Błaszczyk S (2012) The level of arabinitol in autistic children after probiotic therapy. Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.) 28:124-6.
86. Kałużna-Czaplińska J & Błaszczyk S (2012) The level of arabinitol in autistic children after probiotic therapy. Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.) 28:124-6.
87. Kanner L (1943) Autistic disturbances of affective contact. Nervous child 2:217-250.
88. Kanner L (1943) Autistic disturbances of affective contact. Nervous child 2:217-250.
89. Kemper KJ, Gardiner P & Birdee GS (2013) Use of Complementary and Alternative Medical Therapies Among Youth With Mental Health Concerns. Academic Pediatrics 13:540-545.
90. Kemper KJ, Gardiner P & Birdee GS (2013) Use of Complementary and Alternative Medical Therapies Among Youth With Mental Health Concerns. Academic Pediatrics 13:540-545.
91. Konuk Sener D & Karaca A (2020) Use of complementary and alternative medicine treatments by mothers of children with developmental disabilities: a cross sectional study. Nursing & Health Sciences 22:328-338.
92. Konuk Sener D & Karaca A (2020) Use of complementary and alternative medicine treatments by mothers of children with developmental disabilities: a cross sectional study. Nursing & Health Sciences 22:328-338.
93. Kütük MÖ, Tufan AE, Kılıçaslan F, Güler G, Çelik F, Altıntaş E, Gökçen C, Karadağ M, Yektaş Ç & Mutluer T (2021) High Depression Symptoms and Burnout Levels Among Parents of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Multi-Center, Cross-Sectional, Case–Control Study. Journal of autism and developmental disorders:1-14.
94. Kütük MÖ, Tufan AE, Kılıçaslan F, Güler G, Çelik F, Altıntaş E, Gökçen C, Karadağ M, Yektaş Ç & Mutluer T (2021) High Depression Symptoms and Burnout Levels Among Parents of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Multi-Center, Cross-Sectional, Case–Control Study. Journal of autism and developmental disorders:1-14.
95. Lee MS, Kim JI & Ernst E (2011) Massage therapy for children with autism spectrum disorders: a systematic review. The Journal of clinical psychiatry 72:406-11.
96. Lee MS, Kim JI & Ernst E (2011) Massage therapy for children with autism spectrum disorders: a systematic review. The Journal of clinical psychiatry 72:406-11.
97. Levy SE & Hyman SL (2015) Complementary and alternative medicine treatments for children with autism spectrum disorders. Child and adolescent psychiatric clinics of North America 24:117-43.
98. Levy SE & Hyman SL (2015) Complementary and alternative medicine treatments for children with autism spectrum disorders. Child and adolescent psychiatric clinics of North America 24:117-43.
99. Levy SE, Mandell DS, Merhar S, Ittenbach RF & Pinto-Martin JA (2003) Use of Complementary and Alternative Medicine Among Children Recently Diagnosed with Autistic Spectrum Disorder. Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics 24:418-423.
100. Levy SE, Mandell DS, Merhar S, Ittenbach RF & Pinto-Martin JA (2003) Use of Complementary and Alternative Medicine Among Children Recently Diagnosed with Autistic Spectrum Disorder. Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics 24:418-423.
101. Lindly O, Thorburn S & Zuckerman K (2018) Use and Nondisclosure of Complementary Health Approaches Among US Children with Developmental Disabilities. Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics 39:217-227.
102. Lindly O, Thorburn S & Zuckerman K (2018) Use and Nondisclosure of Complementary Health Approaches Among US Children with Developmental Disabilities. Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics 39:217-227.
103. Liu C, Li T, Wang Z, Zhou R & Zhuang L (2019) Scalp acupuncture treatment for children's autism spectrum disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine 98:e14880.
104. Liu C, Li T, Wang Z, Zhou R & Zhuang L (2019) Scalp acupuncture treatment for children's autism spectrum disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine 98:e14880.
