Koronavirüs Kaygısının Beklenmeyen Yönleri: Kanser Hastalarının COVID-19 Kaygılarını Etkileyen Faktörlerin İncelenmesi

Öz

Koronavirüs pek çok kişiyi etkilediği gibi risk grubunda olarak görülen kanser hastaları için de psikolojik bir yük yaratmıştır. Her ne kadar kanser hastalarının psikolojik sağlığını etkileyen psikolojik faktörler geniş bir literatürde ortaya konmuş olsa da, bu faktörlerin küresel bir pandeminin istisnai koşulları altındaki rolünün araştırılması önemli görülmektedir. Bu nedenle, bu çalışmada duygusal kontrol, başa çıkma stilleri ve algılanan kişisel COVID-19 bulaşma tehdidi ile kanser hastalarının pandemi ile ilişkili kaygıları arasındaki ilişkilerin araştırılması amaçlanmıştır. Bu kapsamda, Türkiye'de yaşayan ve kanser tanısı almış 80 katılımcıdan veri toplanmıştır. Hiyerarşik regresyon analizi, pandemi ile ilgili kaygının, depresif duyguların daha düşük kontrolü, başa çıkma tarzı olarak sosyal destek aramanın daha fazla kullanılması ve algılanan COVID-19 bulaşma tehditinin yüksek olması tarafından yordandığını göstermektedir. Ayrıca, metastazı olmayan kanser hastalarının covid-19 pandemisiyle ilgili kaygılarının daha yüksek olduğu görülmüştür. Pandemi öncesi alanyazından ayrılan sonuçlar olması, pandemi koşullarının değişen taleplerini dikkate almanın ve kanser hastaları için psikolojik müdahaleleri bu çerçevede yeniden düzenlemenin gereğini vurgulaması açısından önemlidir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• kaygı
• kanser
• covid-19
• duygular

Unexpected Features of Coronavirus Anxiety: Examination of Factors Predicting COVID-19 Pandemic-Related Anxiety among Cancer Patients

Abstract

While influencing the whole world, the 2019 coronavirus disease has also created a psychological burden on cancer patients, who are considered to be at increased risk. Although psychological factors predicting cancer patients’ mental health have been revealed in a large body of literature, the role of these factors under the exceptional circumstances of a global pandemic need to be explored. Therefore, it was aimed to investigate the relationships between emotional control, coping styles, and perceived personal threat of contracting COVID-19 and the pandemic-related anxiety of cancer patients. Data were collected from 80 participants living in Turkey who have been diagnosed with cancer. Hierarchical regression analysis revealed that pandemic-related anxiety was predicted by lower control of depressive emotions, increased use of seeking social support as a coping style, and higher perceived personal threat of contracting COVID-19, whereas pandemic-related anxiety seemed to be higher among non-metastatic cancer patients. Outcomes that diverge from the pre-pandemic literature have underlined the significance of considering the varying demands of pandemic conditions and reorganizing psychological interventions accordingly for cancer patients.

Keywords

• anxiety
• cancer
• covid-19
• emotions

References

1. Ademhan Tural D, Emiralioglu N, Tural Hesapcioglu S, Karahan S, Ozsezen B, Sunman B, et al. (2020) Psychiatric and general health effects of COVID‐19 pandemic on children with chronic lung disease and parents' coping styles. Pediatr Pulmonol, 55:3579-3586.
2. Asher M, Asnaani A, Aderka IM (2017) Gender differences in social anxiety disorder: A review. Clinical Psychology Review, 56:1-12.
3. Babore A, Lombardi L, Viceconti ML, Pignataro S, Marino V, Crudele M, et al. (2020) Psychological effects of the COVID-2019 pandemic: Perceived stress and coping strategies among healthcare professionals. Psychiatry Research, 293.
4. Bidzan M, Bidzan-Bluma I, Szulman-Wardal A, Stueck M, Bidzan M (2020) Does self-efficacy and emotional control protect hospital staff from COVID-19 Anxiety and PTSD symptoms? psychological functioning of hospital staff after the announcement of COVID-19 Coronavirus Pandemic. Front Psychol, 11:1-9.
5. Campbell-Sills L, Barlow DH, Brown TA, Hofmann SG (2006) Effects of suppression and acceptance on emotional responses of individuals with anxiety and mood disorders. Behav Res Ther, 44:1251- 1263.
6. Chew QH, Wei KC, Vasoo S, Chua H C, Sim K (2020) Narrative synthesis of psychological and coping responses towards emerging infectious disease outbreaks in the general population: Practical considerations for the COVID-19 pandemic. Singapore Med J, 61:350–356.
7. Cypryańska M, Nezlek JB (2020) Anxiety as a mediator of relationships between perceptions of the threat of COVID-19 and coping behaviors during the onset of the pandemic in Poland. PloS one, 15:1-16.
8. Folkman S, Lazarus RS (1980) An analysis of coping in a middle-aged community sample. J Health Soc Behav, 21:219-239.