105. Mankad D, Dupuis A, Smile S, Roberts W, Brian J, Lui T, Genore L, Zaghloul D, Iaboni A, Marcon PM & Anagnostou E (2015) A randomized, placebo controlled trial of omega-3 fatty acids in the treatment of young children with autism. Molecular autism 6:18.
106. Mankad D, Dupuis A, Smile S, Roberts W, Brian J, Lui T, Genore L, Zaghloul D, Iaboni A, Marcon PM & Anagnostou E (2015) A randomized, placebo controlled trial of omega-3 fatty acids in the treatment of young children with autism. Molecular autism 6:18.
107. Manoli DS & State MW (2021) Autism Spectrum Disorder Genetics and the Search for Pathological Mechanisms. American Journal of Psychiatry 178:30-38.
108. Manoli DS & State MW (2021) Autism Spectrum Disorder Genetics and the Search for Pathological Mechanisms. American Journal of Psychiatry 178:30-38.
109. Mayer-Benarous H, Benarous X, Vonthron F & Cohen D (2021) Music Therapy for Children With Autistic Spectrum Disorder and/or Other Neurodevelopmental Disorders: A Systematic Review. Frontiers in psychiatry 12:643234.
110. Mayer-Benarous H, Benarous X, Vonthron F & Cohen D (2021) Music Therapy for Children With Autistic Spectrum Disorder and/or Other Neurodevelopmental Disorders: A Systematic Review. Frontiers in psychiatry 12:643234.
111. Mazhar H, Harkin EF, Foster BC & Harris CS (2016) Complementary and alternative medicine use in pediatric attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): Reviewing the safety and efficacy of herbal medicines. Current Developmental Disorders Reports 3:15-24.
112. Mazhar H, Harkin EF, Foster BC & Harris CS (2016) Complementary and alternative medicine use in pediatric attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): Reviewing the safety and efficacy of herbal medicines. Current Developmental Disorders Reports 3:15-24.
113. Miljkovic-Lolic M, Silbergleit R, Fiskum G & Rosenthal RE (2003) Neuroprotective effects of hyperbaric oxygen treatment in experimental focal cerebral ischemia are associated with reduced brain leukocyte myeloperoxidase activity. Brain research 971:90-4.
114. Miljkovic-Lolic M, Silbergleit R, Fiskum G & Rosenthal RE (2003) Neuroprotective effects of hyperbaric oxygen treatment in experimental focal cerebral ischemia are associated with reduced brain leukocyte myeloperoxidase activity. Brain research 971:90-4.
115. Murza KA, Pavelko SL, Malani MD & Nye C (2010) Vitamin B6-magnesium treatment for autism: the current status of the research. Magnesium research 23:115-7.
116. Murza KA, Pavelko SL, Malani MD & Nye C (2010) Vitamin B6-magnesium treatment for autism: the current status of the research. Magnesium research 23:115-7.
117. Myers SM & Johnson CP (2007) Management of children with autism spectrum disorders. Pediatrics 120:1162-82.
118. Myers SM & Johnson CP (2007) Management of children with autism spectrum disorders. Pediatrics 120:1162-82.
119. National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (NCCIH) Complementary, Alternative, or Integrative Health: What’s In a Name?).
120. National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (NCCIH) Complementary, Alternative, or Integrative Health: What’s In a Name?).
121. Nye C & Brice A (2005) Combined vitamin B6-magnesium treatment in autism spectrum disorder. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews 2005:Cd003497.
122. Nye C & Brice A (2005) Combined vitamin B6-magnesium treatment in autism spectrum disorder. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews 2005:Cd003497.
123. Parracho HM, Gibson GR, Knott F, Bosscher D, Kleerebezem M & McCartney AL (2010) A double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover-designed probiotic feeding study in children diagnosed with autistic spectrum disorders. International Journal of Probiotics & Prebiotics 5:69.
124. Parracho HM, Gibson GR, Knott F, Bosscher D, Kleerebezem M & McCartney AL (2010) A double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover-designed probiotic feeding study in children diagnosed with autistic spectrum disorders. International Journal of Probiotics & Prebiotics 5:69.