9. Folkman S, Lazarus RS (1988) Coping as a mediator of emotion. J Pers Soc Psychol, 54:466-475.
10. Fu W, Wang C, Zou L, Guo Y, Lu Z, Yan S, et al. (2020) Psychological health, sleep quality, and coping styles to stress facing the COVID-19 in Wuhan, China. Transl Psychiatry, 10:1-9.
11. Iwamitsu Y, Shimoda K, Abe H, Okawa M (2005) Anxiety, emotional suppression, and psychological distress before and after breast cancer diagnosis. Psychosomatics, 46:19-24.
12. Gallagher MW, Smith LJ, Richardson AL, D’Souza JM, Long LJ (2021) Examining the longitudinal effects and potential mechanisms of hope on COVID-19 stress, anxiety, and well-being. Cogn Behav Ther, 50:234-245.
13. Gillanders S, Wild M, Deighan C, Gillanders D (2008) Emotion regulation, affect, psychosocial functioning, and well-being in hemodialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis, 51:651-662.
14. Gosain R, Abdou Y, Singh A, Rana N, Puzanov I, Ernstoff MS (2020) COVID-19 and cancer: a comprehensive review. Curr Oncol Rep, 22:1-15.
15. Gross JJ, John OP (2003) Individual differences in two emotion regulation processes: implications for affect, relationships, and well-being. J Pers Soc Psychol, 85:348-362.
16. Gurvich C, Thomas N, Thomas EH, Hudaib AR, Sood L, Fabiatos K, et al. (2021) Coping styles and mental health in response to societal changes during the COVID-19 pandemic. Int J Soc Psychiatry, 67:540-549.
17. Hennig-Fast K, Werner NS, Lermer R, Latscha K, Meister F, Reiser M, et al. (2009) After facing traumatic stress: brain activation, cognition and stress coping in policemen. J Psychiatr Res, 43:1146-1155.
18. Hyland P, Shevlin M, McBride O, Murphy J, Karatzias T, Bentall RP, et al. (2020) Anxiety and depression in the Republic of Ireland during the COVID‐19 pandemic. Acta Psychiatr Scand, 142:249-256.
19. Ho RT, Chan CL, Ho SM (2004) Emotional control in Chinese female cancer survivors. Psychooncology, 13:808-817.
20. Iwamitsu Y, Shimoda K, Abe H, Okawa M (2005) Anxiety, emotional suppression, and psychological distress before and after breast cancer diagnosis. Psychosomatics, 46:19-24.
21. Karademas EC, Tsalikou C, Tallarou MC (2011) The impact of emotion regulation and illness-focused coping strategies on the relation of illness-related negative emotions to subjective health. J Health Psychol, 16:510-519.
22. Kuderer NM, Choueiri TK, Shah DP, Shyr Y, Rubinstein SM, Rivera DR, et al. (2020) Clinical impact of COVID-19 on patients with cancer (CCC19): a cohort study. Lancet, 395:1907-1918.
23. Lazarus RS (1999) Stress and Emotion: A New Synthesis, London, Free Association Books.
24. Lazarus RS, Folkman S (1984) Stress, Appraisal and Coping, New York, Springer-Verlag.
25. Lewinsohn PM, Gotlib IH, Lewinsohn M, Seeley JR, Allen, NB (1998) Gender differences in anxiety disorders and anxiety symptoms in adolescents. J Abnorm Psychol, 107:109–117.
26. Liu N, Zhang F, Wei C, Jia Y, Shang Z, Sun L, et al. (2020) Prevalence and predictors of PTSS during COVID-19 outbreak in China hardest-hit areas: Gender differences matter. Psychiatry Res, 287:1-7.
27. López-Bueno R, Calatayud J, Ezzatvar Y, Casajús JA, Smith L, Andersen LL, et al. (2020) Association between current physical activity and current perceived anxiety and mood in the initial phase of COVID-19 confinement. Front Psychiatry, 11:729.
28. Lu H, Stratton CW, Tang YW (2020) Outbreak of pneumonia of unknown etiology in Wuhan, China: The mystery and the miracle. J Med Virol, 92:401-402.
29. McLean CP, Asnaani A, Litz BT, Hofmann SG (2011) Gender differences in anxiety disorders: prevalence, course of illness, comorbidity and burden of illness. J Psychiatr Res, 45:1027-1035.
30. Nikčević AV, Marino C, Kolubinski DC, Leach D, Spada MM (2021) Modelling the contribution of the Big Five personality traits, health anxiety, and COVID-19 psychological distress to generalised anxiety and depressive symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic. J Affect Disord, 279:578-584.