125. Posadzki P, Watson LK, Alotaibi A & Ernst E (2013) Prevalence of use of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) by patients/consumers in the UK: systematic review of surveys. Clinical medicine (London, England) 13:126-31.
126. Posadzki P, Watson LK, Alotaibi A & Ernst E (2013) Prevalence of use of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) by patients/consumers in the UK: systematic review of surveys. Clinical medicine (London, England) 13:126-31.
127. Prussing E, Sobo EJ, Walker E & Kurtin PS (2005) Between ‘desperation’and disability rights: a narrative analysis of complementary/alternative medicine use by parents for children with Down syndrome. Social science & medicine 60:587-598.
128. Prussing E, Sobo EJ, Walker E & Kurtin PS (2005) Between ‘desperation’and disability rights: a narrative analysis of complementary/alternative medicine use by parents for children with Down syndrome. Social science & medicine 60:587-598.
129. Pusponegoro HD, Ismael S, Firmansyah A, Sastroasmoro S & Vandenplas Y (2015) Gluten and casein supplementation does not increase symptoms in children with autism spectrum disorder. Acta paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992) 104:e500-5.
130. Pusponegoro HD, Ismael S, Firmansyah A, Sastroasmoro S & Vandenplas Y (2015) Gluten and casein supplementation does not increase symptoms in children with autism spectrum disorder. Acta paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992) 104:e500-5.
131. Saad K, Abdel-Rahman AA, Elserogy YM, Al-Atram AA, Cannell JJ, Bjørklund G, Abdel-Reheim MK, Othman HA, El-Houfey AA, Abd El-Aziz NH, Abd El-Baseer KA, Ahmed AE & Ali AM (2016) Vitamin D status in autism spectrum disorders and the efficacy of vitamin D supplementation in autistic children. Nutritional neuroscience 19:346-351.
132. Saad K, Abdel-Rahman AA, Elserogy YM, Al-Atram AA, Cannell JJ, Bjørklund G, Abdel-Reheim MK, Othman HA, El-Houfey AA, Abd El-Aziz NH, Abd El-Baseer KA, Ahmed AE & Ali AM (2016) Vitamin D status in autism spectrum disorders and the efficacy of vitamin D supplementation in autistic children. Nutritional neuroscience 19:346-351.
133. Sampanthavivat M, Singkhwa W, Chaiyakul T, Karoonyawanich S & Ajpru H (2012) Hyperbaric oxygen in the treatment of childhood autism: a randomised controlled trial. Diving and hyperbaric medicine 42:128-33.
134. Sampanthavivat M, Singkhwa W, Chaiyakul T, Karoonyawanich S & Ajpru H (2012) Hyperbaric oxygen in the treatment of childhood autism: a randomised controlled trial. Diving and hyperbaric medicine 42:128-33.
135. Shepherd D, Csako R, Landon J, Goedeke S & Ty K (2018) Documenting and Understanding Parent’s Intervention Choices for Their Child with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 48:988-1001.
136. Shepherd D, Csako R, Landon J, Goedeke S & Ty K (2018) Documenting and Understanding Parent’s Intervention Choices for Their Child with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 48:988-1001.
137. Shuai B, Jin H, Lin Y, Duan R, Zhao N, Li Z, Mao J, Luo Y & Shi M (2020) Safety and efficacy of complementary and alternative medicine in the treatment of autism spectrum disorder: A protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine 99:e23128.
138. Shuai B, Jin H, Lin Y, Duan R, Zhao N, Li Z, Mao J, Luo Y & Shi M (2020) Safety and efficacy of complementary and alternative medicine in the treatment of autism spectrum disorder: A protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine 99:e23128.
139. Sinha D & Efron D (2005) Complementary and alternative medicine use in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Journal of paediatrics and child health 41:23-6.
140. Sinha D & Efron D (2005) Complementary and alternative medicine use in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Journal of paediatrics and child health 41:23-6.
141. Spilioti M, Evangeliou AE, Tramma D, Theodoridou Z, Metaxas S, Michailidi E, Bonti E, Frysira H, Haidopoulou A, Asprangathou D, Tsalkidis AJ, Kardaras P, Wevers RA, Jakobs C & Gibson KM (2013) Evidence for treatable inborn errors of metabolism in a cohort of 187 Greek patients with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Frontiers in human neuroscience 7:858.
142. Spilioti M, Evangeliou AE, Tramma D, Theodoridou Z, Metaxas S, Michailidi E, Bonti E, Frysira H, Haidopoulou A, Asprangathou D, Tsalkidis AJ, Kardaras P, Wevers RA, Jakobs C & Gibson KM (2013) Evidence for treatable inborn errors of metabolism in a cohort of 187 Greek patients with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Frontiers in human neuroscience 7:858.
143. Sun C, Zou M, Zhao D, Xia W & Wu L (2016) Efficacy of Folic Acid Supplementation in Autistic Children Participating in Structured Teaching: An Open-Label Trial. Nutrients 8.
144. Sun C, Zou M, Zhao D, Xia W & Wu L (2016) Efficacy of Folic Acid Supplementation in Autistic Children Participating in Structured Teaching: An Open-Label Trial. Nutrients 8.
145. Trzmiel T, Purandare B, Michalak M, Zasadzka E & Pawlaczyk M (2019) Equine assisted activities and therapies in children with autism spectrum disorder: A systematic review and a meta-analysis. Complementary therapies in medicine 42:104-113.
146. Trzmiel T, Purandare B, Michalak M, Zasadzka E & Pawlaczyk M (2019) Equine assisted activities and therapies in children with autism spectrum disorder: A systematic review and a meta-analysis. Complementary therapies in medicine 42:104-113.
147. U.S. Food & Drug Administration (FDA) https://www.fda.gov/consumers/consumer-updates/be-aware-potentially-dangerous-products-and-therapies-claim-treat-autism.).
148. U.S. Food & Drug Administration (FDA) https://www.fda.gov/consumers/consumer-updates/be-aware-potentially-dangerous-products-and-therapies-claim-treat-autism.).
149. Ünal M & Dağdeviren HN (2019) Geleneksel ve tamamlayıcı tıp yöntemleri. Eurasian Journal of Family Medicine 8:1-9.
150. Ünal M & Dağdeviren HN (2019) Geleneksel ve tamamlayıcı tıp yöntemleri. Eurasian Journal of Family Medicine 8:1-9.
151. Wang XL, Yang YJ, Wang QH, Xie M, Yu XH, Liu CT & Wang X (2007) [Changes of Wnt-3 protein during the proliferation of endogenous neural stem cells in neonatal rats with hypoxic-ischemic brain damage after hyperbaric oxygen therapy]. Zhongguo dang dai er ke za zhi = Chinese journal of contemporary pediatrics 9:241-6.
152. Wang XL, Yang YJ, Wang QH, Xie M, Yu XH, Liu CT & Wang X (2007) [Changes of Wnt-3 protein during the proliferation of endogenous neural stem cells in neonatal rats with hypoxic-ischemic brain damage after hyperbaric oxygen therapy]. Zhongguo dang dai er ke za zhi = Chinese journal of contemporary pediatrics 9:241-6.
153. Wang XL, Yang YJ, Xie M, Yu XH & Wang QH (2009) [Hyperbaric oxygen promotes the migration and differentiation of endogenous neural stem cells in neonatal rats with hypoxic-ischemic brain damage]. Zhongguo dang dai er ke za zhi = Chinese journal of contemporary pediatrics 11:749-52.
154. Wang XL, Yang YJ, Xie M, Yu XH & Wang QH (2009) [Hyperbaric oxygen promotes the migration and differentiation of endogenous neural stem cells in neonatal rats with hypoxic-ischemic brain damage]. Zhongguo dang dai er ke za zhi = Chinese journal of contemporary pediatrics 11:749-52.