31. Okyayuz ÜH (1993) Toronto aleksitimi ölçeği ile Courtauld duygu kontrol ölçeğinin bir Türk örnekleminde kullanabilirlik koşullarının araştırılması. Türk Psikiyatri Derg, 4:18-24.
32. Onder G, Rezza G, Brusaferro S (2020) Case-fatality rate and characteristics of patients dying in relation to COVID-19 in Italy. Jama, 323:1775-1776.
33. Özdin S, Bayrak Özdin Ş (2020) Levels and predictors of anxiety, depression and health anxiety during COVID-19 pandemic in Turkish society: The importance of gender. Int J Soc Psychiatry, 66:504–511
34. Pennebaker JW (1997) Writing about emotional experiences as a therapeutic process. Psychol Sci, 8:162-166. Penley JA, Tomaka J, Wiebe JS (2002) The association of coping to physical and psychological health outcomes: A meta-analytic review. J Behav Med, 25:551-603.
35. Pérez S, Masegoso A, Hernández‐Espeso N (2021) Levels and variables associated with psychological distress during confinement due to the coronavirus pandemic in a community sample of Spanish adults. Clin Psychol Psychother, 28:606-614.
36. Qian Y, Wu K, Xu H, Bao D, Ran F, Wei W, et al. (2020) A survey on physical and mental distress among cancer patients during the COVID-19 epidemic in Wuhan, China. J Palliat Med, 23:888-889.
37. Romito F, Dellino M, Loseto G, Opinto G, Silvestris E, Cormio C, et al. (2020) Psychological distress in outpatients with lymphoma during the COVID-19 pandemic. Front Oncol, 10:1-6.
38. Schlatter MC, Cameron LD (2010) Emotional suppression tendencies as predictors of symptoms, mood, and coping appraisals during AC chemotherapy for breast cancer treatment. Ann Behav Med, 40:15-29.
39. Sigorski D, Sobczuk P, Osmola M, Kuć K, Walerzak A, Wilk M, et al. (2020) Impact of COVID-19 on anxiety levels among patients with cancer actively treated with systemic therapy. ESMO open, 5:1-8.
40. Swainston J, Chapman B, Grunfeld EA, Derakshan N (2020) COVID-19 lockdown and its adverse impact on psychological health in breast cancer. Front Psychol, 11.
41. Şahin NH, Durak A (1995) Stresle başaçıkma tarzları ölçeği: Üniversite öğrencileri için uyarlanması. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 10:56-73.
42. Santarnecchi E, Sprugnoli G, Tatti E, Mencarelli L, Neri F, Momi D, et al. (2018) Brain functional connectivity correlates of coping styles. Cogn Affec Behav Neurosci, 18:495-508.
43. Steeg PS (2016) Targeting metastasis. Nature Review Cancer, 16:201–218.
44. Tacón AM, Caldera YM, Bell NJ (2001) Attachment style, emotional control, and breast cancer. Fam Syst Health, 19:319-326.
45. Torales J, O’Higgins M, Castaldelli-Maia JM, Ventriglio A (2020) The outbreak of COVID-19 coronavirus and its impact on global mental health. Int J Soc Psychiatry, 66:317-320.
46. Wang C, Pan R, Wan X, Tan Y, Xu L, Ho CS, et al. (2020) Immediate psychological responses and associated factors during the initial stage of the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) epidemic among the general population in China. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 17:1-25.
47. Wang Y, Di Y, Ye J, Wei W (2021) Study on the public psychological states and its related factors during the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in some regions of China. Psychol Health Med, 26:13-22.
48. Wang Y, Duan Z, Ma Z, Mao Y, Li X, Wilson A, et al. (2020) Epidemiology of mental health problems among patients with cancer during COVID-19 pandemic. Transl Psychiatry, 10.
49. Whatley SL, Foreman AC, Richards S (1998) The relationship of coping style to dysphoria, anxiety, and anger. Psychol Rep, 83:783-791.
50. Watson M, Greer S (1983) Development of a questionnaire measure of emotional control. J Psychosom Res, 27:299-305.
51. Ye Z, Yang X, Zeng C, Wang Y, Shen Z, Li X, et al. (2020) Resilience, social support, and coping as mediators between COVID‐19‐related stressful experiences and acute stress disorder among college students in China. Appl Psychol Health Well Being, 12:1074-1094.