155. Weekes L (2012) Making informed choices about complementary medicines. Health Voices:4-5.
156. Weekes L (2012) Making informed choices about complementary medicines. Health Voices:4-5.
157. Weitlauf AS, Sathe N, McPheeters ML & Warren ZE (2017) Interventions Targeting Sensory Challenges in Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Systematic Review. Pediatrics 139.
158. Weitlauf AS, Sathe N, McPheeters ML & Warren ZE (2017) Interventions Targeting Sensory Challenges in Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Systematic Review. Pediatrics 139.
159. Whiteley P, Haracopos D, Knivsberg AM, Reichelt KL, Parlar S, Jacobsen J, Seim A, Pedersen L, Schondel M & Shattock P (2010) The ScanBrit randomised, controlled, single-blind study of a gluten- and casein-free dietary intervention for children with autism spectrum disorders. Nutritional neuroscience 13:87-100.
160. Whiteley P, Haracopos D, Knivsberg AM, Reichelt KL, Parlar S, Jacobsen J, Seim A, Pedersen L, Schondel M & Shattock P (2010) The ScanBrit randomised, controlled, single-blind study of a gluten- and casein-free dietary intervention for children with autism spectrum disorders. Nutritional neuroscience 13:87-100.
161. Wilson HD, Wilson JR & Fuchs PN (2006) Hyperbaric oxygen treatment decreases inflammation and mechanical hypersensitivity in an animal model of inflammatory pain. Brain research 1098:126-8.
162. Wilson HD, Wilson JR & Fuchs PN (2006) Hyperbaric oxygen treatment decreases inflammation and mechanical hypersensitivity in an animal model of inflammatory pain. Brain research 1098:126-8.
163. Wink LK, Adams R, Wang Z, Klaunig JE, Plawecki MH, Posey DJ, McDougle CJ & Erickson CA (2016) A randomized placebo-controlled pilot study of N-acetylcysteine in youth with autism spectrum disorder. Molecular autism 7:26.
164. Wink LK, Adams R, Wang Z, Klaunig JE, Plawecki MH, Posey DJ, McDougle CJ & Erickson CA (2016) A randomized placebo-controlled pilot study of N-acetylcysteine in youth with autism spectrum disorder. Molecular autism 7:26.
165. Wong V (2009) Use of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) in autism spectrum disorder (ASD): comparison of Chinese and western culture (Part A). Journal of autism and developmental disorders 39:454-463.
166. Wong V (2009) Use of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) in autism spectrum disorder (ASD): comparison of Chinese and western culture (Part A). Journal of autism and developmental disorders 39:454-463.
167. World Health Organization (WHO) Traditional, Complementary and Integrative Medicine.).
168. World Health Organization (WHO) Traditional, Complementary and Integrative Medicine.).
169. Xiong T, Chen H, Luo R & Mu D (2016) Hyperbaric oxygen therapy for people with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The Cochrane database of systematic reviews 10:Cd010922.
170. Xiong T, Chen H, Luo R & Mu D (2016) Hyperbaric oxygen therapy for people with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The Cochrane database of systematic reviews 10:Cd010922.
171. Zhang Y, Zeng J, Wu D, Li X, Chen Y, Dai S, Wang B, Qi Y & Lu J (2021) Effect and safety of acupuncture for autism spectrum disorders: A protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine 100:e22269.
172. Zhang Y, Zeng J, Wu D, Li X, Chen Y, Dai S, Wang B, Qi Y & Lu J (2021) Effect and safety of acupuncture for autism spectrum disorders: A protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine 100:e22269.
173. Zisman CR, Patti MA, Kalb LG, Stapp EK, Van Eck K, Volk H & Holingue C (2020) Complementary and Alternative Medicine Use in Children with a Developmental Disability and Co-occurring Medical Conditions. Complementary therapies in medicine 53:102527.
174. Zisman CR, Patti MA, Kalb LG, Stapp EK, Van Eck K, Volk H & Holingue C (2020) Complementary and Alternative Medicine Use in Children with a Developmental Disability and Co-occurring Medical Conditions. Complementary therapies in medicine 53:102527.